Second Grade Of Primary School Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Spoken Language Components of Students With Dyslexia and Normal Peers in the First and Second Grades of Primary School

Background and Aims The present study was conducted to investigate the change in the receptive language, intermediate language, expressive language, semantics, syntax, and phonology of dyslexic students and compare them with the norm group. Methods The statistical sample of the present study comprised 28 dyslexic students studying in the first and second grades of primary school and 29 normal students from the same grades. They were selected non-randomly based on the inclusion criteria. The third edition of the Persian version of the test of language development (TOLD-P3) was used to measure the components of receptive language, intermediate language, and expressive language. Tehran Stanford-Binet intelligence test (TSB-5) and reading and dyslexia test (NAMA) were used to diagnose dyslexia. Multivariate analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results The findings indicate a significant difference in the evolution of the components of receptive language, intermediate language, expressive language, semantics, syntax, and phonology between dyslexic and normative students. Conclusion According to the results, dyslexic students are weaker in all components of spoken language than their non-dyslexic peers. Considering the dyslexic students’ problem in reading, they are profoundly different from their normal peers in lower levels of language, including spoken language. Thus, the growth and development of language skills must be considered in reading learning disability besides other rehabilitation skills.

A comparative analysis of the policies to start teaching English language in primary schools around the world and the position of English today

The English language was shaped in the Old English, Middle English and Modern English periods and transformed into the English today. It has gone beyond being a language of a particular nation and has become a common communication tool that responds to the communication needs of individuals around the world with different mother tongues and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, in relevant literature English language is described with different labels such as EFL, ESL, WE, ELF, EIL and EIcL and countries that use English in different ways are classified as inner, outer and expanding circle countries. The aim of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the grades in which English language is first started to be taught in primary level public schools in outer and expanding circle countries around the world. Within the scope of this study, it was stated that in most of the outer and expanding circle countries around the world, English education started from the first or second grade in public schools, and in Turkey, English education was given in the following classes starting from the second grade of primary school. It has been stated that English education is given importance because it is thought that the English education given in Turkey will help Turkish citizens use the common language effectively to communicate with the citizens of other countries, and thus enable the country to reach an advanced level in political, scientific, military, economic and social fields.

The development of computational estimation strategies: a longitudinal study with 6- to 7-year-olds

Research showed that the capacity of making simple estimations begins to develop already at the age of five, but little is known about the early development of this estimation capacity and the strategies that underly it. The current study longitudinally followed the estimation capacity and strategies of 332 children from first to second grade of primary school by gathering strategy information through immediate trial-by-trial verbal reports on 14 addition items divided over six number size levels. Both in first and second grade children already used strategies that exhibited a basic understanding of computational estimation. For instance, their verbalizations suggested that they knew that a good estimate had to be close to the exact answer without necessarily coinciding with it. In addition to these rudimentary computational estimation strategies, we observed an increasing urge in those children to solve computational estimation problems by means of exact arithmetic. Implications for the earlier introduction of computational estimation in primary mathematics education are discussed.

Особенности развития связной речи у детей 6–8 лет в зависимости от уровня развития регуляторных функций

Background. Language development is one of the most important tasks of education. Therefore, the study of those factors that affect it remains in demand. Though the relationship between language development and executive functions has been broadly studied recently, there is no data on their relationship in a longitudinal perspective in children aged 6 to 8 years. A comprehensive analysis of the relationship between language development and executive functions is of great importance for transition from kindergarten to primary school. Objective. The study focuses on how narrative ability develops in children from preschool to the middle of elementary school and how it is associated with the level of executive functions. Sample. The material was obtained during a three-year longitudinal study. The study sample data was collected in two sections: a) in kindergarten (n = 288, M = 6.59 years, SD = 4.11 months) and b) in the second grade of primary school (n = 210, M = 8.75 years, SD = 3.84 months). Methods. The children's executive functions were assessed with the NEPSY-II diagnostic toolkit, as well as with the DCCS method. The children’s narratives were assessed with the method of creating stories based on a series of pictures. Results. 1) A statistically significant increase in micro- and macrostructure of narratives was found. 2) In kindergarten, girls demonstrate higher indicators in both macro- and microstructure of narrative than boys. However, by the 2nd grade, these significant differences are no longer observed. 3) Analysis of the relationship between narrative indicators and components of executive functions revealed that the strongest positive relationship is observed between auditory working memory and macro-microstructure in the preparatory group, however, by the 2nd grade, this relationship ceases to be significant. 4) It was shown that children who demonstrated higher rates in all executive functions at preschool age have higher results in narratives at school. Conclusions. The important role of the development of executive functions during the preschool period of childhood in the development of narrative ability at school age is shown.

