Secondary Plate Research Articles

Medial femoral condyleOCD (osteochondritis dissecans): correlation between imaging and arthroscopy.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) describes a pathologic condition centered at the osteochondral junction that may result in an unstable subchondral fragment (progeny), disruption of the overlying cartilage, which may separate from the underlying parent bone. It is one of the causes of chronic knee pain in children and young adults. The current literature on OCD lesions focuses primarily on the medial femoral condyle (MFC), but inconsistent use of terminology, particularly in the distinction of OCD lesions between skeletally immature and mature patients has created uncertainty regarding imaging workup, treatment, and long-term prognosis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of MFC OCD lesions, highlighting the role of endochondral ossification at the secondary growth plate of the immature femoral condyles, the rationale behind the imaging work-up, and key imaging findings that can distinguish between stable lesions, unstable lesions, and physiologic variants. This overview also provides a case-based review to introduce imaging correlates with the ROCK (Research in Osteochondritis of the Knee) arthroscopic classification.

Posttraumatic growth disturbances of the distal radius in childhood

Fractures of the distal radius in childhood are frequent but rarely lead to relevant growth disturbances. The experiences of apediatric trauma center over 15years are exemplarily presented and discussed. Osteotomies of the distal radius were selected and the clinical and radiological findings were recorded and analyzed. Posttraumatic growth disturbances were corrected in 10 cases with amedian age of 13 ½ years. In six cases an iatrogenic cause was also possible. In two cases callus distraction with secondary palmar plate osteosynthesis was used for consolidation. In eight cases primary ad hoc corrections were carried out using palmar plate osteosynthesis (six with iliac crest and two with allogeneic grafts). In five cases the distal ulnar growth plate was also addressed. During follow-up breakage of one plate was registered. After an average of 31months postoperatively, 9 children had full range of motion (ROM) and in 1 case there was an extension deficit of 10o. It is important to evaluate the cause of the mostly partially inhibiting growth disturbances to draw preventive conclusions. From a clinical perspective the visible deformity is given priority and the pain and functional limitations are less relevant. The indications for corrective surgery must include the age of the patient, remaining growth potential, size and localization of the growth plate bridge, the deformity and the individual wishes of patients and parents. In most cases afull correction is possible with palmar plate osteosynthesis and an iliac crest graft. External fixation and callus distraction is an alternative in cases where the correction is more extensive. The distal ulnar growth plate should be controlled concerning further growth potential before hardware removal.

The Immature Pediatric Appendicular Skeleton.

Growth and maturation occur in a predictable pattern throughout the body and within each individual bone. In the appendicular skeleton, endochondral ossification predominates in long bones and growth plates. The ends of these long bones are sites of relative weakness in the immature skeleton and prone to injury from acute insult and overuse. We present the normal histoanatomy and physiology of the growth plate complex, highlighting the unique contribution of each component and shared similarities between primary and secondary complexes. Components of the growth plate complex include the physis proper, subjacent vascularity within the growth cartilage, and the ossification front. The second section describes imaging considerations and features of normal and abnormal growth. Finally, we review the Salter-Harris classification for acute fractures and offer examples of characteristic overuse injury patterns involving the epiphyseal (proximal humerus and distal radius), apophyseal (medial epicondyle and tibial tubercle), and secondary growth plate complexes (medial femoral condyle and capitellar osteochondritis dissecans). This article provides a foundation and basic framework to better understand and anticipate potential complications and growth disturbances and to ensure optimal follow-up and early intervention when treatment can be less invasive.

