Secondary Metabolic Compounds Research Articles

Food preference of the Calliteara cerigoides Walker on several species of Shorea sp. leaves

Shorea sp. (meranti) is a wood-producing tree from Indonesia that has many benefits in world trade. Meranti cultivation is carried out to rehabilitate and develop plantation forests. However, meranti cultivation is susceptible to various pest attacks, including Calliteara cerigoides. This study aimed to determine the food preferences of C. cerigoides and to analyze the phytochemical compounds in meranti leaves. Pest food preferences were tested by testing three meranti leaf species on C. cerigoides larvae. Three species of meranti were Shorea selanica, S. pinanga, and Shorea sp. Phytochemical tests were carried out by identifying seven secondary metabolic compounds in meranti leaves. The results showed that C. cerigoides larvae preferred S. selanica leaves and survived until the seventh instar. The content of tannin and hydroquinone phenolic compounds in the leaves of S. pinanga is thought to be an obstacle in the pest’s food preference, causing the larvae to die in the third instar. The content of alkaloid and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of Shorea sp. was suspected to be the cause of the larvae not surviving until the instar phase and only until the fourth instar. Morphological factors and the content of chemical compounds in meranti leaves affect the eating preferences of larvae.

Phytochemical profiles of Krishna Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) and Rose Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)

This investigation explored the phytochemical profiles of two medicinal herbs, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Catharanthus roseus. Their leaves were powdered and subjected to ethanolic (polar solvent) withdrawal. The presence of secondary phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, glycosides, quinones and steroids were detected in these two medicinal herbs. The GC-MS revealed presence of nine secondary phytochemical metabolites in O. tenuiflorum, of which four have bioactive properties (Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate; N-Hexadecanoicacid; 2-Piperidinone, n-[4-bromo-n-butyl]-; Dotriacontane). The presence of seven secondary metabolic compounds were detected in C. roseus, which four possessed bioactive principles (3-Methylmannoside; Squalene; Pentatriacontane; 2,4,4-Trimethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-5a-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-cyclohexene). Thus, these herbs have detectable levels of secondary phytochemicals and their metabolite components. Among these two herbs C. roseus possessed more numbers of detectable secondary phytochemicals.

Foliar application of nettle and Japanese knotweed extracts on Vitis vinifera: impact on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and antioxidant activity during veraison and harvest of cv. Touriga Franca.

Plant-based extracts have been recently used as sustainable tools to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and increase grape (Vitis vinifera L.) quality. However, knowledge about the effect of these extracts on secondary metabolism compounds, that are fundamental for grape and wine quality, is still scarce. In this study, a trial was installed in an experimental vineyard with the variety Touriga Franca located at University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Baixo Corgo sub-region of the Douro Demarcated Region, Portugal in two growing seasons: 2019 and 2020. The aim was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nettle (Urtica spp.) extract (NE) and Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) extract (JKE) on grapevines leaves and berries bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant activity, at veraison and harvest. The application of NE increased the total carotenoids in leaves and the total phenolics content and the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) in berries while JKE increased flavonoids content in leaves and the antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) in berries. These extracts seem to have a stimulatory effect on grapevine, enhancing bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity and, consequently, the physiological performance of the plant and the quality of the berries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Central Argentina vegetation characteristics linked to extinct megafauna and some implications on human populations

In this paper we study the relationships between plants and extinct megafauna by examining the characteristics of the vegetation in the central region of Argentina (i.e. Espinal, Monte, and Chaco phytogeographic regions). First, we study the size, shape, quantity, and characteristics of fruits and seeds. We also evaluate the presence of mechanical (spinescence and wood density) and chemical (secondary metabolic compounds) defenses against high rates of herbivory. Complementarily, we assess the importance these plants had for human populations, using archeological, ethnographic, and current data. A high percentage of the analyzed plants met the criteria proposed for fruits and seeds dispersed by megafauna, together with a high frequency of spinescence, high density woods, and secondary metabolites. We propose that these traits cannot be explained by the herbivory pressure of extant fauna in the area, but rather developed in interaction with currently extinct fauna. We suggest that Pleistocene megafaunal extinction had important consequences in the region due to their role as ecosystem engineers and to vegetation’s characteristics, which were probably strongly shaped by megafauna activities. Among these consequences, we discuss the loss of certain interactions between these animals and vegetation, such as loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, shrub invasion, and increased susceptibility of vegetation to fire. Other effects for hunter-gatherer groups were the generation of highly regulated mobility patterns and the formation of barriers for the dispersal of prey. Finally, we also discuss the importance of these plants for human populations as food, construction material, medicines and firewood. Likewise, the role of humans as “heirs” of the megafauna in the propagation of tree and shrub species is highlighted.

Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Tea’s Embryo Axis Explant Cultured on Murashige and Skoog Medium Containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Camellia sinensis L. is an important crop in Indonesia as healthy beverage that contains several secondary metabolism compounds, such as polyphenols and catechins. Tissue culture including somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis has been used for propagating plant for various needs. In this present short-communication, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of tea was conducted and discussed. This study aimed to investigate surface ultrastructure of TRI2025 embryo axis tea clone cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The results revealed two different forms of explant’s development, i.e. somatic embryo and transitional form between somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis; or called by “Globular-like Structure” (GLS). Surface ultrastructure analysis of somatic embryo and GLS revealed respectively many stages of somatic embryo development i.e. globular, torpedo, and cotyledon stage, and leaf development form GLS regeneration.

In vitro evaluation of antiatherogenic potential of Origanum × paniculatum, Lippia alba, Clinopodium nepeta, and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils

IntroductionEssential oils (EOs) are mixtures of secondary plant metabolism compounds with potential lipid-lowering activity and antioxidant properties. They may therefore be considered as add-on therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. MethodsEOs of Origanum × paniculatum (OpEO), Lippia alba (chemotype linalool) (LaLEO), Clinopodium nepeta (CnEO) and Eucalyptus globulus (EgEO), were evaluated on THP-1 foam cell macrophages as a cellular model of atherogenesis. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay, lipid content by thin-layer chromatography, and Oil Red O staining. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by TBARS on low-density lipoprotein lipid peroxidation, and by ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP assays. EOs were characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and a predictive multivariate data analysis was performed by partial least square regression (PLS) to identify the components related to antiatherogenic potential. ResultsOpEO reduced foam cell viability (IC50 = 45 µl/l) and cholesterol and triacylglycerol content and demonstrated antioxidant activity. In contrast, LaLEO increased lipid content and showed a prooxidant capacity with low reduction of cell viability (IC50 = 340 µl/l). CnEO showed prooxidant activity and reduction of cell viability (IC50 = 130 µl/l) without changes in lipid content. EgEO showed antioxidant activity, lipid increase, and low cytotoxicity (IC50 = 770 µl/l). PLS analysis suggests that cis-sabinene hydrate is responsible for cell viability inhibition, thymol and β-cis-terpineol decrease lipid content and possess antioxidant activity, and linalool increases lipid levels and has prooxidant capacity. ConclusionsOpEO is a promising natural product for therapy against atherosclerosis, with cis-sabinene hydrate, thymol, and β-cis-terpineol as potential active principles.

Polyphenols in Plants: Structure, Biosynthesis, Abiotic Stress Regulation, and Practical Applications (Review).

Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are among the most common compounds of secondary metabolism in plants. Their biosynthesis is characteristic of all plant cells and is carried out with the participation of the shikimate and acetate-malonate pathways. In this case, polyphenols of various structures are formed, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and various oligomeric and polymeric compounds of phenolic nature. Their number already exceeds 10,000. The diversity of phenolics affects their biological activity and functional role. Most of their representatives are characterized by interaction with reactive oxygen species, which manifests itself not only in plants but also in the human body, where they enter through food chains. Having a high biological activity, phenolic compounds are successfully used as medicines and nutritional supplements for the health of the population. The accumulation and biosynthesis of polyphenols in plants depend on many factors, including physiological-biochemical, molecular-genetic, and environmental factors. In the review, we present the latest literature data on the structure of various classes of phenolic compounds, their antioxidant activity, and their biosynthesis, including their molecular genetic aspects (genes and transfactors). Since plants grow with significant environmental changes on the planet, their response to the action of abiotic factors (light, UV radiation, temperature, and heavy metals) at the level of accumulation and composition of these secondary metabolites, as well as their metabolic regulation, is considered. Information is given about plant polyphenols as important and necessary components of functional nutrition and pharmaceutically valuable substances for the health of the population. Proposals on promising areas of research and development in the field of plant polyphenols are presented.

