Second Half Of July Research Articles

Analysis of Artemisia pollen season in selected cities of Poland in 2022

Artemisia pollen is an important source of allergens responsible for inhalant allergy symptoms in late summer. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of the Artemisia pollen season in 2022 in selected cities located in different regions of Poland: Bialystok, Cracow, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrków Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw and Wroclaw. Pollen concentrations were recorded using the volumetric method with a Hirst-type sampler operating in continuous volumetric mode. The beginning of Artemisia pollen season was in the second half of July in all monitored cities, and the end of the season at the latest at the end of the first half of September (14th in Piotrkow Trybunalski). The average length of the pollen season, determined with the 98% method, was 45 days. In all cities, maximum daily pollen concentrations were recorded in the first half of August, with Cracow, Lublin, Olsztyn, Sosnowiec and Warsaw in the first decade of the month. The highest daily concentration was recorded in Opole (78 pollen/m3), followed by Szczecin (72 pollen/m3). The average SPI for the Artemisia season was 486.7. Artemisia pollen production in analyzed cities in 2022 was lower than in years 2018–2020.

Shifting summer holidays in Spain as an adaptation measure to climate change

This paper assesses whether moving summer holidays to the warmest period of the year in Spain could be a useful climate change adaptation strategy. While the most popular period for Spanish summer holidays has traditionally been August, we illustrate that the second half of July is the hottest period of the year and when the negative effects of high temperatures are most pronounced. If the holiday period in the second fortnight of August was moved to the second fortnight of July, some of the associated impacts would be mitigated due to the reduced anthropogenic activity during non-working days. In particular, we find a significant reduction in the annual peak of labour productivity loss (~25 %) and, to a lesser extent, of electricity demand and near-surface ozone concentrations (~3–4 %). Finally, we also show that global warming could lead to enhanced differences between both fortnights (even with no change in the seasonal cycle of temperature) because of the non-linear relationships between temperature and its impacts. Therefore, the positive effect of shifting holidays would be even larger in the coming future.

Fifth survey on weed flora in spring cereals in Finland

Regular weed surveys provide information on changes in weed communities. The composition of weed flora in spring cereal fields was investigated in southern and central Finland during 2020–2022. The survey was conducted in 16 regions, 226 farms and 549 fields. The occurrence of weeds was assessed in the second half of July from 90 organically cropped and 459 conventionally cropped fields. The weed flora was dominated by broad-leaved species, representing 81% of the total number of 138 identified species. The average species number per field was 21 in organic fields and 12 in conventional fields. The most frequent weed species in organic fields were Chenopodium album 99%, Erysimum cheiranthoides 84%, Viola arvensis 83% and Stellaria media 82%. In conventionally cropped fields, the most frequent species were Viola arvensis 83%, Stellaria media 65%, Galeopsis spp. 59% and Galium spurium 59%. The two most common grass species in both production systems were Poa annua and Elymus repens. The frequency and density of Poa annua had increased substantially in conventional cropping since the previous survey in 2007–2009. The average density of weeds was 384 plants m-2 in organic fields and 147 plants m-2 in sprayed conventional fields. The average air-dry biomass of weeds was 678 kg ha-1 and 151 kg ha-1, respectively. Elymus repens produced almost a quarter of the total weed biomass in both production systems. Changes in weed flora were minor in terms of frequency and density of the most common broad-leaved weed species. Increased infestation of Poa annua in conventional cropping calls for special attention. The dominance of Elymus repens decreased in both production systems since the previous survey.

The features of the growth and development of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge in the VILAR Botanical Garden

The results of studies in 2019-2022 of a new medicinal plant for the flora of Russia Anemarrhena asphodeloides are presented. In the conditions of the VILAR Botanical Garden, all phenological phases are observed. However, the onset of generative phases in Anemarrhena asphodeloides occurs a month later than in nature. So, flowering does not begin in June, but it occurs in the second half of July. The beginning of seed ripening is noted not in August but at the end of September. In addition, plants of Anemarrhena asphodeloides during introduction (zone of excessive moisture) reach a greater height (up to 120 cm) than in natural dry conditions (up to 100 cm). It is shown that during spring sowing, Anemarrhena asphodeloides individuals finish their vegetation in the first year of life in the rosette phase with a height of 12.8-25.7 cm (3-8 leaves). In the second year of life, the generative phase is observed in 62 % of individuals, and in the third year it occurs in 64.5 % of specimens. The average weight of air-dry rhizomes with roots is 14,9 ± 3,5 g/individuals in three-year-olds, and 18,4 ± 4,1 g/individuals in four-year-olds.