Remelting of In Situ Fe‐xTiC Metal Matrix Composites by the Sessile Drop Method: Characteristic Temperatures and Microstructural Analysis

The remelting of Fe‐xTiC metal matrix composites (MMCs) is studied using the sessile drop method. This is to determine the conditions needed for the complete dissolution of TiC precipitates in the Fe‐based melt. Samples with different amounts of TiC (2, 3.5, and 5 wt%) are analyzed in a hot‐stage microscope (HSM), capturing the softening and melting temperatures. A Cr‐alloyed steel is selected as a matrix. Consequently, the presence of TiC elevates the melting initiation temperature above the melting point of pure iron (e.g., 1659 ± 10 °C for Fe‐5TiC). Furthermore, samples with higher TiC amounts exhibit higher melting initiation temperatures. This trend is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry measurements, conducted on the representative Fe‐xTiC samples. Microstructural examinations of the solidified (HSM) samples identify two distinct TiC precipitate morphologies: primary blocky/cubic and secondary eutectic plate like. For instance, the Fe‐5TiC sample contains numerous blocky/cubic precipitates (7.5 ± 3.1 μm) clustered at the upper cross‐ section, while secondary plate‐like precipitates (20.4 ± 11.8 μm) are uniformly distributed in eutectic assemblies with the matrix. This study provides meaningful insights for optimizing the production of as‐cast and as‐atomized Fe‐TiC MMCs, particularly in selecting reinforcement levels and homogenization temperatures for complete TiC dissolution.

Role of multi-variant deformation-induced HCP plates in cryogenic mechanical properties of an FCC high entropy alloy

We investigated the temperature-dependent mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of the Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.2Ti0.1V0.1Mo0.1 alloy from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures. As the deformation temperature decreased, both the strength and strain-hardening rate increased, while ductility tended to decrease. The higher strength of the material deformed at 123 K, compared to that deformed at 223 K, can be attributed to the larger number of multivariant HCP plates and higher hetero deformation induced (HDI) strengthening in the former. Multivariant deformation-induced HCP plates were the primary deformation mechanisms at all deformation temperatures, and cryogenic deformation activated intersecting shear, defined as the primary HCP plate being sheared by the secondary HCP plate. This mechanism contributed to stress relaxation and enhanced deformation accommodation. The reduced ductility observed in the material deformed at 123 K may be attributed to coarse edge and grain boundary cracks, which were more pronounced when the TRIP effect was enhanced.

Youth soccer players: patterns of injury involving the primary growth plates of epiphyses.

Youth soccer (football) is immensely popular internationally. Earlier participation, sport sub-specialization, and year-around practice have led to an increased incidence of injury from both acute trauma and repetitive overuse. The growth plates (physes) of the immature skeleton are particularly vulnerable to injury and delayed diagnosis can lead to future growth disturbance and long-term morbidity. Familiarity with the various components of the growth plate complex necessary for ensuring normal endochondral ossification is fundamental in understanding the various patterns of imaging findings following injury. This review discusses the zonal columnar arrangement of the growth plate proper and the contrasting function of the vasculature within the subjacent epiphysis and metaphysis. This is followed by an evidence-based discussion of the common patterns of injury involving the epiphyseal primary growth plate observed among youth soccer players: subcategorized into physeal fractures (direct injury) and physeal stress injuries (indirect insult to subjacent metaphysis). In this section, the role of imaging and characteristic imaging features will be discussed. While the normal physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms can be applied to other growth plates, such as primary growth plates underlying theapophyses and secondary growth plates surrounding the secondary ossificiation centers, which also undergo endochondral ossification, the current review is focused on injuries involving theprimary growth platesunderlying epiphyses.

Single-plate versus double-plate comparison in the surgical treatment of comminuted clavicle fractures: Is the secondary plate reliable?

