Secondary Plant Research Articles

Transformation of Terpenoids and Steroids Using Actinomycetes of the Genus Rhodococcus.

Terpenoids and steroids are secondary plant and animal metabolites and are widely used to produce highly effective pharmacologically significant compounds. One of the promising approaches to the transformation of these compounds to form bioactive metabolites is their transformation using microorganisms. Rhodococcus spp. are one of the most developed objects in biotechnology due to their exceptional metabolic capabilities and resistance to extreme environmental conditions. In this review, information on the processes of biotransformation of terpenoid and steroid compounds by actinomycetes of the genus Rhodococcus and their molecular genetic bases are most fully collected and analyzed for the first time. Examples of the use of both native whole-cell catalysts and mutant strains and purified enzyme systems for the production of derivatives of terpenoids and steroids are given.

Conjugate gradient‐based active noise cancellation

AbstractActive noise cancellation schemes should synthesize proper secondary perturbations without relevant prior information. Their performance depends strongly on their adaptive mechanisms, which, sometimes, do not fulfill the severe requirements of practical setups. This research demonstrates for the first time that the adaptive conjugate gradient optimization method can be used for active noise cancellation tasks. Additionally, a stochastic model is devised for estimating its steady‐state solution, even when the secondary path is not correctly estimated. Such a theoretical analysis demonstrates the asymptotic unbiasedness of the proposed scheme when the secondary plant is perfectly estimated. Simulations reveal that the devised method can attain better asymptotic performance and a higher convergence rate than the traditional FX‐LMS algorithm, at the expense of an increased computational burden. Furthermore, simulations show that the method outperforms the standard ones for nonstationary inputs (such as speech signals).

Transcription factor-based biosensors for detection of naturally occurring phenolic acids

Phenolic acids including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are secondary plant and fungal metabolites involved in many physiological processes offering health and dietary benefits. They are often utilised as precursors for production of value-added compounds. The limited availability of synthetic biology tools, such as whole-cell biosensors suitable for monitoring the dynamics of phenolic acids intracellularly and extracellularly, hinders the capabilities to develop high-throughput screens to study their metabolism and forward engineering. Here, by applying a multi-genome approach, we have identified phenolic acid-inducible gene expression systems composed of transcription factor-inducible promoter pairs responding to eleven different phenolic acids. Subsequently, they were used for the development of whole-cell biosensors based on model bacterial hosts, such as Escherichia coli, Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida. The dynamics and range of the biosensors were evaluated by establishing their response and sensitivity landscapes. The specificity and previously uncharacterised interactions between transcription factor and its effector(s) were identified by a screen of twenty major phenolic acids. To exemplify applicability, we utilise a protocatechuic acid-biosensor to identify enzymes with enhanced activity for conversion of p-hydroxybenzoate to protocatechuate. Transcription factor-based biosensors developed in this study will advance the analytics of phenolic acids and expedite research into their metabolism.

Ladybird-Mediated Indirect Interactions between Two Aphid Species When Using a Banker Plant System

Banker plant systems have the advantages of introducing natural enemies preventively and maintaining by providing alternative prey, thus controlling the pests sustainably. Banker plant systems are usually composed of three factors: a banker (secondary) plant, an alternative prey, and a shared predator (attacking an alternative prey on the secondary plant, and the targeted pest on the crop). However, for most banker plant systems, there is a lack of understanding regarding the dynamic relationship among these elements, with detrimental effects on practical applications. Therefore, in this study, the control of Myzus persicae on Capsicum annum by the Coccinella septempunctata–Megoura japonica–Vicia faba banker plant system was used as the research system. The effects of different release time of predators, different initial numbers of alternative prey (Me. japonica) and different initial ratios of target pests/alternative prey on the indirect interaction of two aphids and the biological control effect of shared predators were tested. The occurrence of indirect interactions between the two aphid preys, the impact on population dynamics, and biological control effectiveness of the shared predator C. septempunctata were investigated. When the initial numbers of both species of aphids were equal (200 each), the delay between aphid and C. septempunctata introduction in the cage had no effect on My. persicae, but Me. japonica showed lower numbers when testing the least time between predatory introductions. When the numbers of the two aphids were manipulated, the My. persicae population was significantly reduced by the predator only at a ratio of My. persicae to Me. japonica < 1, while initial ratios ≥ 1 enabled My. persicae population growth. In 1–6 days, the control effect of C. septempunctata was the best. Principal component analysis showed that the experimental time, initial numbers of Me. japonica, and relative numbers of Me. japonica affected the predation of My. persicae by C. septempunctata. In addition, when the initial aphid ratio was greater than 1/4, C. septempunctata was able to effectively control My. persicae. Overall, our study confirmed the number-mediated indirect interaction (apparent competition) relationship and its impact on prey population dynamics. We provide useful information for optimizing banker plant systems, to boost biocontrol of aphid pests.

