Second-order Linear Partial Differential Equations Research Articles

Anisotropic functionally graded nano-beam models and closed-form solutions in plane gradient elasticity

This study delves into the investigation of exact analytical solutions for the plane stress and displacement fields within linear homogeneous anisotropic nano-beam models of gradient elasticity. It focuses on solving the Helmholtz equation, which encompasses a second-order non-homogeneous linear partial differential equation in plane gradient elasticity theory, utilizing polynomial series-type solutions. The analysis centers on the utilization of gradient Airy stress functions to derive stress fields in the gradient theory. The research yields closed-form analytical solutions for Airy stress functions, stress, and strain fields in both classical and gradient theories. The study considers five distinct types of two-dimensional functionally graded cantilever beams with various boundary conditions: a cantilever anisotropic nano-beam subjected to a concentrated force at the free end, a cantilever anisotropic nano-beam under a uniform load, a simple anisotropic nano-beam under a uniform load, a propped cantilever anisotropic nano-beam under a uniform load, and a fixed end cantilever anisotropic nano-beam under a uniform load. General analytical solutions for the gradient stress and displacement fields of two-dimensional and one-dimensional anisotropic nano-beams under different boundary conditions are provided. The study showcases significant strain gradient size effects at the nano-scale through the derived analytical solutions for anisotropic beams. Additionally, it demonstrates that the strain gradient theory results for the limit case of the gradient coefficient c precisely align with results for isotropic and anisotropic materials in elasticity theory and classical theory. Furthermore, real-world applications are discussed, considering stress and displacement fields in real anisotropic materials such as TiSi2 single crystals and orthotropic materials, which are special cases of anisotropic materials like wood and epoxy as documented in the literature.

Gradient elasticity solutions of 2D nano-beams

In this study, the exact analytical solutions of a two-dimensional linear homogeneous isotropic nano-beam in gradient elasticity are studied. Four different types of two-dimensional cantilever beams and related boundary conditions are considered. The cases are a cantilever beam under a concentrated force at the end, a cantilever beam under a uniform load, a propped cantilever beam under a uniform load, and a fixed-end beam under a uniform load. The two-dimensional stress gradient fields are investigated and obtained from the analytical solutions of a linear second-order partial differential equation written in terms of the classical and the gradient Airy stress functions. Additionally, the micro-size effects in the displacement components for different loads and support conditions for the two-dimensional cantilever beams by using strain gradient elasticity theory are investigated. Furthermore, for one-dimensional Euler–Bernoulli beam model, the associated stress and strain elasticity solutions are obtained from two-dimensional analytical solutions. The graphical presentations of the exact closed-form solutions are provided and discussed.

Nested invariant tori foliating a vector field and its curl: Toward MHD equilibria and steady Euler flows in toroidal domains without continuous Euclidean isometries

This paper studies the problem of finding a three-dimensional solenoidal vector field such that both the vector field and its curl are tangential to a given family of toroidal surfaces. We show that this question can be translated into the problem of determining a periodic solution with periodic derivatives of a two-dimensional linear elliptic second-order partial differential equation on each toroidal surface and prove the existence of smooth solutions. Examples of smooth solutions foliated by toroidal surfaces that are not invariant under continuous Euclidean isometries are also constructed explicitly, and they are identified as equilibria of anisotropic magnetohydrodynamics. The problem examined here represents a weaker version of a fundamental mathematical problem that arises in the context of magnetohydrodynamics and fluid mechanics concerning the existence of regular equilibrium magnetic fields and steady Euler flows in bounded domains without continuous Euclidean isometries. The existence of such configurations represents a key theoretical issue for the design of the confining magnetic field in nuclear fusion reactors known as stellarators.

Computational Multiscale Methods for Nondivergence-Form Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

Abstract This paper proposes novel computational multiscale methods for linear second-order elliptic partial differential equations in nondivergence form with heterogeneous coefficients satisfying a Cordes condition. The construction follows the methodology of localized orthogonal decomposition (LOD) and provides operator-adapted coarse spaces by solving localized cell problems on a fine scale in the spirit of numerical homogenization. The degrees of freedom of the coarse spaces are related to nonconforming and mixed finite element methods for homogeneous problems. The rigorous error analysis of one exemplary approach shows that the favorable properties of the LOD methodology known from divergence-form PDEs, i.e., its applicability and accuracy beyond scale separation and periodicity, remain valid for problems in nondivergence form.