Echoes of the News About the Attempted Assassination of Sultan Abdul Hamid II Among the Muslim Intelligentsia from Bosnia and Herzegovina Gathered Around the Bošnjak Gazette

In the second half of July 1905, the Belgian anarchist Edward Joris and members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation attempted to assassinate the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in Istanbul. The Sultan survived, but the lives of numerous civilians were lost. The first part of this paper reviews the assassination attempt, its participants, and its political background, whereas the second part analyzes how this event was presented to Muslims from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the political press at the time, with a special review of the echoes it had among the Muslim intelligentsia gathered around the Bošnjak gazette.

The Importance of Flora in the Perception of Attractiveness for Tourism- Case of Ojców National Park (Southern Poland)

Research on the importance of flora in the perception of the attractiveness as a tourism destination of Ojców National Park was conducted in the second half of July 2021 with a direct diagnostic survey method using a questionnaire. A total of 205 people w

Detection of changes in the hydrobiological parameters of the Oder River during the ecological disaster in July 2022 based on multi-parameter probe tests and remote sensing methods

Starting from the second half of July, hydrological conditions (low water levels and low flows) and atmospheric conditions (high temperatures, lack of precipitation) contributed to algae bloom in the Oder River basin. The mass extinction of fish in the middle and lower section of the Oder was probably the result of such environmental conditions. Because algae bloom is correlated with an increase in the content of chlorophyll in the river and on its surface, the authors focused on an analysis of changes in the chlorophyll amount in the longitudinal profile of the river. The key data was obtained by soundings carried out at an interval of about one kilometre during the research expedition, which took place on July 16–24, 2022. These data coincided with the values of the NDVI index (normalised difference vegetation index) based on 10-metre satellite images from the Sentinel 2 mission. Imagery from cloudless periods (mainly March, June, July and August) processed using the NDVI index was compared. Regularly elevated chlorophyll levels in the upstream section (occurring in each period) and temporarily elevated chlorophyll values as moving downstream were observed. This article confirms the initial conclusions of Kolada et al. (2022) that the mass fish kill in the Oder River in the summer of 2022 was conditioned by natural environmental pressure causing massive algae bloom and the release of their toxins. The article also proves that the use of satellite images for this type of analysis is the correct approach, but due to low resolution, they cannot be used as reference material. Changes in the hydrobiological parameters of the river, which are a direct indicator of the causes of the ecological disaster, are the data of the multi-parameter probe obtained two weeks before the first mass catches of dead fish.

The most relevant intangible assets in generating value in creative economy companies

Objective: This work seeks to identify which variables best explain the generation of value in creative economy companies that have high investment in intangible assets. The study focused on the creative economy sector of Porto Digital in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
 Methodology: The methodology used was exploratory research. For the examination of the variables, the multivariate analysis was used with the application of exploratory factor analysis, and for confirmation, the Spearman correlation model. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire prepared in Google Forms was sent to the companies in the second half of July 2021. The responses were validated using Cronbach's Alpha, and the suitability for using factor analysis was measured using the KMO and Bartlett tests. All results were found and demonstrated using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software.
 Results: The variables highlighted by the results were grouped into three groups and presented in an accounting statement model using the Resource-Based Theory definitions. Finally, the CEO of two of the most prominent Creative Economy companies in Pernambuco gave his opinion on these variables. These comments were placed in the financial statement explanatory note format. The results showed that 13 variables were classified into structural, relational, and human capital.
 Study contributions: Creative economy companies essentially work using the ability to manage all their intangible resources. This article is the first to provide empirical evidence on the perceptions of managers of creative economy companies in Porto Digital do Recife about the importance and contributions of intangible assets to generate value in their businesses, as well as assess the organizational resilience of these companies in the context of the covid-19 pandemic.