Yield and Yield Criteria of Flax Fiber (Linum usititassimum L.) as Influenced by Different Plant Densities

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is mostly grown in temperate climate conditions. The rising demand for natural fibres other than cotton has re-introduced flax cultivation in to the agenda. This situation has necessitated the acceleration of flax production research in Turkey. The purpose of this research is to discover the best seeding density for flax fibre cultivation. The trials were carried out with the Rolin flax variety at the coordinates 41°21′53″ N and 36°11′17″ E, during the winter seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, at densities of 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 plant m−2, by using a random block design. According to the results obtained from analysis of variance, where all these charectors examined viz, years, densities, year and density interaction were found statistically significant (p < 0.01). The highest straw, fiber and seed yields per decare were measured at 2000 plant m−2 density, while as the lowest values were determined at 500 plant m−2 density. However In the interaction of year and density, the highest plant height and technical length were measured in the first year at 1750 plant m−2 density at 102.7 cm and 80.2 cm, respectively. Similarly the highest straw yield (764 kg da−1), fiber yield (198.6 kg da−1) and seed yield (133.9 kg da−1) were measured in the first year at 2000 plant m−2 density. Adequate rainfall during the rapid development stage of winter flax in April-May boosted plant height, technical length, straw, seed, and fibre yield. Although the yields were low during the second year, which was dry. While the positive significant correlation (**; p < 0.01) was found between plant density and plant height (r = 0.907 **), straw yield per decare (r = 0.981 **), seed yield per decare (r = 0.973 **), fiber yield per decare (0.978 **), technical length (r = 0.828; * p < 0.05), negative significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between plant density and the number of secondary branches (r = −0.955 **), stem diameter (−0.955 **) and plant seed weight (r = −0.923 **). According to the data recorded in two-years. It was observed that for high straw, fiber and seed yield, 2000 plant m−2 density was appropriate for cultivating flax fiber during the winter growing period in mild climate conditions.

RNA-Seq analysis reveals the growth and photosynthetic responses of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under red and blue LEDs with supplemental yellow, green, or white light

Compound light is required for plant growth and development, but the response mechanisms of plants are undercharacterized and not fully understood. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of supplemental light (green light, G; white light, W; yellow light, Y) added to red–blue light (RB) and sole W on the growth and photosynthesis of rapeseed seedlings. The results revealed that supplemental G/W improved the growth and photosynthesis of seedlings, but supplemental Y significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate and palisade tissue layer. Sole W caused similar responses in terms of growth, leaf development, oxidative damage, and antioxidant capability as supplemental Y. In total, 449, 367, 813, and 751 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under supplemental G, Y, and W and sole W, respectively, compared to RB. The DEGs under different lights were closely associated with pathways such as light stimulus and high-light response, root growth, leaf development, photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, carbohydrate synthesis and degradation, secondary metabolism, plant hormones, and antioxidant capacity, which contributed to the distinct growth and photosynthesis under different treatments. Our results suggest that Y is more likely substituted by other wavelengths to achieve certain effects similar to those of supplemental Y, while G has a more distinctive effect on rapeseed. Taken together, supplementation RB with G/W promotes the growth of rapeseed seedlings in a controlled environment.

