Secondary Material Resources Research Articles

Alternative noise-absorbing screens from secondary material resources

Dense urban development, non-compliance with construction standards, high utilization of road networks due to their low capacity are a source of increased acoustic impact, especially in large cities. The sounds and noises of the urban environment are an annoying factor in modern megacities. The rapid increase in the standard of living of the population requires the search for solutions to reduce acoustic loads on the environment as much as possible. Noise-absorbing screens are one of the options for the technical implementation of measures to protect against excessive sounds. And the use of waste materials common in the modern world for their construction makes this solution cost-effective. After all, the constant increase in the needs of residents of large cities leads to an increase in industrial and municipal waste, with improper disposal of which environmental pollution occurs. However, with the use of safe technologies and environmental disposal methods, it is possible to reduce the environmental burden and achieve the necessary noise levels in populated areas. Plastic has long been an integral part of the life of the population and it is unlikely that it will be possible to reduce its use, therefore, environmentally friendly and safe handling is promising. The option of manufacturing polycarbonate barriers, considered as using it as secondary material resources, is in demand due to the multiple possibilities of polymer recycling, the unique physico-chemical properties of the material and economic feasibility. The measurements performed on urban highways and calculations of acoustic load reduction showed the possibility of using screens of this type with a minimum thickness of more than 24 dB.

Improvement of technologies for recycling waste petroleum

Relevance. Currently, the rational and economical use of petroleum products is of particular importance. This applies, among other things, to all known types of oils. Waste oils entering the natural environment are only partially neutralized as a result of natural processes. Most of them are a source of pollution of soils, water bodies and atmospheric air, leading to disruption of the reproduction of birds, fish, mammals, and having a harmful effect on humans. Thus, the widespread problem of collecting and recycling waste petroleum products is a relevant, cost-effective and knowledge-intensive area; since with the correct organization of regeneration, the cost of recovered oils is 40–70% lower than the cost of fresh oils with almost the same quality. Aim. To improve the technology of recycling spent petroleum products in the conditions of the northern territories in order to achieve eco- and energy efficiency. After the regeneration stage, used oils can be used for their intended purpose – returned to equipment lubrication systems, this is up to 75–80% of the original amount of waste oil generated. The remaining, “unrecovered” amount of 20–25% is burned in the form of a water-fuel mixture at enterprises equipped with liquid fuel boilers. The information available in the literature is insufficient to create an effective system for the disposal of used oils and other petroleum products, especially in the circumpolar territories. A differentiated approach to the problem is required, taking into account the peculiarities of the climate, the remoteness of the Arctic territories from the transport infrastructure, with mandatory compliance with environmental standards. Methods. cavitation technology (i. e. cavitation effects) and the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) deep learning method for processing hydrocarbon waste using the example of industrial oil W30 and, accordingly, modeling the migration of pollutants from industrial objects in open natural water sources. Results and conclusions. The results obtained indicate that the integrated use of raw materials is the result of the most complete, economically and environmentally justified application of all advantageous components contained in raw materials, as well as in production waste. Any hydrocarbon waste can be considered as secondary material resources that can be used for economic purposes, partially or completely replacing traditional types of material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources, the main value of which is their constant reproducibility in the production sector.

ОЧИСТКА ВОДОЭМУЛЬСИОННОЙ ФАЗЫ ПРИ САНАЦИИ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ ЗАЛЕЖЕЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЗАВОДСКИХ СТАНЦИЙ АЭРАЦИИ

The long-term activity of oil refineries has led to the formation of man-made hydrocarbon deposits under their sites. The deposit is a lenticular formation, elongated in plan for several kilometers towards the groundwater discharge zone, penetrating into the geo-environment up to the first aquifer. The reserves of technogenic deposits can be commensurate with traditional natural deposits. On the one hand, technogenic deposits are a formation containing a mixture of raw materials and processed products of various fractions and commercial quality hydrocarbons. In this case, the content is extracted from the rocks with the help of pumping equipment of a network of production wells, separated from the water component and transferred for use or processing as a secondary material resource. On the other hand, a field containing sub-grade hydrocarbons is a significant water-oil emulsion. It is a constant source of negative impact on the environment and pollution of adjacent fragments of the geological environment. The use of a water-based layer containing hydrocarbons in concentrations insufficient for resource use is its treatment as contaminated wastewater. Purification of the water-emulsion phase from residual hydrocarbons is lengthy and extremely costly and requires new modular treatment facilities at the location of the hydrocarbon deposit or reserve capacities at existing plants.

ВОПРОСЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩЕЙ МОДЕЛИРЕМОНТНО-СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

The relevance of the study is caused by unresolved problems of preventing the negative impact of production and consumption waste generated in the process of life support of settlements. According to the authors, the most promising area for the study of such a life–threatening technosphere object as waste is the sphere of construction and urban management and its most important sector - construction, reconstruction, repair, renovation of real estate. During the study, it was found that the waste of repair and construction production, most of its mass, which are low-hazard and practically harmless to the environment, serve as a source of various types of valuable secondary raw materials. This raw material can be used in the production of a wide range of construction and other products, the production of works for various purposes, as sources of alternative energy sources. The purpose of this study was to form the configuration of a resource-saving model of repair and construction works as a mechanism for ensuring the environmental safety of the urban environment, preventing natural emergencies, their adverse consequences for the life of the population, the sustainable functioning of economic facilities, conservation and protection of the natural environment and natural resources. The scientific approach proposed in the work is aimed at obtaining two important scientific and practical results: preventing the negative impact of waste on the environment at the source of their formation: the processes of repair and construction work and, at the same time, the technological transformation of useful resource components of waste into secondary material and energy resources. This ensures the second important result: the preservation of the country's natural resources by replacing them with secondary raw materials and alternative energy sources. The research is applied in nature, its results can be used in the implementation of measures for the transition of the construction and urban management system to a resource-saving technological way of environmentally safe life support for settlements.

Recycling of yeast multifunctional autolysates and extracts in the food industry

Recycling of industrial waste is one of the most crucial problems for the food industry. The forces of modern researchers are focused on solving this problem and using the biopotential of spent resources. Residual yeast from fermentation industries, in particular brewing, is of particular interest among the variety of food production waste. This is due to the extremely rich chemical composition of the yeast cell, and the possibility of obtaining a wide range of ingredients that exhibit both biological activity and technologically significant properties. Spent brewer's yeast is rich in proteins and carbohydrates, as well as vitamins B and minerals. The protein fraction, which accounts for 45–60% by dry weight (dw), contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantities, which allows considering this secondary material resource an excellent source of protein with high biological value and a well-balanced AA profile. The carbohydrate fraction, comprising approximately 40% by dw, consists of intracellular carbohydrates (such as simple sugars and glycogen) as well as cell wall polysaccharides (such as β-glucan and α-mannan). Special emphasis is placed on the cell wall components due to their significant multidirectional biological activity and technologically important properties. Thus, β-glucan and α-mannan, along with emulsifying, sorbing and stabilizing properties, exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, immunomodulatory and prebiotic properties. This review presents an analysis of yeast autolysates and extracts sources as well as the influence of cultivation conditions and production methods on their chemical composition.

Effect of secondary material resources on quality indicators of fabric fabrics

In this article 100% cotton fiber waste, 70% rogoza plant fiber waste 30% cotton fiber waste bedding, 50% rogose plant fiber waste 50% cotton fiber waste bedding, 30% rogose plant fiber waste 70 % Air permeability, longitudinal and transverse penetration, hygroscopicity and dye strength of upholstery fabrics obtained from a mixture of cotton fiber waste were determined, and the optimal variant of secondary material resources in the production of upholstery fabric was recommended.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ПРОБОК ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ, ИЗГОТОВЛЕННЫХ ИЗ СМЕСЕВОГО ТЕРМОЭЛАСТОПЛАСТА

In the course of the activities of medical institutions, waste of various degrees of danger is generated, both for people and the environment. Collection and processing of such waste is currently carried out in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.3684-21. Elastomeric materials are mainly used as primary packaging material for the production of pharmaceutical closures. They are a complex multicomponent polymer elastic material, including an elastomeric component and various additives. In order to reduce the negative impact on the environment in terms of reducing the amount of medical polymer waste, a waste-free technology for processing used pharmaceutical plugs made of mixed thermoplastic elastomer, which belong to Class A waste, has been developed. According to SanPiN 2.1.3684-21, medical waste of class A is the only one that can be sent for recycling as recyclable materials without additional actions. They are safe because they did not interact with infectious patients and biological fluids, which means there are no toxic and radiation components. The starting raw materials for processing are pharmaceutical stoppers intended for sealing injectable forms of antibiotics, bacteriological and biological pharmaceuticals. The plugs are made of a medical-grade thermoplastic elastomer based on polyisobutylene and low-melting thermoplastic. The product has wear resistance, shock resistance, and elasticity at low temperatures. In addition, the material has good fluidity and is excellent for injection molding. The introduction of this technology will make it possible to recycle polymer medical packaging waste to obtain safe secondary material resources without having a negative impact on environmental components.