Pythagorean Self-Awareness Intervention Promoted Healthy Dietary Patterns, Controlled Body Mass Index, and Reduced Self-Reported Stress Levels of Primary School Children: Α One-Arm Pilot Study.

Stress is common in childhood and an important factor that affects behavior later in adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the Pythagorean Self-Awareness Intervention (PSAI), a holistic "cognitive reconstruction" technique to assess primary school children's stress levels, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and body mass index. Secondary outcome measures included relations with peers, sleep, and hair cortisol concentrations. This one-arm pilot study took place in a primary school, from February to June 2019. Participants were 32 pupils attending the second grade of primary school who received the 8-week PSAI to adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyle. Self-report measures were applied for the evaluation of various variables at the beginning and the end of the eight-week intervention. There were statistically significant reductions in stress levels (p=0.00), nightmares' frequency (p=0.00), body mass index (p=0.03), and bully scale (p=0.00), and improvement in Mediterranean diet quality (p=0.00). Hair cortisol concentrations increased (p=0.02). The social scale significantly increased. Bedtime remained the same after the intervention. This pilot trial showed that the PSAI promoted healthy dietary patterns, controlled children's body mass index, and reduced their self-reported stress levels. Further research on the implementation of this holistic program on children is suggested, in well-powered randomized controlled trials.

The Relationship between the Level of Self-Esteem, Cooperative Learning and Anxiety in Group Tasks in the Pandemic Context

Pandemic Covid-19 changed the course of education. During the pandemic, many tough measures were being taken to stop the spread of the virus, one of which is schools closure. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between the levels of self-esteem, cooperative learning and anxiety of primary school pupils in group tasks in the pandemic context. The participants selected for this study were 110 children (45 females, 65 males) with an average age of 8 years (range 7-9 years), attending the second grade of primary school. One of the issue that emerges from this study is the need to implement preventions activities to reduce the level of the anxiety during the pandemic context. The methods used where three test developed to analyze the main concepts of this study: The Multidimensional Test of Self-Esteem, The Raven’s Progressive Matrices and SAFA. Analyzing the results, the first hypothesis was confirmed by r = -.609 which indicates a negative correlation between self-esteem and anxiety. The internal consistency index of Cronbach's alpha indicates that self-esteem and cooperative learning are correlated (α SE= 0.72, α CL= 0.79) which indicate a good internal consistency.

The identification of technical specifications of competency curriculum printing for the second grade in the State of Kuwait with the international standards from science teachers Perspective: مدى تطابق المواصفات الفنية في منهاج الكفايات للصف الثاني الابتدائي بدولة الكويت مع المعايير العالمية من وجهة نظر معلمات العلوم

