Sebaceous Cells Research Articles

Sebaceous gland epithelioma with potential malignancy in a dog

Sebaceous gland tumors consist of neoplastic proliferations of sebaceous gland cells located around hair follicles in the dermis. These tumors are subclassified as sebaceous epithelioma, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous adenocarcinoma and nodular hyperplasia. In this case report, a nodular growth in the sacral region of an eight-year-old male Belgian Malinois dog was presented. Macroscopically, the nodular mass had a slightly soft consistency, grayish-white, and dark red-black appearance. The mass was measured in the dimension of 2x1x1 cm. Histopathologically, the tumor was observed to have a multilobular structure shaped by neoplastic cell islands. The tumor consisted mainly of eosinophilic cells with small cytoplasm resembling epithelial basaloid cells and to a lesser extent differentiated sebocytes. The parenchyma of the tumor consisted of irregular islets containing a small number of mature sebocytes. Their nuclei are oval with one to three small nucleoli. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells for Ki67 antibody showed strongly positive immunoreactivity. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical features, the tumor was diagnosed as sebaceous epithelioma having, a potential malignancy. Since no case of sebaceous epithelioma with malignant potential has been reported in our country, we aimed to present the case with histopathological and immunohistochemical features.

Unveiling the mechanism of photothermal therapy in acne man-agement: targeting sebaceous gland ferroptosis via umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell membrane-encapsulated Au-Ag-PDA.

Branched gold and silver nanoparticles coated with polydopamine (Au-Ag-PDA) demonstrate high photothermal conversion efficiency. Utilizing umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell membranes (MSCM) as an effective drug delivery system, our preliminary studies investigated the suppression of sebum secretion in sebaceous glands using MSCM-coated Au-Ag-PDA nano-particles (Au-Ag-PDA@MSCM) combined with 808nm laser irradiation, showing potential for dermatological applications in acne treatment. This study employs proteomic analysis, complemented by subsequent techniques such as Western blotting (WB), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and transmission electron microscopy, to further investigate the differential mechanisms by which Au-Ag-PDA and Au-Ag-PDA@MSCM-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) suppress sebum secretion. Our proteomic analysis indicated mitochondrial respiratory chain damage in sebaceous gland tissues post-PTT, with further validation revealing ferroptosis in sebaceous cells and tissues. Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 (Acsl4) has been identified as a critical target, with Au-Ag-PDA@MSCM demonstrating enhanced ferroptotic effects. These findings significantly advance our understanding of how PTT mediated by Au-Ag-PDA@MSCM nanoparticles reduces sebum secretion and underscore the pivotal role of MSCM in inducing ferroptosis in sebaceous glands, thus providing a robust theoretical foundation for employing PTT via specific molecular pathways in acne treatment.

Sebaceous vs. lipid-rich carcinoma ofthebreast. Clinicopathological characteristics and correlations - areport oftwo cases and aliterature review.

Primary sebaceous and lipid-rich carcinomas are extremely rare. Sebaceous carcinoma cells are large and oval with light, partially vacuolated cytoplasm. Thesecond population consists ofcells located mainly on theperipheral parts oftumour beaches. Those cells are ofsmaller calibre and are fusiform in appearance. Lipid- rich carcinoma is made up ofmultiple cell populations. Thepredominant cell type is with adistinctly light, vacuolated, and partially optically clear cytoplasm. Pathohistological analysis may be overlapping. On one side there is atumour with arelatively excellent prognosis, and on theother, ahighly aggressive carcinoma with atendency for early metastases.

Effects and Stress-Relieving Mechanisms of Dark Tea Polysaccharide in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes and SZ95 Sebocytes.

A new skincare application scenario for dark tea, a unique and post-fermented tea popular in the health food industry, was developed in this paper. The effects of dark tea polysaccharide (DTP) on stress-induced skin problems and its mechanism of action were investigated by modeling cortisone-induced stress injury in human HaCaT keratinocytes and SZ95 sebaceous gland cells. The results showed a reduced cortisol conversion induced by cortisone under the action of DTP with a concentration of 200 μg/mL, probably by inhibiting the expression of the HSD11B1 enzyme. DTP was also able to suppress the cortisone-induced elevation of lipid levels in SZ95 sebocytes at this concentration. In addition, the composition and structure of DTP were verified by ultrafiltration, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and infrared spectroscopy. In brief, DTP has a unique and significant stress-relieving effect, which provides new ideas for the development of new ingredients for the skin care industry.

Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals insights into Chinese forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) genome evolution and musk synthesis.

Among the artiodactyls, male animals belonging to the Family Moschidae have a unique tissue, the musk gland, with the capability of musk synthesis. However, the genetic basis of musk gland formation and musk production are still poorly understood. Here, musk gland tissues from two juvenile and three adult Chinese forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) were utilized to analyze genomic evolution events, evaluate mRNA profiles and investigate cell compositions. By performing genome reannotation and comparison with 11 ruminant genomes, three expanded gene families were identified in the Moschus berezovskii genome. Transcriptional analysis further indicated that the musk gland displayed a prostate-like mRNA expression pattern. Single-cell sequencing revealed that the musk gland is composed of seven distinguishable cell types. Among them, sebaceous gland cells and luminal epithelial cells play important roles in musk synthesis, while endothelial cells master the regulation of cell-to-cell communication. In conclusion, our study provides insights into musk gland formation and the musk-synthesizing process.

Tolerability and effectiveness of a dermocosmetic product containing Silybum marianum fruit extract in adolescents and young adults with acne-prone skin: An international, phase IV, longitudinal study.

Dermocosmetic products are often used to maintain or enhance the tolerance and effectiveness of medical anti-acne therapies. Recent discoveries about the pathophysiology of acne-prone skin indicate that skincare products may help maintain homeostasis around the sebaceous gland progenitor cells, thereby preventing microcomedone formation. To evaluate the tolerance and effectiveness of a dermocosmetic product containing Silybum marianum fruit extract (SMFE) in adolescents and young adults with acne-prone skin. This real-life, international, observational, multicenter study was conducted in patients aged 12-25 years with mild-to-moderate acne. Patients (N=4230) used the product twice daily for 8-12 weeks, either alone before ("initial group") or after an anti-acne therapy ("maintenance group"), or in association with their usual prescribed anti-acne therapies ("association group"). The tolerance, effectiveness, and cosmetic properties of the product were assessed. Patient quality of life (QoL) was also evaluated. Dermatologists rated the tolerance of the product as "good" or "very good" in about 95% of the patients and the effectiveness of the product as "effective" or "highly effective" in about 80% of the patients, with a significant reduction in the mean global evaluation of acne (GEA) grade (-36% ± 39%, p < 0.0001) at study end. The QoL of most patients (80%) improved by the end of the study, and the majority (79% to 94%) appreciated the cosmetic properties of the product. Overall, the product was a clinical success in >84% of patients. This dermocosmetic product can be used by adolescents and young adults with acne-prone skin to limit the initial or chronic use of medical anti-acne therapies.

Significance of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the pathogenesis of acne

Background. The potential involvement of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the pathogenesis of acne may be due to direct stimulation of sebaceous gland cells, an increase in androgen synthesis in the endocrine glands, activation of 5-reductase, and an increase in the sensitivity of androgen receptors in tissues.&#x0D; Aim. To study the level of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in women of fertile age suffering from acne; to identify the dependence of these indicators on the clinical and anamnestic features of the disease and the nature of the nutrition of patients.&#x0D; Material and methods. 60 patients suffering from acne (mean age 23.90.92 years) were examined. Clinical indices, reflecting the severity of the skin process and quality of life, were calculated, hormonal status indicators (insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, total testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) and blood plasma glucose levels were studied. The blood of 30 healthy women (mean age 25.91.04 years) was examined as a control. Groups were compared using Student's t-test and odds ratio calculation, correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.&#x0D; Results. Patients with acne showed a significant increase in the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (p=0.0002) and total testosterone (p=0.005). The correlation of the insulin-like factor content with the indices that determine the severity of the skin process and the quality of life of patients was closer than that of the total testosterone. A lower concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 was noted in the blood of acne patients who followed a diet with restriction of milk and dairy products, foods rich in easily digestible carbohydrates and saturated fats. The level of insulin in patients with acne did not differ from that in the control group.&#x0D; Conclusion. In women suffering from acne, an increase in the content of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the blood plasma was revealed; at the same time, its level has a closer relationship with the severity of the course of dermatosis and the quality of life of patients in comparison with the indicator of total testosterone.