Correlation between Molecular Docking Score and Ligand Molar Mass: Statistical Approach

In recent days, pharmacology researchers have studied secondary metabolic compounds because they are naturally produced by plants, bacteria, fungi, and marine sponges, leading to increased worldwide use of the computational technique of molecular modelling approaches to drug discovery. Flavonoids, which belong to secondary metabolic compounds, play a role in biological activity. In the present study, the flavonoids subclass of secondary metabolic compounds molecular docking binding energy was dependent on the compound's molecular weight on binding interaction with antioxidant proteins using the statistical approaches of correlation coefficient and cluster statistical analysis. To evaluate a strong negative relationship, higher molecular mass flavonoids compounds had high active properties and lower molecular mass flavonoids compounds had low active properties, as reported on antioxidant proteins in correlation (r = -0.76 to -0.91 for a strong relationship) and cluster analysis. Flavonoids subclass compounds molecular docking binding scores were based on ligand molecular mass and depended on a similarly strong negative relationship in molecular mass vs 1HD2, 1MFM, 2F8A, and 2HCK antioxidant proteins. In this study, statistical analysis concluded that molecular docking binding energy depends on ligand molecular mass. Overall, the higher molecular mass compounds have higher active properties may be used in biological activity.

Natural chemicals for healthy living: plant secondary metabolic compounds

Free radicals are produced by a variety of normal biological processes including aerobic metabolism and pathogenic defense mechanisms. They can also be a result of external exposures such as radiation, pollutants, and cigarette smoke. Reactive oxygen species, or ROS, are a subset of free radicals that contain oxygen. A diet high in antioxidants may reduce the risk of many diseases (including heart disease and certain cancers). Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from the body cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation. The protective effect of antioxidants continues to be studied around the world. During aerobic metabolism, oxidants, or reactive oxygen species, are created in our bodies, which can cause a number of illnesses, including cancer and cardiovascular conditions. The substances that balance these oxidants called antioxidants. Natural antioxidants are recommended over synthetic antioxidants, which have been discovered to have adverse effects. Natural antioxidants are the secondary metabolites of phytochemicals. The impact of oxidants on human health and how natural antioxidants counteract them have both been reviewed. The main plant sources of natural antioxidants, several methods for recovering antioxidants from plant matrices, and the superiority of indirect supercritical fluid extraction over other methods are all discussed.

Innovations in the Molecular Mechanisms in Plants and Different Biological Applications

For their protection during the very adverse conditions produce different types of primary and the secondary metabolic compounds. As these stresses progressed in plants, a multi - gene response is triggered which caused changes in many of the proteins, signaling molecules, primary and secondary metabolites, amino acids and so on. The metabolism in plants is disrupted which leads to metabolic enzymes inhibition, substrates shortage, an increased demand of some particular compounds or all these factors combination. In this review, we showcase various kind of abiotic stresses which harms the plant. We also describe how the time scale variable stresses impact profile of secondary metabolites which could be used to identify different stresses. This paper has ability to attract researchers’ attention operating on the quantitative trait locus mapping with metabolites and also metabolomics genome wide linkage.

Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity Test of Medicine Plants in Southeast Sulawesi Against Salmonella Typhi YCTC as An Alternative Addition to Substitution Ingredients for Halal Products

Phytochemical profile and antibacterial activity test performed on several medicinal plants methanol extracts of plants Keji beling (Strobilanthes crispus BI), Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.), Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica), Secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.) and Jathropa (Jatropha curcas Linn.) existing in the Southeast Sulawesi. Phytochemical screening carried out by TLC method to identify classes of secondary metabolic compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids, while the antibacterial activity test against the bacteria Salmonella typhi YCTC using the agar diffusion method with chloramphenicol as a positive control. The results obtained show that the extract of the roots and leaves of plants of S. crispus yield a diameter of 9 mm and 5 mm clear zone, the extract of the leaves of plants A. bilimbi yield a diameter of 9 mm clear zone, while the extract of the trunks and flowers of C. sappan. plants produce a clear zone diameter of 3,5 mm and 6 mm against the bacteria. extracts from plant parts that have activity against salmonella bacteria can then be further investigated to obtain compounds that have potential as antibacterial and can be used as alternatives as herbal medicinal ingredients in halal products.

Therapeutic compounds from medicinal plant endophytes: molecular and metabolic adaptations

During the last few decades, endophytes have attracted increased attention due to their ability to produce a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites. These compounds not only help the endophytes to outcompete other plant-associated microbes or pathogens through quorum sensing, but also enable them to surmount the plant immune system. However, only a very few studies have described the interlink between various biochemical and molecular factors of host-microbe interactions involved in the production of these pharmacological metabolites. The peculiar mechanisms by which endophytes modulate plant physiology and metabolism through elicitors, as well as how they use transitional compounds of primary and secondary metabolism as nutrients and precursors for the synthesis of new compounds or enhancing existing metabolites, are still less understood. This study thus attempts to address the aspects of synthesis of such metabolites used in therapeutics by the endophytes in the light of their ecological significance, adaptation, and intercommunity interactions. Our study explores how endophytes adapt to the specific host environment, especially in medicinal plants that produce metabolites with pharmacological potential and simultaneously modulate host gene expression for the biosynthesis of these metabolites. We also discuss the differential interactions of fungal and bacterial endophytes with their hosts.