Dietary Ecology of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)

Examining the diets of primate populations inhabiting different habitat types could be useful in understanding local adaptation and divergence between these populations. In Cameroon, the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) is subdivided into two genetically distinct populations that occupy different habitat types; one occurs in forests to the west and the other in a forest–woodland–savanna mosaic (ecotone) in the center of the country. We used macroscopic fecal sample assessment to investigate dietary differences in relation to monthly fruit availability among P. t. ellioti communities in both habitat types: at Ebo Forest (rainforest) and Mbam and Djerem National Park (ecotone). We collected data simultaneously across three sites: Bekob and Njuma (rainforest) and Ganga (ecotone) from January 2016 to December 2017. In the dry season, fruits were the most important dietary component at Bekob and Njuma, while nonfruit plant material (leaves, pith, and bark) were most important at Ganga. In the wet season, the proportion of fruits in the diet was greatest at Ganga, while nonfruit plant material dominated chimpanzee diets at Bekob and Njuma. Chimpanzees at Bekob ate more fruits from introduced and secondary forest plant species than those at Njuma and Ganga, especially during periods of fruit scarcity. Animal consumption was higher at Ganga and was inversely associated with fruit consumption. These observations link habitat diversity to differences in feeding ecology among genetically distinct populations of P. t. ellioti. We speculate that dietary differences reflect broader socioecological variation between these populations, and collectively, that these factors promote intraspecific divergence.

Genetic variability and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its related attributes in indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. czern and coss.) under late sown condition

Twenty five genotype of Indian mustard were undertaken to determine relationship among yield and its components using direct selection parameters like variability, heritability and genetic advance for 13 yield and its contributing characters. Analysis of variance for the design of the experiment indicated highly significant differences for all the characters. Higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was recorded for number of secondary branches per plant followed by seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, length of main raceme, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per siliqua. High Heritability estimates were observed for days to 50% flowering (77.59%), length of main raceme (77.39%), 1000-seed weight (76.44%), plant height (75.67%), days to maturity (75.23%), number of secondary branches per plant (73.63%), number of siliquae per plant (71.64%), harvest index (70.63%), oil content (70.02%), biological yield per plant (69.09%), seed yield per plant (69.01%), number of primary branches per plant (68.98%), number of seeds per siliqua (67.60%). The expected genetic advance as percent of mean was high for seed yield plant per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of siliquae per plant, number of secondary branches plant, plant height. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance for seed yield plant per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of siliquae per plant, number of secondary branches plant, plant height would be helpful for indirect selection in improvement of seed yield. At phenotypic level seed yield per plant showed highly significant and positive association with harvest index, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per siliquea, number of primary branches per plant. The maximum coefficient of phenotypic variation was observed for number of secondary branches per plant.

Selection parameter analysis in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss)

High heritability estimates were observed for days to maturity, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, seed yield per plant and oil content in both the generations and number of secondary branches and plant height only F1 generation In F2 generation, high heritability was observed for plant height, number of seeds per siliqua and number of secondary branches. The maximum genetic advance coupled with high heritability was observed for number of siliquae per plant in F2 generation. Correlation study indicated that Seed yield per plant showed a positive and highly significant association with 1000-seed weight.

Genome-wide analysis of three histone marks and gene expression in Paulownia fortunei with phytoplasma infection

BackgroundPaulownia withes’-broom (PaWB) disease caused by phytoplasma is a serious infectious disease for Paulownia. However, the underlying molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that histone modifications could play a role in plant defense responses to pathogens. But there is still no available genome-wide histone modification data in non-model ligneous species infected with phytoplasma.ResultsHere, we provided the first genome-wide profiles of three histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac) in Paulownia fortunei under phytoplasma stress by using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). We found that H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac were mainly enriched in the genic regions in P. fortunei with (PFI) and without (PF) phytoplasma infection. ChIP-Seq analysis revealed 1738, 986, and 2577 genes were differentially modified by H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac marks in PFI under phytoplasma infection, respectively. The functional analysis of these genes suggested that most of them were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction. In addition, the combinational analysis of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq showed that differential histone methylation and acetylation only affected a small subset of phytoplasma-responsive genes.ConclusionsTaken together, this is the first report of integrated analysis of histone modifications and gene expression involved in Paulownia-phytoplasma interaction. Our results will provide the valuable resources for the mechanism studies of gene regulation in non-model plants upon pathogens attack.