A Covid-19 e as Implicações do Isolamento Social para as Pessoas Idosas: Uma Revisão Integrativa

The need to contain transmission of the COVID-19 virus demanded restrictive health measures on social interaction, mobility and access to services, aff ecting health promotion. These measures were found to have a range of eff ects on mental health and other areas, and older people were a particularly aff ected group during the pandemic. The present study aimed to present an integrative review of the literature about the implications of the health measures adopted against COVID-19 for the mental health of elderly people asylum/hospitalized and/or in social isolation, and the strategies to mitigate the eff ects. In particular, the health measures adopted that had isolation/confi nement and/or loss of autonomy characteristics were considered. The search was carried out in the CAPES journals portal in the second half of July 2021, and 19 articles were included. The results pointed out that social isolation during the pandemic period signifi cantly aff ected the mental health of the elderly population. Reduced autonomy, mobility, and physical activity accentuated cognitive and physical decline. The physical detachment can be associated with an increase in depression, anxiety, and feelings of loneliness and helplessness in the elderly population. The eff ects of the pandemic have further reinforced the need for public policies, strategies to care for the elderly and combat ageism. The strengthening of the social support network and the use of digital tools as mediators of social exchanges and health care have shown to be promising tools. In the case of the latter, one should off er access to equipment, instructions, and monitoring in its use. Keywords: Mental health, aged, covid-19, hospitalization, social isolation

Monitoring of the diamondback moth (<i>Plutella xylostella</i> L.) on the <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. collection in the vicinity of St. Petersburg

Background. Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) has now acquired the status of the most dangerous pest of plants from the Brassicaceae family in the world, including Russia. In order to identify genotypes resistant to the pest, cabbage accessions from the VIR global collection were assessed in the field according to plant infestation and damage by diamondback moth in the vicinity of St. Petersburg.Materials and methods. The infestation of plants by diamondback moth was assessed on model accessions when examining all plants in the plot by (1) the number of larvae and pupae, and (2) leaf damage, assessed using a standard scoring scale. The number of adults was monitored using sticky Delta traps of two designs: (1) cardboard traps equipped with commercial dispensers with synthetic sex pheromone, and (2) plastic LED traps designed at VIZR.Results. The results of field surveys attested to very high variation among cabbage accessions in the rates of infestation and damage to plants caused by diamondback moth. The data on the abundance of adults caught by pheromone traps correlated well with the estimates of larval and pupal density of the pest on plants. The capture rate of diamondback moths with LED traps varied greatly during the season. In June/early July, i.e., during the period of the so called “white” nights, LED traps caught diamondback moths much worse than pheromone ones, but during the second half of July and August their capture rate significantly exceeded that of pheromone traps. As a result, the relationship between numbers of diamondback moth larvae on plants and adults in LED traps turned out to be negative. Conclusion. The resulting materials indicate obvious prospects of studying the VIR global collection in order to identify sources of host plant resistance to diamondback moth. The abundance of this pest in northern regions of its spreading is recommended to be controlled with pheromone traps.

Estimation of the Reproductive Number Trend of the Novel Coronavirus "COVID-19" in Southern Iran from July to November 2020.

Background: Effective measures to control COVID-19 should be based on an understanding of its epidemiological pattern and the evaluation of its prevalence in the community. This study aimed to examine the reproductive number (R) of COVID-19 and its trend in Fars Province in southern Iran.Methods: In this ecological study, the R trend was examined from July to November 2020. Data were collected from the daily reports of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. R is the product of three components, namely the number of infection-producing contacts per unit time, the probability of transmission per contact, and the contagiousness period. Incidence and prevalence rates were used to calculate R. The R value was calculated in Microsoft Excel 2016.Results: The first and second peaks of COVID-19 were observed on July 6th and November 22nd, respectively. The median and mean of R were 1.42 and 1.41, respectively. The highest and lowest values of R were observed on October 20th (2.60) and September 1st (0.46), respectively. The values of R had a slightly decreasing trend in the second half of July and November than the first half. In the second half of August and September, an increasing trend was observed than the first half. There was not much change in the second half of October.Conclusion: The highest value of R was related to the dates when there was a higher probability of exposure to the virus, including public holidays and different occasions on which the probability of people’s participation in ceremonies, communities, and gatherings was higher.