The objective of this study is to retrospectively assess the use of single-plate (SP) and double-plate (DP) fixation in the open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted clavicle fractures, focusing on fracture union and complications. We retrospectively evaluated comminuted diaphyseal clavicle fractures (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen type 15.B1-3) treated with open reduction and internal fixation and having a minimum 1-year follow-up. Two patient cohorts were identified: DP (utilizing a superiorly located clavicle-specific plate and an anteriorly located tubular plate) and SP (utilizing a superiorly located clavicle-specific plate). These groups were compared in terms of union time, peri-incisional numbness, implant irritation, return to work time, union rates, re-operation rates, Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores. The study included 27 SP and 23 DP patients meeting the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference between the 2 cohorts in terms of union time, peri-incisional numbness, implant irritation, return to work time, union rates, re-operation rates, DASH, and ASES scores at the end of the first year (P = .889, P = 1.00, P = .122, P = 1.00, P = 1.00, P = .493, P = .736, P = .762, P = .937 respectively). However, it was observed that the DP group showed a significantly earlier return to work time and better DASH scores at 3rd and 6th months, whereas the SP group exhibited significantly better ASES scores at 3rd and 6th months (P = .034, P = .016, P = .032, P = .036, P = .021, respectively). No significant difference was observed in terms of union and complications in acute clavicle fractures treated with SP and DP fixation. The DP group demonstrated an earlier return to work and superior early functional scores compared to the SP group. Our findings suggest that a secondary plate can be reliably used, particularly in situations where clavicle fracture fixation is insufficient or in cases of comminuted clavicle fractures.

Response of Growth and Yield Characteristics of Fenugreek to Spraying with Cytokinines and Licorice Extrac

The impact of Cytokinines and licorice extract on the development and yield of fenugreek plants was investigated in a field experiment conducted during the 2021–2022 winter season in a farmer’s field in Anbar Governorate on the banks of the Euphrates River. Four different cytokinin concentrations were used in the experiment (0,75,150 and 225). In addition to the control group’s L-1 mg, four concentrations of licorice extract (0,10,20 and 30) g L-1 were used in the experiment’s secondary plates. Development and production in plants (Plant height, number of plant branches, and dry weight). Plant height (63.08 cm), number of plant branches (5.89), dry weight of the vegetative total (21.47), number of pods per plant (40.03), number of seeds per pod (19.68), and weight of 100 seeds (1.529) were all significantly higher in the 30 g L-1 concentration than in the licorice extract (10.31). Plants sprayed with a concentration of 250 mg L-1 of cytokinin and 30 g L-1 of licorice extract gave the highest rates in most vegetative traits and yield, indicating that the interaction coefficients between cytokinines and licorice extract were significantly superior.

Growth and Yield of Three Soybean Cultivars by the Nutritional Effect of Zinc and Arginine

To examine the impact of foliar feeding with zinc and arginine acid on some physiological and productive traits of soybean cultivars, an experiment was carried out in the fields of a crop in the Al-Khalidiya Island area of Al-Anbar Governorate, at 43° longitude and 33° latitude, in a sandy mixture soil. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), a split-split plot, and three replicates, with zinc concentrations (50.0 and 100 mg ZnL−1) on the main plates, arginine concentrations (40.0 and 80 mg Arl−1) on the secondary plates, and the varieties (D, Shaima, and Lee) on the sub-secondary plates. Results from the experiment are summarized as follows: The highest mean for all traits studied was found with a Zinc concentration of 100 mg Zn l−1, which also outperformed a concentration of 50 mg Zn l−1 and the control treatment. Arginine 40 mg L−1 achieved the highest rate for leaf area and nitrogen percentage in leaves, while 80 mg L−1 gave the highest average for root length (28.77 cm), number of pods per plant, fertility rate per pod (95.39%) and plant seed yield (58.21 g plant−1). Leaf area and pod count were also best for the Shaima variety, whereas root length, pod fertility, and seed output were best for the Lee variety. The leaf nitrogen content of the different cultivars did not differ appreciably.