The proteOMIC era: a useful tool to gain deeper insights into plastid physiology

Chloroplasts, the green plastid-type present in all photosynthetic organisms, are the physical place where photosynthesis and many other metabolic pathways occur. Chloroplasts are essential for plants, not only by performing photosynthesis but also due to the production of important compounds comprising a great variety of secondary metabolites, lipids, and plant hormones. The production of these compounds is highly regulated and coordinated with development in crops that have fruits with specialized plastids called chromoplasts. Study of plastid biology is essential to understand plant physiology and how plastid biogenesis and development impact plant growth. With the introduction of the genetic and genomic technologies to plant research the discovery and functional characterization of chloroplast proteins was boosted. Nowadays, technologies such as transcriptomics and proteomics are routinely used to assign functions to chloroplast proteins. The generation of high-throughput data sets allows a great increase in our knowledge about many chloroplast processes (e.g. pigment synthesis and accumulation, chloroplast to chromoplast transition, protein degradation) but also the possibility to apply these knowledge to genetically modify plants to improve beneficial traits (e.g. biomass, carotenoid content). The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of proteomic approaches for the study of plastid biology and how this technique speeds up the gain of knowledge in this field.

Transcriptomic comparison of Allium cepa var. agrogatum Don. cultivars with different facilitating potentials on tomato seedlings

ABSTRACT Potato onion has facilitating effect on tomato seedlings; however, the mechanisms underlying the facilitating effect remain unknown. Here, we examined the effects of potato onion leaf volatiles and leachates on tomato seedling growth, and performed a transcriptomic comparison of two potato onion cultivars with different facilitating potentials (‘Suihua’: higher facilitating potential; ‘Qitaihe’: lower facilitating potential). Potato onion leaf volatiles and leachates decreased the stem length, but increased the shoot dry matter of tomato seedlings. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 640 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) between ‘Suihua’ and ‘Qitaihe.’ DEGs related to photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and hormone metabolism were higher expressed in ‘Suihua’ compared to that in ‘Qitaihe,’ whereas genes related to phenylpropanoid metabolism and disease resistance were lower expressed. Pathway analysis showed the DEGs mainly participated in Metabolism, Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and Plant hormone signal transduction.

Influence of organic matter and carbonate on the secondary urban effluents disinfection by UV/H2O2

The main objective of this research was to study the influence of organic matter and carbonate on UV/H2O2 disinfection, and also to start up the UV/H2O2 reactor to conduct disinfection experiments and to analyze the amount of bacteria (total coliforms and E. coli) during the treatment. The analyzes were carried out with samples from the secondary effluent treatment plant of Faculdade de Tecnologia da Unicamp, the Águas da Serra sewage treatment plant in the city of Limeira and with pure water. The experiments consisted in the treatment of secondary effluent samples ana verify the performance to disinfect analising bacterias in four different times. The relation between the organic matter of the effluent and the disinfection process was studied making a relationship between the bactaria inactivatin and the COD of the effluent. The start up of the UV/H2O2 reactor was positive and allowed the accomplishment of disinfection experiments and later the analysis of concentration of bacteria. For samples from the Águas da Serra effluent, which presented COD of 79 mg/l, the disinfection was extremely efficient with different concentrations of peroxide and there was no indication of the presence of coliforms from the first 10 minutes of treatment.

Transcriptome Profiling of Two Ornamental and Medicinal Papaver Herbs.