Resource potential of municipal solid waste in Odesa Region

Despite the widespread use of the term "municipal solid waste" (MSW), the main regulatory and legislative documents of Ukraine use the term "household waste". International practice also does not have a clear definition of the "municipal solid waste" concept, however, there are a number of related terms. Municipal solid waste is defined as a waste that is generated in the course of human activity, accumulated in residential buildings and social institutions and considered as unsuitable for further use at places of its generation. As for the related terms used in foreign and national practice, the term “household waste”, i.e. waste generated directly by households, is more appropriate. Municipal solid waste is a heterogeneous mixture that has a complex waste composition and its quantitative and qualitative characteristics are not constant and depend on characteristics of a certain country, region, city or town where it was generated, season and other factors. Growing volumes of municipal solid waste is one of the components of growing anthropogenic load that poses a threat to environmental safety of the country's regions and public health and negatively affects the state of our environment. The main methods of such solid waste management in Ukraine include landfilling, incineration, recycling and recovery. Out of the total annual waste volume generated on the post-Soviet territories, 93% are taken to landfills or dumpsites, 4% – incinerated, and only about 3% – recycled.
 Therefore, creation and implementation of an effective system of solid waste management is an important task for ensuring environmental safety and sustainable development of the country's regions. Moreover, solid waste is a significant reserve for obtaining secondary material resources. According to the circular economy concept, almost all components of solid waste should be reused for production of new items. This will minimize negative impact on the environment and allow rational use of natural resources. The article analyses the current state of municipal solid waste management system in Odesa Region and assesses resource value of such waste. Secondary raw materials worth of almost UAH 1.4 million can be produced annually from the total flow of municipal solid waste in Odesa Region. And this figure does not take into account liquidity of food and other waste. After establishing an effective food and other organic waste management system, such amount may be significantly increased. Separation of resource-value components from the total solid waste flow and their subsequent use will help to reduce technogenic load on the environmental natural components and improve the overall environmental situation in Odesa Region.

Features of the pyrolysis process of waste batteries using carbon black as an additive in the construction industry

The paper discusses the technology for recycling used lithium-ion batteries. At the same time, one of the important components in the technology for processing such waste is the recycling of anode material with the extraction of graphite or carbon black, which can be used in the production of fire bricks. It has been shown that materials and compounds contained in lithium-ion batteries are sources of hazardous waste of the second hazard class. At the same time spent accumulators are a source of valuable secondary material resources and contain in their composition up to 16 % wt. % of graphite.The paper proposes to consider the process of processing anode materials of lithium-ion batteries in order to obtain graphite and carbon black from them by pyrolysis. Experimental studies were carried out on the process of decomposition of cathode and anode materials of lithium-ion batteries separately, as well as their mixture by pyrolysis. When studying the kinetics and mechanism of pyrolysis of carbon-containing materials, thermogravimetric analysis of the following materials was carried out: 1) powdered graphite grade GAK-2 (GOST 10273-79); 2) graphite released from the anode during manual disassembly of the LKIT; 3) mechanically activated powders containing cathode material LiNiMnCoO2. The characteristics of the pyrolysis process were assessed using thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses. Pyrolysis characteristics demonstrate that organic substances contained in batteries can decompose at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C for cathode materials and 450 °C for anode materials. This subsequently leads to higher efficiency in the extraction of valuable components with shorter grinding times. It has been shown that the decomposition of a mixture of lithium-ion battery materials removes a larger amount of organic components than the pyrolysis of anode and cathode materials separately. In this case, the rate of decomposition of the mixture of materials occurs more slowly. The activation energy values for lithium-ion battery materials after the pyrolysis stage were determined. The content of components in powder obtained after the pyrolysis stage was determined using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma.