The study aimed to identify the conformity of the technical specifications in printing the competency curriculum for the second grade of primary school in the State of Kuwait with international standards from the point of view of science teachers. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. A questionnaire was used as study instrument. The study used a random sample consisted of 62 female teachers from Al Farwanieh area. The study concluded that the reseah instrument mean was (3.65) for the conformity. As for research dimensions the general form and artistic dimension quality mean was (3.97) with high rating, while technical adjustment of colors, graphics, maps, and photos dimension mean was (3.58) with medium rating. With respect to specifications and conditions for typographical and artistic coordination dimension mean was (3.40) with medium rating. Finally, documentation and references conformity mean was (3.50) with medium rating Based on, the researcher recommended the necessity of paying attention to printing and technical coordination and designing books in accordance with the size and weight of the book and the age stages of the students, and paying attention to the formation of the book sufficiently according to the established level and in an ideal form. Conducting more studies on the specifications and technical conditions for printing the curricula and the extent of their application by the Curriculum Development Department in the State of Kuwait, and comparing their results with the results of the current study.

The Effect of Storytelling on Teaching Language Skills (Speaking, Listening and Fluency) among Second-Grade Students in Jordan: فاعلية الحكاية في تحسين مهارات (الاستماع والتحدث والطلاقة اللغوية) لدى طلبة الصف الثاني الأساسي في الأردن

The current study aimed to identify the impact of storytelling on teaching language skills (speaking, listening and fluency) among second-grade students in Jordan, and to reveal the significance of the differences in the role of storytelling in teaching language skills (speaking, listening and fluency) among second-grade students in Jordan for the gender variable. In order to achieve, a questionnaire was developed consisting of (21) items divided into three areas (speaking, listening, language fluency), and the study sample consisted of (88) male and female students from the second grade of primary school in Zarqa Governorate schools, they were chosen by the intentional method, from Two divisions, one experimental and the other control. The study concluded that there is an effect of storytelling on teaching language skills (speaking, listening and fluency) among second-grade students, and it was found that there were no differences in the effect of storytelling on teaching language skills (speaking, listening and fluency) due to the gender variable, and the study recommended the need to direct those in charge of language education. Arabic by including the storytelling method in teaching methods and curricula, and the necessity of training first-grade teachers to use storytelling in teaching Arabic language skills.

Dečje razumevanje toplotnih fenomena u početnoj nastavi prirodnih nauka

The method of interpreting thermal phenomena in the lower grades of primary school, which avoids explaining these phenomena based on the particle structure of a substance, gives room for pupils' alternative ideas. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of pupils' understanding of thermal phenomena in the lower grades of primary school. For this purpose we developed a test of knowledge of the following concepts: aggregate states of a substance, substance structure, temperature, heat, and heat conduction. The research was carried out in primary schools in the towns of Sombor and Kikinda and the sample consisted of 475 pupils. According to the obtained results, the lowest achievement, between 0% and 20% of the maximum points, is observed much more among the pupils of the first and second grades of primary school than among the pupils of the higher grades. In all grades the majority of the pupils had between 20% and 40% of the maximum number of points. There were no pupils with the highest scores. There was no significant statistical difference in terms of achievement bewtween the first and second grade pupils, nor between the third and fourth grade pupils, whereas this difference is statistically significant in other, higher pairs of grades (the final two grades had the highest level of achievement). The research confirmed that there is an insufficient impact of instruction on the level of understanding thermal phenomena among the pupils of the lower grades, which requires finding new approaches to teaching this type of content.

Karakteristike muških i ženskih likova u književnim tekstovima za decu

This paper presents the findings of research carried out with the aim of gaining an understanding of the characteristics of male and female child characters in children's literature. "Characteristics" in our research refers to the representation, role and description of male and female characters. The sample consisted of 32 literary texts with child characters in readers used in the first and second grades of primary school. Using the descriptive method and the technique of content analysis, it was established that male characters are almost twice as represented as female characters and that they are more frequently the main characters in a text. With regard to character description, inquisitiveness, imaginativeness and resourcefulness are the most common traits of male characters, while kindness and sensibility are characteristics ascribed only to female characters. It is surprising that the female characters did not have negative traits, leading to the conclusion that their characteristics are more positively rated than the characteristics and actions of male characters. Based on our data, we can conclude that gender stereotypes are present in the descriptions of male and female characters, and we therefore invite readers to take part in further discussions and a more comprehensive analysis of the representation of child characters both in literary works and in other cultural products.