Crinoid calyx origin from stem radial echinoderms

AbstractEvidence from the earliest-known crinoids (Tremadocian, Early Ordovician), called protocrinoids, is used to hypothesize initial steps by which elements of the calyx evolved. Protocrinoid calyces are composed of extraxial primary and surrounding secondary plates (both of which have epispires along their sutures) that are unlike those of more crownward fossil and extant crinoids in which equivalent calycinal plating is strongly organized. These reductions inspired several schemes by which to name the plates in these calyces. However, the primary-secondary systems seen in protocrinoids first appeared among Cambrian stem radial echinoderms, with primaries representing centers around which secondaries were sequentially added during ontogeny. Therefore, the protocrinoid calyx represents an intermediate condition between earliest echinoderms and crownward crinoids. Position and ontogeny indicate certain primaries remained as loss of secondaries occurred, resulting in abutting of primaries into the conjoined alternating circlets characteristic of crinoids. This transformative event included suppression of secondary plating and modification or, more commonly, elimination of respiratory structures. These data indicate subradial calyx plate terminology does not correspond with most common usage, but rather, supports an alternative redefinition of these traditional expressions. Extension and adoral growth of fixed rays during calyx ontogeny preceded conjoined primaries in earliest crinoids. Restriction with modification or elimination of calyx respiratory structures also accompanied this modification. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support crinoid origination from early pentaradiate echinoderms, separate from blastozoans. Accordingly, all Tremadocian crinoids express a distinctive aggregate of plesiomorphic and apomorphic commonalities; all branch early within the crinoid clade, separate from traditional subclass-level clades. Nevertheless, each taxon within this assemblage expresses at least one diagnostic apomorphy of camerate, cladid, or disparid clades.

Evaluation of clinical and radiological outcome of Muller Type C3 distal femur fracture treated with double plating fixation.

Abstract Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of intra-articular comminuted distal femur fracture treated with double plating fixation. Methods: A prospective study of 20 patients with Muller AO type C3 distal femur fracture treated with double plating. Patients were selected according to strict inclusions criteria and operated distal femur with double plating(17 primary & 3 secondary medial plate after 6 weeks) through modified swashbuckler approach. Results: From our study, the mean age 49.45, Radiological union was attained in 75% (15 cases) within 12-16 weeks and 10% (2 cases) within 17-24 weeks and 10%(2 cases) within 25-36 weeks and 5%(1case) had non-union. Functional outcome was excellent in 75% (15 cases), good in 15% (3 cases), fair and poor in 5% (1 case) each with an average follow up of 12 months. Conclusion: Double plating fixation technique resulted in good to excellent radiological and functional outcome in Muller AO Type C3 distal femur fracture in our study. So we recommend primary double plating fixation for type C3 fractures, however further studies are recommended with larger sample size to precisely assess the outcome of double plating technique in distal femur fracture.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLIED AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF OAT (AVENA SATIVA L.)

The progressive study on oat (Avena sativa L.) transpired during the crop season of 2021–2022 at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. The study aimed to determine the effects of amino acids foliar application on two oat cultivars. Experimenting with a randomized complete block design included a split-plot arrangement. Two oat cultivars (Shafa and Genzania) grown and placed in secondary plates received seven treatments of three different amino acids (Control – No amino acid, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Tryptophan, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Glycine, and 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Lysine). The results revealed that oat cultivars and amino acid treatments differed significantly for most of the studied traits. The amino acid foliar application treatment of LTryptophan at the rate of 50 mg L-1 showed significant superiority, which boosted and provided the highest rate of flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, and green fodder yield. However, the cultivar Shafa exhibited superiority for flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, and the green and dry fodder yield, with increased values of 7.15 cm2, 8.11 µg cm-3, and 8.01% and 5.61% t ha-1, respectively.

Simultaneous optimization of working fluid and temperature matching for heat pump assisted geothermal cascade heating system

The heat pump assisted geothermal cascade heating system (GCHS) has a promising prospect in space heating. In this paper, considering thermodynamic, economic and environmental performance, the optimal working fluid from four hydrocarbon candidates and temperature-matching for the GCHS are determined simultaneously based on multi-objective optimization and grey relational analysis. The results show that according to the optimal compromise solutions, the GCHS with R600 has the highest thermodynamic performance (COPtot) of 22.58 and the least annual carbon emission (ACE) of 2.80 × 103 ton while R290 has the largest net present value (NPV) about 45.83 × 106 CNY. Additionally, all temperature variables considered generally tend to reach their extreme value except for the temperature lift of middle circulation water in the secondary plate heat exchanger. The optimal working fluid based on comprehensive performance is considered to be R600 with the largest grey relational degree of 0.752. Besides, the global sensitivity analysis on the GCHS with R600 indicates that the pinch point temperature difference of condenser is the most important influential parameter for COPtot with total Sobol index about 0.918 and the geothermal tail water temperature plays a significant role for both NPV and ACE with total Sobol index up to 0.806 and 0.992, respectively.