Manisa yöresi bağlarındaki Polyphylla turkmenoglui Petrovitz (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) türünün mevsimsel aktivitesi üzerine notlar

Polyphylla turkmenoglui Petrovitz, 1965 is one of the the most important pests of vineyard in the Aegean Region of Turky. Larvae of this species feed on roots of vineyard and in general, the larvae is found under the soil. For that reason, control of this pest is very difficult. The adults mostly feed on pines foliage. In the study, the seasonal activity of the adult beetles of P. turkmenoglui was studied via two light traps between May-August in 2016 and 2017 in two vineyard locations in Alaşehir and Sarıgöl districts, Manisa province of Turkey. At the end of the study, 1.552 specimens of P. turkmenoglui were evaluated. Total 362 and 1.190 specimens were collected from the localities in Alaşehir and Sarıgöl respectively. In spite of the small differences in trapping localities, the number of the specimens belonging to this species increased as of June, reached the highest level in mid-June and early July, and started to decrease after this date. No specimens were collected after the second half of July. In addition, the morphological features of this species, both male and female, were defined and illustrated.

Importance of ocean prediction for heavy rainfall prediction over Japan in July 2020

AbstractHindcast experiments were performed for heavy rainfall events over Japan in July 2020 using a regional atmospheric model and a regional coupled model to examine the importance of ocean prediction for predicting heavy rainfall events. Both models were able to predict the first peak of accumulated rainfall over western Japan occurring in the first half of July. However, only the coupled model predicted the second peak that occurred in the second half of July. Sea level pressure (SLP) and low‐level moisture inflow originating from an existing atmospheric river (AR) were found to differ in each model. In the regional atmospheric model, the error associated with the inaccurate low‐level moisture inflow grew with rising excessive latent heat flux, which enhanced convection and resulted in incorrect SLP patterns. This trend seems to be enhanced by having a prescribed sea surface temperature (SST), which affects the surface heat flux. When ocean conditions are predicted as in the coupled model, such error growth is suppressed by changes in SST that adjust surface heat flux, and it leads to generation of the correct SLP patterns. With correct SLP especially for Pacific high in this case, favorable conditions for inflow from the AR can also be predicted, thus making it possible to predict the heavy rainfall. In conclusion, considering the atmospheric feedback on SST, ocean prediction can improve the predictability of heavy rainfall over Japan, the conditions for which are influenced by the nearby AR. Ocean prediction may therefore extend the range of weather forecasting.

Framework Development Using Data Mining Techniques to Predict Mortality Risk during Pandemic

The corona virus, which causes the respiratory infection Covid-19, was first detected in late 2019. It then spread quickly across the globe in the first months of 2020, reaching more than 15 million confirmed cases by the second half of July. This global impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) requires accurate forecasting about the spread of confirmed cases as well as continuation of analysis of the number of deaths and recoveries. Forecasting requires a huge amount of data. At the same time, forecasts are highly influenced by the reliability of the data, vested interests, and what variables are being predicted. Again, human behavior plays an important role in efficiently controling the spread of novel coronavirus. This paper introduces a sustainable approach for predicting the mortality risk during the pandemic to help medical decision making and raise public health awareness. This paper describes the range of symptoms for corona virus suffered patients and the ways of predicting patient mortality rate based on their symptoms.

Presenting a model for predicting marital boredom based on differentiation, emotional intelligence and mental health mediated by resilience in couples

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the fit of the prediction model of marital burnout based on differentiation, emotional intelligence and mental health mediated by resilience in couples. Method: The research method was correlational, structural equation modeling type. The statistical population included all couples referring to family counseling centers in District 1 of Tehran in the second half of July to the end of September 2021, in which 248 couples (124 males and 124 females) were selected by non-random sampling method. They were evaluated using the Marital Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996), Emotional Intelligence (Shut et al., 1998), Resilience (Connor & Davidson, 2003), and Differentiation of Self Questionnaire (Skowron and Dandy, 2003) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hiller, 1972) were evaluated. Results: obtained from the evaluation of the proposed model by structural equation using SPSS23 and Smart PLS3 software showed that the model fit indices have a desirable level. There is a significant relationship between differentiation (P< 0.05) and mental health (P<0.01) and marital burnout, but there is no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and marital burnout. Resilience also does not mediate the relationship between differentiation, emotional intelligence and mental health and marital burnout. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be said that differentiation and mental health play an important role in marital burnout of couples, so paying attention to these variables will help researchers and therapists in the field of couple and family in prevention and designing appropriate therapies.