Desenvolvimento do pensamento numérico através de uma seqüência didática na segunda série novo modelo educacional escolar para a segunda série

Introduction: The article aims to demonstrate the use of a didactic sequence in the Escuela Nueva model, which due to its integrating characteristics must be present at various times in the process of developing numerical thinking. Objective: To analyze the effects evidenced by the implementation of the didactic sequence in the Escuela Nueva model, in the development of numerical thinking in second grade students. Methodology: Mixed research, in the line of research: development of mathematical thinking. It was carried out with students from the second grade of primary school, between 7 and 9 years old, from the Guavio de Fusagasugá Municipal Educational Institution. Results: To achieve this goal, a pedagogical proposal was designed and applied, which consisted of a didactic sequence that contains three sessions, where cooperative work is used, the game as a motivating agent, the use of didactic material that in turn is conducive to the students activities such as counting, numbering, relating, comparing, performing mental calculations as well as the use of addition and subtraction operations, which offered opportunities to enhance students' numerical thinking. Conclusions: Continuous and effective commitmentwas demonstrated, which allows to initiate a process of methodological and didactic change in the teaching and learning process in the area of mathematics, taking advantage of and adapting all the resources of the institution and the community, such as: physical spaces, didactic material and development of a playful pedagogy that allowed the interaction of students and teachers for the development of numerical thinking, demonstrating that through a didactic sequence, students build knowledge, make numerical relationships and learn significantly.

Dimensions of Environmental for Sustainable Development in the Science Book for the Second Grade of Primary School

Research aims to find knowledge of the environmental education dimensions for sustainable development included in the science book for the second grade of primary school, and the descriptive analytical method was used, to analyze the content of the science book for the second grade of primary school, 1st Edition / 2017. for the year (2018/2019) of the dimensions of environmental education for sustainable development after excluding the chapter questions, introduction, and list of contents from the analysis.
 The research tool included building a list of environmental education dimensions for sustainable development that should be provided in the science book in light of which the book’s analysis process could be completed.The list included (17) sub-cases distributed among (5) major issues related to the environmental dimensions.The researcher approved the apparent honesty, and it was presented to a group of arbitrators, and the agreement was 80%, and thus it is considered valid and usable. The explicit idea as the unit of frequency analysis is adopted as the unit of census.The researcher presented the sample of the analyzed material to a number of arbitrators, and they unanimously agreed on the validity of the analysis process, which contained the subject of the members in the human body from chapter one, included heart, lungs and stomach from the science book for the second grade of primary school.The researchers used two types of analysis consistency:1- Agreement over time.2- Agreement between analysts.
 They used external analysts with experience in the analysis process, and to calculate the stability, a sample was chosen from the analyzed material representing 20% ​​of the total content of (33) pages represented in the first unit / the human body and health / chapters 1 and 2.
 The stability coefficients were from the standard, and the researchers used frequencies, percentage, and the Holste equation statistically.
 It was found through the results that the environmental dimension came with (7) frequencies and a percentage of 13.73% of the total number of (51) frequencies.
 The book received (51) frequencies distributed to the (3) main issues, the issue of human body and his health In first place (17) frequency with a percentage of 33.3333%, followed by the water environment in second place with (13) frequency and a percentage of 25.4901%, the percentage of land with (11) frequency and a percentage of 21.5686% The material and its states got (8) frequencies , with a percentage of 13.7254%. As for the Earth and the universe, it did not get many frequencies, and it was (3) frequencies and a percentage of 5.8823%.This indicates an interest in aspects and neglect of others, which makes it necessary to pay attention to neglected aspects and include them in science books

Формирование у младшего школьника адекватной самооценки для устранения проявлений лживости

The article highlights the actual psychological and pedagogical problem of manifestation of a tendency to lie in children of primary school age. Based on the study of scientific literature on this topic and the results of an experimental study conducted in the second grades of primary school, the reasons for this communicative phenomenon and its relationship with the level of self-esteem of the child are analyzed. The formation of an adequate self-esteem in a younger student is seen as a means of eliminating his manifestations of deceit. The conditions, methods and techniques of pedagogical activity aimed at the formation of an adequate self-esteem of a younger student, and the role of a teacher in this process are revealed.