Self-Powered Fine Dust Filtration Using Triboelectrification-Induced Electric Field

Particulate matter (PM) in the environment can adversely affect the health of living things. However, high removal efficiency and low-pressure loss are crucial design challenges for any air filtration system. To circumvent the challenge, here, we demonstrate a novel triboelectric (TE) air filtration system that is based on a rotation-type triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a filter comprising two sets of plates: primary and secondary, that are placed in the airflow channel. When the TENG charges the two plate sets with opposite charges, the flowing air particles are charged at the primary plates and are collected, due to an electric field, at the secondary plates. The TE filter has demonstrated a PM2.5 removal efficiency of ~ 99.97% for the fine dust particles, and it remains stable even after several washing cycles. The pressure loss is almost two orders less than the high-efficiency particulate air filter. Since the airflow itself can drive the TENG, the TE filter can potentially be integrated with any air conditioning system for fine dust filtration in offices, automobiles, etc.

Calculation of the thermal field of a linear induction motor (LIM) considering a discontinuous secondary plate

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the linear induction motor (LIM) thermal field when the motor passes through the discontinuous area of the secondary plate in rail transit operation.Design/methodology/approachTo study the thermal field when the LIM passes through the discontinuous area of the secondary plate, the two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic field model of the motor is first established to calculate and analyze the electromagnetic field of the LIM, and then the motor thermal field is calculated according to the calculation results of the motor electromagnetic field. Finally, the heat source (the motor loss) and the heat dissipation coefficient are added to the thermal field calculation model to calculate the motor thermal field.FindingsThis study found that the discontinuity of the secondary board would lead to changes in the electromagnetic field of the linear induction motor to change, which would reduce the motor efficiency and increase the loss, resulting in a sudden increase in the temperature field of the motor.Originality/valueThe LIM temperature field calculation when the LIM passes through the discontinuous area of the secondary board could provide an early warning for the potential risks of the LIM in rail transit applications.

Powder bed fusion of two-functional Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys utilized for 4D printing

Transforming a 3D-printed part into a pre-programmed shape over time is called four-dimensional (4D) printing. Shape memory alloy (SMA) is most commonly used material for 4D printing. However, metal-based SMAs exhibit lower recovered strain during 4D printing compared to shape memory polymers, thereby requiring enhanced recovery in metal-based SMAs. In this study, a novel two-functional Cu-Al-Ni SMA consisting of two separate structures fabricated by powder bed fusion process was investigated to enhance the recovery in SMAs. The binding morphology of the two structures and subsequent consequences on the 4D printing behavior were analyzed. The first structure recovered at a lower temperature, whereas the second structure recovered at a higher temperature. In the case of the two-functional material, the difference in the hardness values and recovery temperature favored the recovery ratio due to the damping behavior of the harder structure and the generation of a temperature gradient across the deformation section. Additionally, the higher residual stresses obtained in the harder structure by simulation proved the mismatch between the two structures, leading to resistance against plastic deformation. Meanwhile, the formation of secondary martensite plates was observed in the second structure of the two-functional material. These secondary martensite plates enhanced the overall recovery by (i) the attenuation of thermal conductivity across the deformation section and generation of the temperature gradient, and (ii) the increase in residual stresses and mismatch between the two joined structures.