Assessment of Phytotoxicity of Used Zeolite as a Sorbent of the Dyeing and Finishing Production Wastewater by the Phytoindication Method

Introduction. The optimization of the technological processes for dyeing textile materials using wastewater adsorption purification via natural zeolite is relevant. The purified water can be used as recycled water for reuse in fabric dyeing technology.Problem Statement. The used zeolite sorbent belongs to the by-products of the dyeing and finishing industry’s wastewater treatment process. However, there is possibility to reuse it as a secondary material resource after determining the level of toxicity.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to assess the phytotoxicity of spent zeolite as a natural adsorbent for the purification of wastewater from dyeing and finishing production of textile dyes and auxiliary substances by the methods of phytoindication to determine possible directions of its use without additional costs for its disposal.Material and Methods. Wastewater from dyeing and finishing production and spent zeolite are research materials and winter barley seeds are the phytotest object. The method of scientific information generalization has been used; chemical analysis of wastewater has been carried out by the method of optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma; the intensity of winter barley stalks growth has been studied by the method of laboratory phytotesting; phytotoxicity has been evaluated with the use of analytical expression.Results. The phytotoxicity of used zeolite on water, soil, and concentrated substrates does not exceed 20%, which indicates the absence or low level of its toxicity and the possibility of reuse. The phytotoxicity of the aqueous substrate (water extract) of the spent zeolite has a negative value (–6.67%), which indicates that the studied aqueous substrate is not toxic.Conclusions. The experimental assessment of the toxicity of the used sorbent has allowed reusing it in the field of road construction and in the production of building materials.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OBTAINING OF FOOD ADDITIVE FROM BUCKWHEAT HUSK

The paper shows technological aspects of obtaining of biologically active food additive from buckwheat hull. Husk is the main secondary raw material resource emerged during buckwheat processing. Its yield varies from 20 to 22%. Despite several studies, it is not used in subsequent processing for food and other purposes. At the same time, buckwheat husk is a source of polyphenolic compounds, which are presented by flavonoids (2.2 mg/g), and dietary fibers (45.6%). As a result of the experimental studies, it was found that it is advisable to process buckwheat husk into powder using mechanochemical treatment. The parameters of processing were determined during research. It is also advisable to add sodium bicarbonate in the amount of 5% from the powder during mechanochemical treatment. This amount allows to achieve maximum yield of melanin pigment (14.3%) and maximum improvement in the antioxidant activity of the finished product (3.5 times). It has been established that mechanochemical treatment of buckwheat husk coarse powder changes the availability of its ingredients. Mass fraction of soluble substances increases in 2.2 times. The yield of biologically active substances also increases in 3.6 times for flavonoids and in 1.9 times for melanin. This is what determines the increase of nutritional value of finished product. The obtained fine powder is recommended to be used as an additive in producing of new types of food products, including public catering production.

The increasing of engineering education competence for example of the Ural State Mining University

The one of the most acute problems of the ensuring life of our country is a signifcant amount of generated and accumulated production and consumption waste. The policy here should be aimed at reducing the amount of waste generated and developing methods for their maximum use (utilization), since most waste is a source of valuable secondary material resources. Of particular importance in the feld of waste processing and the prospect of sustainable development of Russia is the improvement of engineering education, the increase in the competence of future specialists (“production commanders”). The article considers the problem of training personnel for the management of production and consumption waste on the example of the Ural State Mining University. It is proposed to introduce into the curricula of engineering specialties of the university a new discipline “Management of production and consumption waste”, additional education modules within the existing curricula of disciplines. To further develop the level of waste processing in terms of the concept of the circular economy, it is recommended to create a special research laboratory “Secondary material resources”.

Evaluation of the recycling potential of obsolete mobile phones through secondary material resources identification: A comprehensive characterization study

The growing concern over the management of e-wastes has generated an interest in the recovery of resources from these wastes under the concept of urban mining and circular economy. However, in the absence of accurate knowledge of the physico-chemical compositional structure of these wastes makes the recycling process difficult. Thus, the present study conducted a recycling-oriented characterization of waste mobile phones (WMPs) for the identification of secondary materials and estimated their recycling potential. The characterization was performed using ICP-OES and FTIR techniques after dismantling WMPs for the determination of elemental composition and the polymeric fractions respectively. Dismantling of the WMPs revealed that enclosures, batteries, display modules, and PCBs consist of 35.33 wt%, 28.9 wt%, 19.44 wt%, and 16.31 wt% respectively. Of these components, PCBs constitute the highest economic recovery potential with an estimated potential revenue generation of more than 50,000 US $ per ton of waste PCBs. Copper showed the highest recovery potential (234.39 tons/year) with an economic value of approximately 3317 US $/ton of WPCBs followed by Sn (27.37 tons/year) and Ni (24.64 tons/year). Among different precious metals, Au was found to have the highest percentage of economic value (76.22%) followed by Pd (8.16%) and Ag (3.13%). The display modules and enclosures were found to have relatively lower contributions than WPCBs in the overall recycling potential due to lower metal contents and mixed polymeric fractions. The findings in the study indicate that WMPs could serve as a promising new source for sustainable secondary mining of rare and valuable metals. Further, the study will help the policymakers in designing effective e-waste management strategies through the promotion of sustainable recovery of materials.