The "Poetic Flavor" of a Good Lesson: Taking the Chinese Text "Grape Valley" in the Second Grade of Primary School as an Example

The "Poetic Flavor" of a Good Lesson: Taking the Chinese Text "Grape Valley" in the Second Grade of Primary School as an Example

Формирование у младшего школьника адекватной самооценки для устранения проявлений лживости

The article highlights the actual psychological and pedagogical problem of manifestation of a tendency to lie in children of primary school age. Based on the study of scientific literature on this topic and the results of an experimental study conducted in the second grades of primary school, the reasons for this communicative phenomenon and its relationship with the level of self-esteem of the child are analyzed. The formation of an adequate self-esteem in a younger student is seen as a means of eliminating his manifestations of deceit. The conditions, methods and techniques of pedagogical activity aimed at the formation of an adequate self-esteem of a younger student, and the role of a teacher in this process are revealed.

USING THE INTERNET SERVICE OF AUGMENTED REALITY BLIPPAR AS A MEANS OF FORMING THE READING COMPETENCE OF SECOND-GRADERS

The article is devoted to the analysis of methodical features of the use of augmented reality as a means of forming the reading competence of pupils of the second grade of primary school. The paper presents the analysis of recent research on the importance of involving schoolchildren in the reading process. It is determined that in recent years the interest of pupils in reading has significantly decreased, and this in turn has affected the overall comprehensive development of pupils. It has been scientifically proven that reading plays an important role in the formation of a personality. Thus, thanks to reading, a person's horizons expand, their vocabulary is enriched, and their speech activity improves. Recently, the latest computer and Internet technologies have had a significant impact on the lives of the younger generation. ICT has made great changes in the organization of the educational process of the school. Teachers actively use Internet resources to achieve educational goals in various subjects, including reading. A sensitive period in the formation of pupils' reading competence is the period of primary schooling. The article identifies the features of the formation of reading competence of primary school pupils on the basis of the latest computer tools, analyzes the types of augmented reality Internet services that should be used in the formation of reading competence of primary school children: SketchAR, Quiver, BlippAR and others. Criteria, indicators of formation of reading competence of second-graders are developed: perception of works of art of different genres, readability, ability to build and express the opinion, motivation to reading. Based on the certain criteria and indicators, the levels of formation of pupils' reading competence were characterized. The method of formation of reading competence of second-graders by means of augmented reality on the basis of the BlippAR Internet service is offered. The results of the study prove the effectiveness of using the Internet service of augmented reality BlippAr as a means of forming the reading competence of second-graders.

Stilske figure u nastavnim programima za srpski jezik u mlađim razredima osnovne škole

This paper is based on a content analysis of the curriculum for the subject Serbian Language for grades 1-4 of primary school, the purpose of which was to determine to what extent the elements of the curriculum regulating the teaching and learning of figures of speech in the first four grades of primary school are in accordance with contemporary insights into the learning abilities of children of this age, and into the importance of figures of speech for learning. An analysis of the content of the reformed curriculum has shown that the enabling of students to understand the role that figures of speech play in a literary work begins in the third grade of primary school, and that instruction only focuses on two figures, namely, simile and personification. The levels of knowledge specified in the syllabus outcomes include knowledge of the instruction content pertaining to these figures, understanding of this content and its application in the course of analyzing a literary work. Learning about figures of speech is gradual, but there is some inconsistency in terms of the relationship of outcomes-content-instructions from grade to grade. It is not enough for instruction about figures of speech to be limited to only two figures, since understanding of the role of figures of speech is an important segment in the interpretation of literary works and helps improve students' language skills. In addition, work on figures of speech can represent the starting point for internal integration linking literature and stylistics instruction to language, i.e. grammar instruction. It is therefore suggested that enabling students to identify figures of speech in a literary work and to understand their role should start in the second grade of primary school, and that the number of figures of speech that students learn about in the first four grades should be increased.