Adaptive FEM with quasi-optimal overall cost for nonsymmetric linear elliptic PDEs

Abstract We consider a general nonsymmetric second-order linear elliptic partial differential equation in the framework of the Lax–Milgram lemma. We formulate and analyze an adaptive finite element algorithm with arbitrary polynomial degree that steers the adaptive meshrefinement and the inexact iterative solution of the arising linear systems. More precisely, the iterative solver employs, as an outer loop, the so-called Zarantonello iteration to symmetrize the system and, as an inner loop, a uniformly contractive algebraic solver, for example, an optimally preconditioned conjugate gradient method or an optimal geometric multigrid algorithm. We prove that the proposed inexact adaptive iteratively symmetrized finite element method leads to full linear convergence and, for sufficiently small adaptivity parameters, to optimal convergence rates with respect to the overall computational cost, i.e., the total computational time. Numerical experiments underline the theory.

General solutions’ laws of linear partial differential equations II

This paper uses Z transformations to obtain the general solutions of a large number of second-order, third-order and fourth-order linear partial differential equations for the first time, including one-dimensional inhomogeneous wave equation. Using general solutions, we have obtained plenty of exact solutions of the typical definite solution problems, which proves the important value of general solutions. We propose the Z4 transformation for the first time and initially use it to solve a specific case. We successfully obtain the Fourier series solution using the series general solution of the one-dimensional homogeneous wave equation, which successfully solves a famous unresolved debate in the history of mathematics.

Stability Analysis of Second-Order Linear PDEs on Time Scales

This paper presents the stability analysis of a class of second-order linear partial differential equations (PDEs) on time scales with diffusion operator and first-order partial derivative. According to the time scale theory, the Lyapunov functional method, and some inequality techniques, sufficient conditions for exponential stability are strictly obtained, and the results are generalized for that where both the discrete-time and continuous-time cases are considered jointly. In addition, the theoretical results are applied to exponential synchronization of reaction-diffusion neural networks (RDNNs). Simulation examples are given to verify the feasibility of our results.

A localized reduced basis approach for unfitted domain methods on parameterized geometries

This work introduces a reduced order modeling (ROM) framework for the solution of parameterized second-order linear elliptic partial differential equations formulated on unfitted geometries. The goal is to construct efficient projection-based ROMs, which rely on techniques such as the reduced basis method and discrete empirical interpolation. The presence of geometrical parameters in unfitted domain discretizations entails challenges for the application of standard ROMs. Therefore, in this work we propose a methodology based on (i) extension of snapshots on the background mesh and (ii) localization strategies to decrease the number of reduced basis functions. The method we obtain is computationally efficient and accurate, while it is agnostic with respect to the underlying discretization choice. We test the applicability of the proposed framework with numerical experiments on two model problems, namely the Poisson and linear elasticity problems. In particular, we study several benchmarks formulated on two-dimensional, trimmed domains discretized with splines and we observe a significant reduction of the online computational cost compared to standard ROMs for the same level of accuracy. Moreover, we show the applicability of our methodology to a three-dimensional geometry of a linear elastic problem.

The Equation of Electron Diffusion in the Momentum Space in Graphene

Small fluctuations of the electron system from the equilibrium state due to electronacoustic phonon intraband, intravalley random scatterings in graphene have been analyzed. In the linearization approximation of the Boltzmann transport equation a second-order linear partial differential equation for the time and energy dependences of the symmetric component of the fluctuations of the electron distribution function has been obtained. This equation can be considered as the Fokker-Planck equation in the momentum space, which describes the chaotic movement of the electron along the energy axis, i.e. the electron diffusion in the momentum space.

Parabolic differential equations with bounded delay

We show the continuous dependence of solutions of linear nonautonomous second-order parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with bounded delay on coefficients and delay. The assumptions are very weak: only convergence in the weak-* topology of delay coefficients is required. The results are important in the applications of the theory of Lyapunov exponents to the investigation of PDEs with delay.

Feature-Based MPPI Control with Applications to Maritime Systems

In this paper, a novel feature-based sampling strategy for nonlinear Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) control is presented. Using the MPPI approach, the optimal feedback control is calculated by solving a stochastic optimal control (OCP) problem online by evaluating the weighted inference of sampled stochastic trajectories. While the MPPI algorithm can be excellently parallelized, the closed-loop performance strongly depends on the information quality of the sampled trajectories. To draw samples, a proposal density is used. The solver’s and thus, the controller’s performance is of high quality if the sampled trajectories drawn from this proposal density are located in low-cost regions of state-space. In classical MPPI control, the explored state-space is strongly constrained by assumptions that refer to the control value’s covariance matrix, which are necessary for transforming the stochastic Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation into a linear second-order partial differential equation. To achieve excellent performance even with discontinuous cost functions, in this novel approach, knowledge-based features are introduced to constitute the proposal density and thus the low-cost region of state-space for exploration. This paper addresses the question of how the performance of the MPPI algorithm can be improved using a feature-based mixture of base densities. Furthermore, the developed algorithm is applied to an autonomous vessel that follows a track and concurrently avoids collisions using an emergency braking feature. Therefore, the presented feature-based MPPI algorithm is applied and analyzed in both simulation and full-scale experiments.