Комплексные органоминеральные удобрения и мелиоранты – экологичный подход к утилизации фосфогипса

One of the modern approaches to solving environmental problems of accumulation and deposition of production and consumption waste is the implementation of “green economy” and “closed cycle” economy models. This approach makes it possible to increase the resource utilization rate and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The study of the possibility of joint disposal of waste from various industries, for example agricultural and industrial waste, is promising in this area. The analysis of the current state of work in this direction is carried out, using the example of the possibilities of joint utilization of phosphogypsum and organic waste. A new eco-friendly approach to the utilization of a large-tonnage secondary material resource – phosphogypsum together with organic waste is proposed. Phosphogypsum acts as a matrix for the production of complex organomineral fertilizers and meliorants of complex composition, the introduction of the organic component of fertilizers is carried out in the finished and neutralized liquid phase. Agricultural waste, municipal waste, s ewage sludge can be the raw materials for the organic component. The effectiveness of the complex organomineral fertilizer an d meliorant based on phosphogypsum (90% by weight) and the liquid fertilizer “Rabiol” with the inclusion of a highly selective sorbent based on molecular imprinted polymers to imazamox, a resistant herbicide of the imidazolinone class, is shown.

The role of multilateral cooperation in the transition to a circular economy and low-carbon development: waste recycling associations as agents of change

The article presents the results of a study of the activities and role of professional associations for recycling of production and consumption waste in connection with the start of Russia's transition to a circular economy and the implementation of the strategic federal project of the same name. A retrospective analysis of the development of the concept of “closed loop” over the past decades has been carried out in the context of the disposal of production and consumption waste and the formation of the concept of a circular economy. Specific institutional, cultural, and legal barriers are described that prevent the transition of the current economic system to sustainable cyclical patterns of production and consumption with the usage of secondary material resources in production. A classification of waste recycling associations is proposed based on information about the participants of associations and the functions they perform: associations of manufacturers and importers of goods and packaging within the framework of the implementation of extended producers’ responsibility standards, associations of waste recycling companies, associations of manufacturers and recycling companies, associations of complex partnerships. For each identified type of associations, a case example is described. Based on the analysis of the activities of foreign (USA, European Union (Netherlands), China, India) and national associations for waste management, as well as the International Solid Waste Association, which operates at the global level, via comparison of their organizational structure and legal framework, characteristic features for each type of associations are identified, as well as cooperative forms of interaction relevant for Russia. The key problems associated with the activities of waste recycling associations in Russia are described, as well as the prospects for the creation and transformation of such associations, taking into account the socio-economic development policy pursued in the country.

Очищення стічних вод пивоварної галузі з використанням технології метанового бродіння

The brewing industry generates a large amount of secondary material resources, namely: excess brewer's yeast, malt grain, malt sprouts, grain waste, protein sludge and a large amount of wastewater with varying degrees of organic pollution. These wastes contain a complex of nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances. Some of them (brewer's yeast, malt grain) are used as feed additives to the diet of farm animals as part of compound feed or in their native form. The brewing industry is a branch of food industry with a high degree of water consumption and, accordingly, a large amount of wastewater generated in the production process. Wastewater from the brewing industry belongs to the category of highly polluted, therefore, for their effective cleaning, it is necessary to use suitable and economically beneficial technologies. Substances dissolved in water cannot be filtered or precipitated using coagulants, removed using flotation, etc. Some of the impurities, for example, proteins, can be remo ved by physical and chemical methods, but the main part of them is in the solution. Effective cleaning is possible only if complex compounds are destroyed directly in the wastewater. Existing cleaning technologies using physical and chemical methods are imperfect because they have low cleaning rates. The best option for brewery wastewater treatment technology is the use of biotechnological cleaning methods. Such methods include methane fermentation. Methane fermentation is an anaerobic biochemical process that occurs under the influence of microorganisms of the genus Methanobacterium. This process leads to a significant reduction in the level of sewage pollution. The final products of methane fermentation are biogas and microbial protein with a high content of essential aminoacids. For wastewater treatment of the brewing industry the use of methane fermentation technology was proposed, the final products of which are highly purified wastewater and biogas