The effect of hot chair strategy in modifying the attention deficit of the third class, private education , especially in Reading

The present research aims at identifying the effect of using the hot chair strategy in modifying the attention deficit of third class pupils, especially in reading. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, two hypotheses have been formulated, The researcher used the experimental design with two equal groups, an experimental group and another control group. The number of the research sample reached (20) pupils by (10) pupils of the experimental group who studied according to the strategy of the hot chair and (10) pupils of the experimental group who studied according to the traditional method. The researcher has balanced between the two groups in the following variables: (The chronological age is calculated in months, the grade of reading for the second grade of primary school and the pre-test for the scale of attention deficit.) The researcher adopted the attention deficit scale prepared by (Al-Obaidy, 1999) and the validity of the scale was confirmed by presenting it to a group of arbitrators to find out its validity.Its validity has been confirmed by using the Pearson correlation equation, and the validity coefficient is (0.82). by using the Mann, Tennessee, and Coxen test results showed the following that there was a statistically significant difference between the average degrees of post-application of the motivation scale for the experimental group students who studied using the traffic lights strategy and the control group students who studied using the usual method.

Forming of children's creative imagination by animated cartoons and fairy tale books

Currently, there has been a big change in the form of spending free time because a large part of the average person's life is occupied by the Internet. Every day we browse pages, watch programs, movies and series. Activities involving children have also changed. Today, full playgrounds or libraries are a rare picture. The youngest generations absorb visual content much more often - various types of animated cartoons, which they often watch several hours a day. Sometimes cartoons are also used by parents as a form of bribery or as a kind of seizing the child's attention for some time. The purpose of this article is to find the answer to the question of how the form of content (text, movie), inspiring the creation of artistic products, affects the creative imagination of a child. At the beginning we present the scientific position in this matter, and then the results of our own research. As a tool in the research, the Kate Franck Drawing Completion Test was used, which measures the imagination of the examined person, and then the method of product analysis was used, , referring to the category of creative imagination. Two groups of children from the second grade of primary school took part in the study and were asked to create drawings after learning the presented content. For one group a fairy tale was presented in the text form, but for the second group: in the form of the animated cartoon. Students from the group listening to the story read from the book, on the created drawings added a lot of original ideas, variously presented the reality of the fairy tale heard, in contrast to the second group, in which the drawings of all students were very similar to each other. The results of the study indicate that cartoons in a form of the movie much less stimulate children to use their creative imagination, than fairy tales in a text form, which allows them to activate their creative potential.

Integrating Augmented Reality (AR) In EFL Class For Teaching Vocabulary

In the industrial era 4.0, the use of technology in the learning process is an important element. Teachers need to be more technologically in their teaching process since the use of technology has become a lifestyle. Augmented Reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment which is considered effective as good medium in learning especially in English vocabulary. This article aims to explore the use of AR for young learners by comparing it with conventional paper flashcards. This method used quantitative research or more specifically quasi-experimental design at the second grade of Primary school in Padalarang. The data of the research was obtained from pre-test and post-test and it was analyzed by using SPSS 22 for windows. The results showed that both AR and conventional flashcard could significantly improve young learners’ vocabulary. However, the mean score of posttest in experimental class was 74.83 and 62.5 for control class. The data analysis revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected. In other word, the posttest score of experimental class was higher than control class. In summary, learning English vocabulary through augmented reality (AR) could improve students’ vocabulary mastery. It made young learners more engaged and excited to learn English vocabulary.