Effect of different packaging treatments of Urea fertilizer and agricultural distances between lines and plants on the yield of sunflower

This experiment was applied according to the arrangement of split plots design by using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, the planting distances were filled with (40 ×40), (50×50), (60×60), and (70×70) for the main plots, while the packaging parameters (Zeolite + cement) were set. And (white cement only), (zeolite only) and regular (comparative) urea in the secondary plates (subplot). The result showed the significant effect of planting distances between lines and plants, as the distance (70×70) was superior to the traits of the weight of 1000 grains and the yield, the individual plant gm plant-1 78.00 gm and 78.48 gm plant-1 respectively The distance (40×40) was superior by giving the highest rate for the trait of total grain was 79.92 g, while the distance (70×70) and the packaging treatment (zeolite only) superior by giving the highest mean for the trait of the yield of the individual plant gm plant which reached which reached 80.30 gm.

Professor Alexander E. Rauer – one of the founders of maxillofacial plastic surgery in the USSR (on the 150<sup>th</sup> anniversary of birthday)

The paper presents the main years of the life and scientific work of the prominent Russian surgeon and scientistinnovator Professor A.E. Rauer (1871–1948). Little-known milestones from the scientist's life are marked. The paper analyzes the fact that from 1922 to the end of life (26 years) Alexander Eduardovich headed the maxillofacial department of the Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO). Since 1932, Professor A.E. Rauer was the head of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the CIU, organized by him on the basis of the maxillofacial department of the CITO (Moscow). It is noted that Alexander Eduardovich is the author of about 100 scientific works. He summarized all his rich experience in his final work “Plastic Surgery on the face”, awarded in 1946. The Stalin Prize. The range of scientific and surgical interests of A.E. Rauer was wide and diverse. His main works were devoted to the problems of maxillofacial surgery. Rauer proposed a number of valuable ways to eliminate facial disfigurement, which have become widespread (for example, oblique osteotomy for ankylosis of the jaws, surgery for habitual dislocations, plastic surgery of through facial defects, etc.). Under the leadership of Alexander Eduardovich, the clinic also developed methods of plastic surgery for fan-shaped neck scars after thermal injuries and restoration of the pharyngeal arches with soft palate defects. It is noted that he worked a lot on plastic surgery of other organs and proposed methods of interventions for congenital malformations of the bladder, limbs, etc. During the Great Patriotic War, A.E. Rauer introduced into practice a method of treating granulating surface wounds by forming secondary plate ligatures. It is shown that after him there were many worthy students who continued his work on the further development of maxillofacial surgery, which has become an important and necessary branch of clinical medicine.

Investigation on Connected System of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Linear Induction Motor

This article investigates the influence of power converters and linear induction motor (LIM) without energy storage system on an axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based on electromagnetic field characteristic analysis. First, the axial-flux PMSG and the LIM are introduced with characteristic analysis results, and their verification is addressed by a finite element method (FEM) and experiment. The axial-flux PMSG is double-side rotor type with slotless structure for cogging torque reduction, and rare-Earth permanent magnets are employed for high power density. On the other hand, since the LIM has an overhang structure in the secondary plate, the transverse edge effect is considered in the analysis to determine the overhang length of the secondary structure, and the optimized length is verified by the results of thrust force and equivalent circuit parameters. In this study, manufactured machines are connected with power converters, and relevant experiments are performed to measure the current according to various operating conditions of LIM as a load. By analyzing the power losses, the influence of the LIM operation on the axial-flux PMSG is discussed in this study.

Electromagnetic design method of linear induction motor considering lateral end effect

Due to the complex end effect, it is difficult for the linear induction motor to design and analyze with the "road" calculation and two-dimensional field calculation. Considering the end effect, skin effect and secondary leakage reactance of the eddy current of the secondary induction plate, a linear induction motor electromagnetic design and calculation program was programmed via VB language. A two-dimensional finite element analysis method was proposed to approximate the lateral end effect on linear induction motor performance by multiplying the two lateral end effect coefficients into secondary induction plate resistivity and air-gap relative permeability. The accuracy for both calculation of end effect coefficients by "road" calculated program and considering lateral end effect in two-dimensional finite element analysis was validated by using the experiment and three-dimensional full model finite element, respectively. This work proposes the calculation method of the lateral end effect, which is faster and more accurate for the electromagnetic design as well as the finite element simulation of linear induction motor.