Pharmaceutical and Biological Properties of Dill : A Review

Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) belong to the Apiaceae family This plant is extracted either in the form of powders or oils from different parts of the plant, including the leaves, seeds, flowers, or the aerial part of the plant. It contains many activity secondary metabolism compounds. These compounds are of nutritional, medicinal and natural therapeutic value. They are considered high antioxidants that are used as a treatment for humans or as flavorings for foods. The aim of the review know the pharmaceutical and biological characteristics of dill.

Phytochemical Study of Volatile Oils for the Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha spicata By Gas Chromatography Technique

This study emphasized on the identification and detection the secondary metabolism compounds different of volatile oils by Gas Chromatography Technique of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha spicata L plant from Labiate (Lamiaceae) family cultivated in Iraq by suxhlet apparatus. the medicinal importment acquired this study and to know the active compound in the volatile oil was identified in plant extract of aerial parts by Gas Chromatography Mass, The result showed that of (80g) of O.basilicum and M. spicata has produced volatile oil ( 2.5% and 3. 75%) respectively, The study has shown that essential oil of O.basilicum 25 compounds and had the highest compound concentration Estragole reaching it is percentage (23.46%) followed Cyclohexanol,5-methyl-2-(1methyl ethyl) (14.19%), Then Tetrapentaconate, 1,54-dibromo compound concentration (8.99%). concentration the M. spicata, the study showed that it contain 25 compound and that the compound Isopropyl linoleate has the highest compound concentration of (21.83%) followed by the Cyclohexanol,5-methyl-2-(1-methyl ethyl) 13.38%, then Octadecenoic acid (E) with concentration of ( 7.75%). The aim of this study compare the phytochemical of different volatile oil extract of O. basilicum L. and M. spicata L.

Estimate of the flavonoids in the Leavesof BayLaurel Studying their Bio-activity

The recent study a imed at extracting and estimating some of the secondary metabolic compounds taken from Leaves of Bay Laurel due to their important benefits for the human health . the flavonoids were and registered 12.7% and alkaloids 7.8 %. some of the dietary valu in the leaves of Bay Laurel-moistur ,total Sold materia, ash, oil, fiber were 5.7%, 94.3%, 20%, 1.7%, 15.1%, respectively. The kinds of Filavovonid in leaves of Bay Laurel were estimated also by the HPLC Techniqe .They were as following: Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, Chrysin, Myricetin, Kaempferol and Hesperetin.so they registered their values: 11.5, 14.19, 11.1, 11.3, 10.9, 10.65, 8.49 a respectively by unit μg/ ml. by Comparison with the standard flavonoids kinds as well as studying the bio-activity of the flavonid extract against bacteria, four concentrations form the flavonid extract were prepared: (50,100,150,200)mg/ml. concentrations (150,200) mg/ ml gave an inhibition against positive and negative –grem bacteria against normal Genamicin Sulfate where as the an centrations 100 mg/ ml did not give an any inhibition against negative germ bacteria but give a little inhibition gainst the positive-germ bacteria compared with normal inhibition. the concentrations 150 mg/ml did not give any inhibition against the negative and positive –germ bacteria compared with normal inhibition Genamicin Sulfate .

Anti Acne Cream Formulation Ethanol Extract of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr against Staphylococcus Epidermis and Staphylococcus Aureus

Acne is a skin problem that generally occurs during puberty. Under normal conditions, during puberty, there are Staphylococcus epidermal bacteria and Propionibacterium acnes that proliferate so that inflammation occurs, causing acne on the skin. Since ancient times, our ancestors believed in the use of natural ingredients to treat various diseases, one of which was katuk leaves. Katuk plants have secondary metabolic compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. The potential of Katuk leaves has been tested for many pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antihypertensive, anti-infective, antihyperlipidemic, antianemic and also increases milk production. Katuk leaves are often used in the form of extracts as antibacterial, so it needs to be developed into a pharmaceutical preparation to increase its use. One of the pharmaceutical preparations is cream preparations to treat the causes of acne. This study aims to determine the ability of katuk leaf extract cream to act as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus Epidermis and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria.. The design of this study is an experimental method, making katuk leaf extract by maceration method by immersing in 70% ethanol solution for 5 days. After 5 days, the pulp and filtrate were separated and then evaporated using a Vacuum Rotary Evaporator to obtain a thick extract. The preparation of katuk leaf extract cream was carried out with a concentration of 10%, 15%, 20% and an antibacterial test was carried out using the pitting method. The antibacterial test results of the katuk leaf cream extract showed an inhibition zone marked with a clear area around the well. Katuk leaf extract cream was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermis bacteria with the best concentration in formula 3, namely the concentration of katuk leaf extract of 20%.