АСИМПТОТИКА РЕШЕНИЯ ПЕРВОЙ КРАЕВОЙ ЗАДАЧИ ДЛЯ СИНГУЛЯРНО ВОЗМУЩЕННОГО ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНОГО УРАВНЕНИЯ В ЧАСТНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ВТОРОГО ПОРЯДКА ПАРАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО ТИПА

The article constructs a complete uniform asymptotic expansion in a small parameter of the solution of the first boundary value problem. The first boundary value problem is posed for a singularly perturbed linear inhomogeneous second-order partial differential equation with two independent variables of parabolic type. The problem is investigated on a rectangle. The peculiarities of the problem are the presence of a small parameter in front of the heat conduction operator, the existence of corner boundary layers at the lower corners of the rectangle. It is required to construct a uniform asymptotic expansion of the solution of the first boundary value problem on a rectangle, with any degree of accuracy, as the small parameter tends to zero. The asymptotic expansion of the solution in terms of a small parameter is constructed by the Vishik–Lyusternik method. When solving the problem, we use: methods of integration of ordinary differential equations, the classical method of a small parameter, the Vishik–Lyusternik boundary function method, and the maximum principle. As usual, the problem is solved in two stages: in the first stage, a formal expansion of the solution of the first boundary value problem is constructed; and in the second stage, the remainder of the resulting expansion is estimated and this proves that the resulting expansion is indeed asymptotic over the entire rectangle. In the first stage, a formal asymptotic solution is sought in the form of a sum of six functions (solutions): an external solution defined on the entire rectangle; boundary layer solution in a small neighborhood of the lower side of the rectangle; two lateral boundary layer solutions in a small neighborhood of the lateral sides of the rectangle and two corner boundary layer solutions in the neighborhood of the lower vertices of the rectangle. All these boundary layer solutions exponentially decrease outside the boundary layers.

Representation of Weierstrass integral via Poisson integrals

In our research, we have presented a second-order linear partial differential equation in polar coordinates. Considering this differential equation on the unit disk, we have obtained a one-dimensional heat equation. It is well-known that the heat equation can be solved taking into account the boundary condition for the general solution on the unit circle. In our paper, the boundary-value problem is solved using the well-known method called the separation of variables. As a result, the general solution to the boundary-value problem is presented in terms of the Fourier series. Then the expressions for the Fourier coefficients are used to transform the Fourier series expansion for the general solution to the boundary-value problem into the so-called Weierstrass integral, which is represented via the so-called Weierstrass kernel. A representation of the Weierstrass kernel via the infinite geometric series is derived by a way allowing a complicated function to be parameterized via a simplified function. The derivation of the corresponding parametrization is based on two well-known integrals. As a result, a complicated function of the natural argument is represented in the form of a double integral that contains a simplified function of the same natural argument. So, the double-integral representation of the Weierstrass kernel has been derived. To obtain this result, the integral representation of the so-called Dirac delta function is taken into account. The expression found for the Weierstrass kernel is substituted into the expression for the Weierstrass integral. As a result, it was found that the Weierstrass integral can be considered a double-integral that contains the Poisson and conjugate Poisson integrals.

Representation of Weierstrass integral via Poisson integrals

In our research, we have presented a second-order linear partial differential equation in polar coordinates. Considering this differential equation on the unit disk, we have obtained a one-dimensional heat equation. It is well-known that the heat equation can be solved taking into account the boundary condition for the general solution on the unit circle. In our paper, the boundary-value problem is solved using the well-known method called the separation of variables. As a result, the general solution to the boundary-value problem is presented in terms of the Fourier series. Then the expressions for the Fourier coefficients are used to transform the Fourier series expansion for the general solution to the boundary-value problem into the so-called Weierstrass integral, which is represented via the so-called Weierstrass kernel. A representation of the Weierstrass kernel via the infinite geometric series is derived by a way allowing a complicated function to be parameterized via a simplified function. The derivation of the corresponding parametrization is based on two well-known integrals. As a result, a complicated function of the natural argument is represented in the form of a double integral that contains a simplified function of the same natural argument. So, the double-integral representation of the Weierstrass kernel has been derived. To obtain this result, the integral representation of the so-called Dirac delta function is taken into account. The expression found for the Weierstrass kernel is substituted into the expression for the Weierstrass integral. As a result, it was found that the Weierstrass integral can be considered a double-integral that contains the Poisson and conjugate Poisson integrals.