Lactoferrin regulates sebogenesis and inflammation in SZ95 human sebocytes and mouse model of acne.

The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid effects of lactoferrin on SZ95 human sebaceous gland cells and mouse model of acne. SZ95 cells were co-cultured with different concentrations of lactoferrin, and cell viability was determined using the 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method. Oil red O and Nile red staining were performed to determine the lipid content. The mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 [SREBP-1], fatty acid synthase [FAS], stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 [SCD-1], fatty acid desaturase 2 [FADS2]) and inflammation (interleukin-8 [IL-8]) was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. An acne mouse model was established using injection of P.acnes on the backs of mice. The proliferation and apoptosis of sebaceous gland cells were examined by immunohistochemistry against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL staining, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect FADS2 and CXCL15 protein expression. Lactoferrin treatment at 10-500 μg/ml significantly decreased the lipid content, as revealed by the oil red O and Nile red staining. It also attenuated the increase of mRNA expression of SREBP-1, FAS, SCD-1, FADS2, and IL-8 in insulin-treated SZ95 cells. Moreover, lactoferrin treatment at the doses of 1-50 mg/mouse significantly reduced the inflammation and lipid production in the mouse model of acne. Also, the number of sebaceous gland cells was significantly reduced, and apoptosis was significantly increased by lactoferrin treatment in the mice. Mechanically, the levels of FADS2 and CXCL15 proteins in tissues were significantly decreased after lactoferrin treatment in the model mice. Our results demonstrate the potential of lactoferrin against sebogenesis, sebaceous gland inflammation in acne.

Long-Term Use of Silybum marianum fruit extract Contributes to Homeostasis in Acne-Prone Skin-A 12-Month Follow-Up International "Real Life" Cohort Study.

Homeostasis in the differentiation programme of sebaceous stem cells has been identified as a key step in comedogenesis and should be a target for acne-prone skin care. To report on a multicentre, year-long/real-life use study of a patented natural product containing S. marianum fruit extract proven to modulate molecular actors in the initial steps of comedogenesis. An open-label multicentric international study, with a 12 month follow-up, included 54 teenage and young adult subjects with mild to moderate facial acne. The study was aimed at reproducing a real-life use context. Total lesion count mean was 88.3 at inclusion. There was a sustained, highly significant decrease over the months of clinical lesion counts (45.6% improvement after 6 months and 59.6% at 12 months) and on other efficacy markers, associated with a significant decrease in global microcomedone quantity on cyanoacrylate superficial skin surface biopsies. Importantly, the study protocol allowed the dermatologist to prescribe, if needed as in real life, any of the acne drugs registered in the acne guidelines. The exposure to these acne drugs during the whole year was calculated as a percentage of S. marianum fruit extract/352 days of use and happened to be very limited at less than 4%, which indicates a marginal contribution to the sustained clinical improvement. (Oral and local acne treatments: Lymecycline 1.46%; Doxycycline 0.24%; Adapalene 0.16% or gel association with Benzoyl peroxide 1.17%; Clindamycin 0.04%; Benzoyl peroxide 1.5%; Erythromycin 0.75%). The tolerance with daily S. marianum fruit extract long-term use was good. The association with routine prescription acne drugs when needed, even if limited, does not allow a full evaluation of the intrinsic quantitative efficacy of S. marianum fruit extract in lesion reduction. This open, real-life, year-long multicentre study confirms a previous 48-week proof of concept study and qualifies the use of S. marianum fruit extract as a "field-dermo cosmetic" contributing to homeostasis of acne-prone skin in association with acne drugs.