Change in Climate Indices Using Bias-Adjusted CMIP5 Models: The Case Study of the Fatick Region, Senegal

This study analyses change in rainfall and temperature indices by 2035 and 2050 in Senegal, with a focus on the Fatick region. These parameters are crucial for understanding the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on some vital socio-economic sectors such as agriculture and water resources in this region. To this end, a multi model ensemble mean of 21 bias-adjusted global climate models participating in CMIP5 has been used. We considered two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The results indicate an increase of 0.7˚C for maximum and minimum temperature by 2035 compared to the reference period (1976 - 2005). By 2050, an increase of 1.4˚C (2˚C) is projected for RCP4.5 (RCP8.5). These increases in temperature are statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. Conversely, the mean rainy season length decreases from 95 to 85 days by 2035 and less than 80 days by 2050. These decreases in rainy season length are mainly due to a delayed rainy season onset by 2035 and 2050, with the ensemble mean projecting an onset in the second half of July by 2050 instead of around the middle of June. The changes in both the onset and the length of the rainy season are significant at the 90% confidence level. Our results show a slight decrease in seasonal cumulated total rainfall by 2035 and 2050. However, we note a slight increase in seasonal cumulated extreme rainfall. These future changes in climate indices could induce yield reduction and water resources availability. To reduce yield losses, it would be interesting to adopt longer season varieties and also diversify income-generating activities. Concerning water resources, many actions could be done such as carrying out water retention works, treatment and reuse of non-conforming water for agriculture and livestock to reduce pressure on the resource.

ON STUDY OF BOVINE PYROPLASMOSIS IN THE LOWLAND AND FOOTHILL ZONES OF ARMENIA

In two landscape zones of the Republic of Armenia, the regularities of the course of one of the most common haemosporidiosis in cattle, piroplasmosis, were studied. Based on our research, a difference was established in the timing of the onset of the disease, the number of outbreaks, and the severity of clinical signs in animals of the lowland and foothill zones. We have proved that 4 outbreaks of the disease took place in the farms of the lowland zone: the first at the end of April after the attack of ticks on the animal. At the same time, the first symptoms of the disease were noted. The second outbreak of the disease and a high degree of ticks were recorded in the second half of July. The third outbreak was in early August and the fourth in autumn starting from the 10th of October. In contrast to the lowland, there were 3 outbreaks of piroplasmosis in the farms of the foothill zone, and they were not very pronounced. This phenomenon can be explained by the difference in the temperature regime of the natural habitat. In the lowland zone, 4 species of ticks were recorded with the dominant species being Boophilus annulatus rarely found in the foothill zone. In the foothill zone, the same species of ticks as in the lowland were identified, along with the species Dermacentor marginatus.

Monitoring of the main parameters of pond water in order to obtain safe products for joint cultivation of sturgeon and carp fish