Analysis of Anti-Bacterial Acetivity Test of Binahong Leaves Ethanol Extract Agains Bacteria

Antibacterial is a compound that can be used for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria. Traditionally Binahong plants (Anredera cordifolia) are plants known to the public to handle various diseases. Binahong leaf that has antibacterial natural compounds such as oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and apigenin. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of binahong leaves against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research is using experimental method. Leaves binahong obtained from Sawang Aceh Utara. The maceration stage is done by using ethanol 96% for 3 days and then in doing phytochemical test to find out secondary metabolic content. Antibacterial testing using discs. The results of phytochemical tests found secondary metabolic compounds class of alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, quinones, and triterpenoids. Antibacterial test using 25%, 50%, 75% concentration, negative control (Aquadest), and Positive control (Amoxicillin) obtained the results are 6mm, 6mm, 6.67mm, 0mm, 30,67 mm. Based on the research of ethanol extract of binahong leaf has an inhibitory power to the growth of Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria at 75% concentration. At concentrations of 25% and 50% there was no inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth. Keywords: Ektrak Etanol, Antibacterial, Daun Binahong, Staphylococcus Aureus

Phytochemical of Ethanolic Extract of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Collected from Medan, Indonesia

Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) has been successfully conducted. A phytochemical test was performed using FeCl3 to know the content of the phenolic compound from Cabbage. Cabbage is extracted until the ethanolic extract was obtained. It contained secondary metabolic compounds. mengandung senyawa metabolic sekunder. The largest secondary metabolic in cabbage extract was the flavonoid compound. The flavonoids total contained in the ethanolic extract of cabbage was 1.68 mg QE/g extract and the level of total phenol contained in the ethanolic extract was 45.090 mg GAE/g extract.

Endogenous phthalates as a prospective regulator of interspecific relations in a biocoenosis

It is widely believed that phthalates are xenobiotic pollutants whose prevalence in the environment is associated with their facilitated diffusion from plastic materials. Studies into the effect of synthetic phthalates on living organisms revealed their extremely negative action on the metabolism of animals and humans. The acting mechanism of these compounds is realised through a ligand-receptor pathway. Along with dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and similar compounds, phthalates are classified as endocrine disrupters. However, at present, sufficient evidence has been accumulated confirming the natural origin of phthalates. Thus, phthalates were de novo biosynthesised from labelled precursors in an algae culture. These compounds were detected in closed experimental systems, including cell cultures of highest plants, as well as those isolated from a number of bacterial, fungi, lowest and highest plant forms located far from the sources of technogenic pollution. The concept of phthalate biogenesis assumes the action of these compounds on living systems. Phthalates exhibit bactericidal and fungicidal action and compose allelopathic exudates, suppressing the growth of competing plant forms. Phthalates possess insecticidal and repellent properties. An analogy can be traced between the action of phthalates and endocrine disrupters of another chemical category, namely phytoestrogens, which regulate herbivorous mammal populations. A hypothesis is proposed about the biological role of endogenous plant phthalates representing secondary metabolic compounds. Exhibiting predominantly a shielding function, these compounds participate in the network of interactions between plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It should be noted that synthetic and endogenous phthalates are characterised by essential stereochemical differences, which can explain their different action on living organisms.

Isolation and Identification of Secondary Metabolic Compounds Acetone Extract from Dutch Eggplant (Cyphomandra betacea)

Isolation and identification of secondary metabolite compound in acetone extract from fruit terong belanda (Cyphomandra betacea) have been carried out. The aim of this research is to isolate and identify the secondary metabolite compound in acetone extract from fruit terong belanda (Cyphomandra betacea) which obtain from Enrekang. The compound was obtained by isolation process that consist of several stages, including extraction, fractination, purification and identification. Extraction was carried out using maceration with acetone. The identification was coment by is color test, melt point, solubility and TLC. Base of identification are obtained compound in white powder with melting point 130-131 oC, and positively to the reagent Dragendorf and Wagner gives a brown precipitate that indicated as a alkaloid group. This result is supported by solubility compounds.