Dysregulated lipidome of sebum in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Lipids are the major components of skin barrier, mainly produced by keratinocytes and sebaceous glands. Previous studies on barrier dysfunction of atopic dermatitis (AD) mainly focus on the lipids from keratinocytes, whereas the role of sebaceous gland-derived lipids in AD has long been underrecognized. The sebum secreted on the skin surface of AD patients was measured using the Delfin Sebum Scale. Sebum was collected using Sebutape patches and subjected for liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Multivariate data analysis was applied to explore the relationship among the lipidome, clinical features, and sebaceous gland-related molecules. The amount of sebum secreted from sebaceous glands was decreased in AD patients and was negatively correlated with the barrier function and disease severity. LC-MS/MS revealed the lipidome of sebum, which clustered distinctly between AD patients and healthy individuals. Among the differential lipid subclasses, triglycerides (TG) were exclusively decreased in AD patients and correlated with disease severity. The first principal component scores of AD patients, which represented the main signature of the lipidome, were positively correlated with the SCORAD scores and were significantly different across the patient groups with differential clinical symptoms such as skin dryness and pruritus. Further analysis on the previously published transcriptome data revealed aberrant expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in non-lesional skin of AD patients, which was associated with skin inflammation and barrier dysfunction and mainly derived from inner root sheath keratinocytes and sebaceous gland cells. Atopic dermatitis patients demonstrated a deviated lipidome of sebum and aberrant lipid metabolism in sebaceous glands, indicating a possible role of lipids from sebaceous glands in the pathogenesis of AD.

A rare case of sebaceous lymphadenoma: Cytohistological correlation of preoperative cytomorphologic findings

We are presenting a case of a 74-year-old female with a parotid gland mass. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the mass demonstrated cohesive groups of epithelial cells with overall bland-appearing nuclei and abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, consistent with sebaceous cells, in a background of polymorphous lymphocytes, scattered histiocytes, and adipose tissue. Immunostains showed that the epithelial cells stain positive for p63, but negative for CD117 and DOG-1. CD3 and CD20 showed a mixture of T- and B-cells. On the PAP-stained slides, there were numerous sac-like structures, consistent with myospherules. These findings were suggestive of neoplasm with sebaceous differentiation. The main differential diagnosis included sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous lymphadenoma, and other benign lesions with sebaceous differentiation. The parotid mass was resected. Histology sections demonstrated a well-circumscribed neoplasm with multicystic epithelial component and surrounding lymphoid infiltrate, consistent with sebaceous lymphadenoma. Sebaceous lymphadenoma (SLA) is a rare benign salivary gland neoplasm that is most commonly seen in the parotid gland. Preoperative FNA diagnosis of sebaceous neoplasms is challenging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case of sebaceous lymphadenoma diagnosed preoperatively. In this manuscript, we detail the epidemiological characteristics and histogenesis of sebaceous salivary gland neoplasms, and the cytomorphologic differential diagnosis of SLA with key diagnostic features of each entity.

β-1,4-Galactan suppresses lipid synthesis in sebaceous gland cells via TLR4.

Sebum is a lipid mixture secreted from sebaceous glands of the skin. The excessive secretion of sebum causes acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis, while its deficiency causes xerosis. Therefore, the appropriate control of sebum secretion is crucially important to keep the skin healthy. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of naturally occurring polysaccharides on lipid biosynthesis in hamster sebaceous gland cells. Among the tested polysaccharides, β-1,4-galactan, the main chain of type I arabinogalactan, most potently suppressed lipid synthesis in the sebaceous gland cells as analysed by oil red O staining. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 inhibitors counteracted this suppressive effect and lipopolysaccharide, a TLR4 ligand, mimicked this effect, suggesting the involvement of the TLR4 signalling pathway. In the cells β-1,4-galactan significantly decreased mRNA levels of lipogenesis-related transcription factors (peroxisomeGraphical Abstract$\includegraphics{\bwartpath }$ proliferator-activated receptor γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1) and enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase) as well as the glucose transporter GLUT4. Furthermore, β-1,4-galactan increased the production of lactic acid serving as a natural moisturizing factor and enhanced the proliferation of sebaceous gland cells. These results suggest potential of β-1,4-galactan as a material with therapeutic and cosmetic values for the skin.

INTRAORAL SEBACEOUS CARCINOMA: REPORT A RARE CASE ON THE TONGUE

Intraoral sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is extremely rare on the tongue. The clinical-pathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of a rare case of SC in a 59-year-old man is presented. The patient had painful ulcers in the posterior region of the tongue. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of atypical basaloid cells with rounded to oval nuclei and prominent nucleoli arranged in lobes, with prominent sebaceous differentiation and areas of holocrine secretion. Staining with periodic acid-Schiff and staining with mucicarmine were negative in neoplastic cells. By immunohistochemistry, tumor cells were positive for pan-cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and epithelial membrane antigen. The sebaceous cells were positive for adipophilin and perforin. The diagnosis was SC. Ample surgical excision was performed followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Careful histopathologic analysis of these lesions is essential to ensure a correct diagnosis and increase the patient's survival time.