The article presents the results of studying the hydrochemical regimes of carp ponds in polyculture and for the introduction of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) into polyculture. The highest pH values were in pond 2, and in the second half of June and the first half of July exceeded the upper limit of normal (norm 6.5–8.5) by 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. In July, the upper limit of the norm was exceeded in the water of pond 1, by 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. From August, the pH of water increased in both ponds until October and in pond 2 the active reaction of water was higher, compared to pond 1, 5.08.2020, by 18.3 %, 20.08.2020 by 12.3 %, 5.09.2020, by 3.8 %, 20.09.20 and 5.10.20, respectively by 2.5 and 2.4 %. Higher in pond 2, compared with pond 1, was the permanganate oxidation of water in all studied periods, but the largest difference was 5.07.2020 and amounted to 6.9 mg O/l. In the second half of July, permanganate oxidation of water was the lowest, but was at the upper limit of normal, then in August increased sharply and was highest in October – 26.3 mg O/l in the pond 1 and 26.5 mg O/l in the pond 2. Dichromatic oxidation of water of the studied ponds was during the experiment in pond 2 slightly higher than normal and ranged from 50.5 (5.06.2020) to 57.9 (5.07.2020) mg O/l and only 20.07.2020 it was the lowest and was 34.2 mg O/l. In pond 1, the dichromate oxidation of water at the beginning of the experiment was 52 mg O/l, gradually decreased and 20.06.2020, was 46 mg O/l, in July, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased sharply to 63.6 and also decreased sharply up to 40.5 mg O/l. From 05.08.2020, COD rose by 27.8 % above normal, remained at approximately the same level during September and decreased to 62 mg O/l in early October. The content of free ammonia in the water during the whole period of fish farming exceeded the norm from 2.6 to 5 times, and the highest, except for 20.06.2020, it was in pond 2. The highest difference in ammonia content in the water of the studied ponds was 5.07.2020 and 5.10.2020, and was, respectively, 0.1 and 0.08 mg N/l. The content of ammonium nitrogen and mineral phosphorus in the water of the studied ponds exceeded the norm, and the nitrogen content of nitrates and nitrites was within the norm. In pond water, the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, CO32-, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-did not exceed the norm. was 5.07.2020, and was 1.20 mg/dm³, which is higher than the norm by 20 %. The total hardness and mineralization of water in the studied ponds did not exceed the norm.

Интродукция охраняемого вида сирени венгерской (Syringa josikaea Jacg.) на Южном Урале

The results of a long-term introduction study of Hungarian lilac, an endemic of the Carpathians and Transylvania, cultivated in the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the UFIC RAS, are presented. The study used phenological data from 2005-2020. The beginning of the growing season for Hungarian lilacs falls on the period from April 14 to 30, flowering is observed annually in late May and early June. The duration of flowering over the last 5 years (2015-2020) averaged 16 days, which is 6 days shorter than the flowering period of this type of lilac in 2005-2009. The likely reason for the shortened flowering period is climate change. Complete lignification of the shoots of Hungarian lilac occurs in the second half of July. In Ufa, Hungarian lilacs have fruiting (seeds begin to ripen from September 18 to 27), as well as the presence of self-seeding. The beginning of leaf fall (the end of the growing season) coincides in timing with the beginning of seed ripening. All phenological phases of Hungarian lilac retain their sequence every year. Winter hardiness is usually I point (plants are absolutely winter hardy). The phenological atypicality index is -0.250 or 4 points according to Zaitsev, which means that the phenology of the species is fully consistent with the climatic conditions of Ufa. Thus, the introduction of Hungarian lilac in the South Ural can be characterized as successful and promising.

Arheoentomološka procena nivoa zaraženosti žiškom (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) u zalihi graška na kasnobronzanodobnom, gradinskom naselju Hisar

A find of 2572 charred seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was detected at the Late Bronze Age tell settlement Hissar near Leskovac, in Serbia, belonging to the Brnjica cultural group, 14-10 cent. BC. Two types of pea seeds were observed: apparently healthy seeds and seeds damaged by the activity of a weevil (Coleoptera, Bruchidae). At least two-fifths of all finds have apparently been infested most probably by pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.), one of the most important pea pests worldwide, especially in medium-moist and dry climates, such as Southern Europe and Australia. A large amount of infested pea seeds indicates a developed pea production on small plots, strongly indicating that cultivating this ancient pulse crop must have been well-rooted in field conditions. Previous DNA analyses of charred pea placed the ancient Hissar pea at an intermediate position between extantly cultivated pea (P. sativum L. subsp. sativum var. sativum) and a wild, winter hardy, 'tall' pea (P. sativum subsp. elatius (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Asch. et Graebn.). Based on an assumption of its late harvest time and combined with pea weevil life cycle stage in charred seeds, it was possible to estimate the season during which the seeds were carbonized, namely, the second half of July or the first days of August at the latest. Older, final weevil instars were predominant before seed carbonization. The pea infestation rate at Hissar is one of the highest noted among pulses in the Old World and the highest among peas, so far.