On a Symmetric Generalization of Bivariate Sturm–Liouville Problems

A new class of partial differential equations having symmetric orthogonal solutions is presented. The general equation is presented and orthogonality is obtained using the Sturm–Liouville approach. Conditions on the polynomial coefficients to have admissible partial differential equations are given. The general case is analyzed in detail, providing orthogonality weight function, three-term recurrence relations for the monic orthogonal polynomial solutions, as well as explicit form of these monic orthogonal polynomial solutions, which are solutions of an admissible and potentially self-adjoint linear second-order partial differential equation of hypergeometric type.

Adaptive estimator for a parabolic linear SPDE with a small noise

We deal with parametric estimation for a parabolic linear second-order stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) with a small dispersion parameter based on high-frequency data which are observed in time and space. Using the thinned data with respect to space obtained from the high-frequency data, the minimum contrast estimators of two coefficient parameters of the SPDE are proposed. With these estimators and the thinned data with respect to time obtained from the high-frequency data, we construct an approximation of the coordinate process of the SPDE. Using the approximate coordinate process, we obtain the adaptive estimator of a coefficient parameter of the SPDE. Moreover, we give simulation results of the proposed estimators of the SPDE.

The ultraspherical spectral element method

We introduce a novel spectral element method based on the ultraspherical spectral method and the hierarchical Poincaré–Steklov scheme for solving second-order linear partial differential equations on polygonal domains with unstructured quadrilateral or triangular meshes. Properties of the ultraspherical spectral method lead to almost banded linear systems, allowing the element method to be competitive in the high-polynomial regime (p>5). The hierarchical Poincaré–Steklov scheme enables precomputed solution operators to be reused, allowing for fast elliptic solves in implicit and semi-implicit time-steppers. The resulting spectral element method achieves an overall computational complexity of O(p4/h3) for mesh size h and polynomial order p, enabling hp-adaptivity to be efficiently performed. We develop an open-source software system, ultraSEM, for flexible, user-friendly spectral element computations in MATLAB.

Pengaruh Ekstrapolasi Richardson Terhadap Keakuratan Solusi Numerik Persamaan Konduksi Panas

The heat conduction equation is a parabolic differential equation and a type of second-order linear partial differential equation. By applying the finite difference scheme in the Crank-Nicolson method, the numerical solution of the heat conduction equation can be calculated. Obtaining numerical solutions with a high level of accuracy, Richardson extrapolation is required. The Crank-Nicolson approach scheme has a high level of accuracy, because the gap between numerical and analytical solutions is very small. Richardson extrapolation greatly influences the accuracy of numerical solutions, because the gap between analytical solution and numerical solutions with Richardson extrapolation is smaller than disparity in numerical solutions without Richardson extrapolation.

Energy Method on Dynamic Buckling of Cylindrical Shell with Simply-Fixed Supported subjected to Axial Impact of Rigid Mass

Based on the energy method, considering the stress wave effect, the buckling problem of cylindrical shell subjected to impact is studied. Substituting the Lagrange function and the trial function satisfied the boundary condition into the second Lagrange equation. After the second-order linear partial differential equation is obtained, the analytical expression of the critical buckling speed of a rigid mass impacting cylindrical shell is obtained by analyzing the properties of the equations. The influence of critical length, impact mass, axial mode number, circumferential mode number and diameter-thickness ratio on buckling is discussed by analyzing the examples. The results show that the stress wave effect, initial kinetic energy and diameter-thickness ratio have a significant effect on the dynamic buckling of cylindrical shells; the higher-order modes of buckling and the buckling of cylindrical shell are easily motivated by high-speed impact.

Asymptotics of the Solution to the Boundary-Value Problems with Non Smooth Coefficient

The first boundary-value problem for a linear inhomogeneous second-order partial differential equation of elliptic type with two independent variables in a ring is investigated in the case when the potential is a non smooth function. Using the modified method of boundary functions, a uniform asymptotic expansion of the solution of the Dirichlet problem is constructed. The maximum principle is used to obtain an estimate for the remainder term of the asymptotic expansion. The resulting series is asymptotic in the sense of Erdey.