The Papaver spp. (Papaver rhoeas (Corn poppy) and Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy)) genera are ornamental and medicinal plants that are used for the isolation of alkaloid drugs. In this study, we generated 700 Mb of transcriptome sequences with the PacBio platform. They were assembled into 120,926 contigs, and 1185 (82.2%) of the benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCO) core genes were completely present in our assembled transcriptome. Furthermore, using 128 Gb of Illumina sequences, the transcript expression was assessed at three stages of Papaver plant development (30, 60, and 90 days), from which we identified 137 differentially expressed transcripts. Furthermore, three co-occurrence heat maps are generated from 51 different plant genomes along with the Papaver transcriptome, i.e., secondary metabolite biosynthesis, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis (BIA) pathway, and cytochrome. Sixty-nine transcripts in the BIA pathway along with 22 different alkaloids (quantified with LC-QTOF-MS/MS) were mapped into the BIA KEGG map (map00950). Finally, we identified 39 full-length cytochrome transcripts and compared them with other genomes. Collectively, this transcriptome data, along with the expression and quantitative metabolite profiles, provides an initial recording of secondary metabolites and their expression related to Papaver plant development. Moreover, these profiles could help to further detail the functional characterization of the various secondary metabolite biosynthesis and Papaver plant development associated problems.

Comparative RNA-Seq analysis reveals a critical role for brassinosteroids in rose (Rosa hybrida) petal defense against Botrytis cinerea infection

BackgroundOne of the most popular ornamental plants worldwide, roses (Rosa sp.), are very susceptible to Botrytis gray mold disease. The necrotrophic infection of rose petals by B. cinerea causes the collapse and death of these tissues in both the growth and post-harvest stages, resulting in serious economic losses. To understand the molecular basis of rose resistance against B. cinerea, we profiled the petal transcriptome using RNA-Seq technology.ResultsWe identified differentially transcribed genes (DTGs) in petals during B. cinerea infection at 30 h post inoculation (hpi) and/or 48 hpi. Gene ontology term enrichment and pathway analyses revealed that metabolic, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were involved. The expression of 370 cell-surface immune receptors was upregulated during infection. In addition, 188 genes encoding transcription factors were upregulated, particularly in the ERF, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, and NAC families, implying their involvement in resistance against B. cinerea. We further identified 325 upregulated DTGs in the hormone signal transduction pathways. Among them, the brassinosteroid (BR)-related genes were the most significantly enriched. To confirm the role of BR in Botrytis resistance, exogenous BR was applied to rose flowers before the inoculation of B. cinerea, which enhanced the defense response in these petals.ConclusionsOur global transcriptome profiling provides insights into the complex gene regulatory networks mediating the rose petal response to B. cinerea. We further demonstrated the role of the phytohormone BR in the resistance of petals to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.

Global transcriptome analysis and characterization of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott sporangium in different developmental stages

BackgroundDryopteris fragrans (D. fragrans) is a potential medicinal fern distributed in volcanic magmatic rock areas under tough environmental condition. Sporangia are important organs for fern reproduction. This study was designed to characterize the transcriptome characteristics of the wild D. fragrans sporangia in three stages (stage A, B, and C) with the aim of uncovering its molecular mechanism of growth and development.ResultsUsing a HiSeq 4000, 79.81 Gb clean data (each sample is at least 7.95 GB) were obtained from nine samples, with three being supplied from each period, and assembled into 94,705 Unigenes, among which 44,006 Unigenes were annotated against public protein databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, KOG, GO, eggNOG and Pfam). Furthermore, we observed 7126 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (Fold Change > 4, FDR < 0.001), 349,885 SNP loci, and 10,584 SSRs.DEGs involved in DNA replication and homologous recombination were strongly expressed in stage A, and several DEGs involved in cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis had undergone dramatic changes during development, which was consistent with morphological observations. DEGs responsible for secondary metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction changed clearly in the last two stages.DEGs homologous to those known genes associated with the development of reproductive organs of flowering plants have also been validated and discussed, such as AGL61, AGL62, ONAC010. In particular, a Unigene encoding TFL1, an important flower–development regulator in flowering plants, was identified and exhibited the highest expression level in stage B in D. fragrans sporangia.ConclusionsThis study is the first report on global transcriptome analysis in the development of sporangia of wild D. fragrans. DEGs related to development and homologous to flower-seed development in flowering plants were discussed. All DEGs involved in DNA replication and homologous recombination were consistent with morphological observations of paraffin slices. The results of this study provide rare resources for further investigation of the D. fragrans sporangium development, stress resistance and secondary metabolism.