Modification of Tyre Rubber Crumb with Wastes of Plant Oil Production

Recovery of fat-and-oil production wastes will reduce the technogenic impact on the environment, as well as involve them in a new production cycle as a secondary material resource. As part of solving this problem, the possibilities of using fat-and-oil production wastes in the production of a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim are considered. In the course of the studies, the fat-and-oil industry wastes’ sorption characteristics are determined, and in relation to oils in static and dynamic conditions, the spent reagent reclamation ways are determined. The authors obtained a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim using the fat-and-oil industry wastes (soap stock, diatomite, bleaching clay, and fatty acids isolated from soap stock). In this work, the authors studied the possibility of using the fat-and-oil industry wastes in the formulations of a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim. Extended physical and mechanical tests of experimental rubbers led to the conclusion that it is most expedient to use the fat-and-oil industry wastes in the formulation of rubber compounds for production of sleeper pads for railroad tracks, since when using a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim, the indicators of rubber properties practically do not change and comply with control standards.

Recycling of municipal waste in crop production as condition for reducing the toxicological load on ecosystems

In the period from 2013 to 2020, in all regions of Russia, there was an increase in household waste by 4.5-6.9 times an average. The study has identified that the properties of some wastes allow using them in economic sphere; it predetermines the interest in wastes as a secondary material resource. Some waste can be used as a fertilizer material and a substance for soil formation. It has to be considered that waste use can cause a number of serious negative processes, affecting all components of the ecosystem. Moreover, the polluting strength depends on the chemical composition of waste and the regulations for waste use. The purpose of the study is a geoecologic assessment of the resource potential of household waste in Orel in order to determine the possibility of their subsequent use in the region’s agriculture. The authors have presented the results of a ten-year monitoring of the resource potential of sewage sludge. According to chemical and biological components determined by the analyses, the examined waste belongs to IV, V classes of danger to the environment. It proves that they can serve as an organomineral fertilizer for the biological reclamation of disturbed lands.

Каскадно-циркулярна модель інноваційної трансформації регіональних господарських комплексів: фундаментальні принципи, пріоритети і воєнні та поствоєнні виклики

It is substantiated that the cascade-circular model of innovative transformation of regional economic complexes should be based on a combination of the cascade principle of attracting material resources in the reproduction process and the principle of maximizing closed cycles in product chains. It is determined that the cascade principle is a sequential transition from one phase of production to another, based on the priority of formation of value chains and features of extracting the resource value of primary and secondary raw materials; the principle of maximizing closed cycles in product chains is a principle that provides for the minimization of unit costs and losses of the material substance of raw materials on the basis of the integrated use of primary raw materials through the use of waste-free and low-waste technologies and the most complete utilization of secondary raw materials in order to maximize the value added in food chains. It is identified that the key point in the formation of the cascade-circular model of innovative transformation of regional economic complexes is the formation of the structure-establishing innovation core (a complex of types of production and economic activity with appropriate supporting subsystems), which will be differentiated in the context of economic regions of Ukraine, based on: the existing production and technical base of material production; the level of infrastructural arrangement; available and projected reserves of natural raw materials; scientific and scientific-technical potential; opportunities for establishing inter-regional cooperative relations; participation of the region in the national division of labor and in ensuring national security. It is substantiated that the cascade-circular model of innovative transformation of the economy of the regions of Ukraine should be aimed at more effective use of secondary material resources in the reproduction process and at increasing the assimilation potential as a basic prerequisite for the transition to the rails of low-carbon development.

Ecological and chemical safety assessment of RDF as alternative fuel for boiler stations

In this paper, an ecological and chemical safety assessment of using RDF (Refuse-derived fuel) is considered. It is shown that production and consumption wastes, including combustible unclaimed fractions of secondary material resources from household solid waste, which have undergone preliminary sorting and preparation, in terms of grinding and cleaning from non-combustible inert materials, are used as raw materials for its manufacture. It has been established that it is expedient to use this type of fuel during thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) with a working temperature of about 1200-1500 °C, since at this temperature all substances pass into the composition of flue gases. Installation "Mark 1" is proposed, which can be used in boiler station for burning RDF. The technological scheme and the principle of operation of the proposed installation are described. An assessment of the impact of the operation of this installation on the environment was carried out. It is shown that the concentrations of pollutants from the heating system, according to the protocol for measuring quantitative chemical analysis (QCA) of emissions into the atmosphere at control points at a distance of 25 meters from the mouth of the boiler station pipe, using the example of pilot tests of RDF, do not exceed the MPC. Thus, the ecological and chemical safety of RDF is confirmed and its use in combustion plants equipped with swirling-type furnaces is justified.