Determining the minimum number of pollen grains needed for accurate honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony pollen pellet analysis

ABSTRACTHoney bee (Apis mellifera) colony maintenance depends on foraging workers to obtain food resources from flowering plants year round. Because diverse floral diets have a positive impact on honey bee health, identifying the plants preferred by foragers provides valuable information to manage bee-friendly habitats. Recent studies have utilized palynology to better understand honey bee nectar foraging preferences. Futhermore, the International Honey Commission has established standards for analyzing honey samples. However, standards for studying the plant taxonomic composition of honey bee pollen pellets have not been established. The goal of this project was to determine the minimum number of pollen grains that need to be counted to obtain an accurate floral taxonomic representation in a pollen pellet sample. To do this, pollen samples were collected from pollen traps placed outside honey bee hives, and a pollen subsample foraged by each colony was acetolyzed and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Cohorts of 100 pollen grains obtained from homogenized pollen samples from three different colonies were counted successively 5 times for a total count of 500 pollen grains per colony. This was repeated for each of the replicates from the three separate colonies. We found no statistically significant differences in the number or proportion of floral taxa found between the 200 and 500 pollen grain counts in two out of the three colonies sampled. Species diversity index analysis suggested that the higher number of floral taxa found in some 500-grain counts were attributed to a relatively low presence of minor pollen types. Thus, a 200 pollen grain count seems sufficient to assess the predominant, secondary and important minor plant taxa present in a pollen sample, while a 500-grain count may be needed to elucidate a more specific taxonomic assessment of additional minor taxa floral types to determine a sample's geographic origin.

Isolasi Cendawan Endofit pada Daun Bambu Betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer.) dan Potensi sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms found in healthy plant tissue but not pathogenic to plants, and produce secondary metabolites same host plant. Secondary metabolites can be used as a drug. The possibility of endophytic fungi are found in bamboo, because bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer.) Has high potential as a drug, because it contains flavonoids, and phenolic coumarin. These compounds are secondary metabolites that produce antimicrobial substances that are used in the pharmaceutical field and are found in plant tissue. To avoid excessive use of medicinal plants that could lead to the extinction of these plants, then used the role of endophytic fungi are capable of producing secondary metabolites to the fullest. In addition, the endophytic fungus in plant tissue can be more than one type of fungal endophyte that the higher production of secondary metabolites. This study aims to determine the types of isolates of endophytic fungi on the leaves of Dendrocalamus asper and know the antibacterial potency against bacterial endophyte fungus Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that there were thirteen isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Dendrocalamus asper. Ten isolates of endophytic fungi have potential as an antibacterial against S. aureus and three isolates of endophytic fungi did not show any antibacterial activity. Key Word: Endophytic fungi, Secondary metabolites, antibacterial activity.

Design-Build-Finance Works! A Case Study for an Integrated Competitive Procurement Process to Design, Construct and Finance the Lions Gate Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant in British Columbia, Canada

Design-Build-Finance Works! A Case Study for an Integrated Competitive Procurement Process to Design, Construct and Finance the Lions Gate Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant in British Columbia, Canada

The Prius of the Racetrack: 15 Years of Successful Ammonia-based Aeration Control at an Advanced BNR Secondary Treatment Plant Achieving Net Zero Energy

The Prius of the Racetrack: 15 Years of Successful Ammonia-based Aeration Control at an Advanced BNR Secondary Treatment Plant Achieving Net Zero Energy