Effects of testosterone on skin structure and factors related to androgen conversion and binding in Hetian sheep.

The effects of androgens on human skin mainly include the regulation of growth and differentiation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Androgens may have some physiological roles in sheep skin that are similar to those of humans, but further confirmation is needed. Therefore, Hetian sheep were chosen in this study as an animal model to explore the effects of testosterone on skin structure and factors related to androgen conversion and binding in Hetian sheep. The sheep were treated with different concentrations of testosterone for 42days. Skin tissue sections were prepared and then subjected to hematoxylin-eosin, Sacpic, Masson's trichrome, and Oil Red O staining to observe changes in skin morphology. Changes in the content of blood-related factors were also detected using ELISA kits. The skin tissue distribution of androgen receptor was explored by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays. The results showed that testosterone significantly increases the sebaceous gland area and stimulates the formation of new sebaceous glands. Further exploration revealed that testosterone promotes the proliferation of sebaceous gland juvenile cells. However, testosterone was found to have no significant effect on hair follicle density and hair follicle structure. Testosterone increased dihydrotestosterone levels but decreased 5α-reductase 1 and 5α-reductase 2 levels. The androgen receptors were distributed in the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and some major skin appendages of Hetian sheep. This study suggests that androgens can be effective in regulating sebum production in sheep. This study will help advance research efforts to further explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which androgens modify sheep follicles and sebaceous glands.

Overexpression of miR-651-5p inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced malignant biological behaviors of sebaceous gland carcinoma cells by targeting ZEB2.

BackgroundUltraviolet (UV) exposure is the most essential etiological factor in sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC). The abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is also involved in SGC. However, the function of miRNAs in UV-induced SGC is still unclear.MethodsIn this study, the expression levels of miR-651-5p and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) in SGC tissues and cells were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Then, the effects of miR-651-5p on the apoptosis, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of UV-induced SGC cells were determined. The interactions between miR-651-5p and ZEB2 were verified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. An in vivo tumor growth assay was performed to assess tumorigenicity.ResultsThe results showed that there was abnormal expression of miR-651-5p and ZEB2 in SGC tissues and cells compared with the control tissues and cells. Overexpression of miR-651-5p and knockdown of ZEB2 inhibited the malignant biological behaviors of SGC cells. Moreover, ZEB2 is one of the target genes of miR-651-5p, and the expression of ZEB2 was negatively regulated by miR-651-5p in SGC cells. Further studies showed that overexpression of miR-651-5p promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited the cell invasion and migration ability and EMT of UV-induced SGC cells by downregulating the expression of ZEB2 in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionsThis study revealed that overexpression of miR-651-5p inhibited UV-induced SGC growth and metastasis by suppressing ZEB2, which may be a potential target for SGC prevention and therapy.

Oncocytic variant of mucoepidermoid carcinoma – A report of two cases and review of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular profiling

Oncocytic changes have been described in approximately 10% of salivary gland tumors. It has been associated with a variety of benign and malignant tumors such as Warthin tumor, cystadenoma, pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), among others. MEC is the most common salivary gland malignancy and exhibits various histological patterns. Oncocytic MEC (OMEC) is a rare variant characterized by a predominant oncocytic cell population. Herein we present two challenging cases of OMECs. The first case was of a 63-year-old male with a mixed cystic to solid lesion in the superficial parotid gland. The lesion had ill-defined margins and no internal calcifications. The initial radiographic impression was that of a pleomorphic adenoma. The second case was that of a 67-year-old male with a parotid gland mass. Histologic examination of both cases showed extensive areas of oncocytic differentiation with scattered sebaceous and mucous cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the neoplastic population to be positive for AE1/AE3, p63, and mucicarmine in the first case and p40 and mucicarmine in the second case. A diagnosis of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, oncocytic variant, was rendered in both cases. The first case was further analyzed for <i>MAML2/CRTC1</i> rearrangement by FISH and found to be positive. Differentiating between salivary gland neoplasms with oncocytic changes can be challenging due to significant histologic overlap. Ancillary studies to include immunostains and molecular testing can be useful in establishing a definitive diagnosis.

Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry of tumors in animals attending veterinary teaching hospital

We aim in the current study to investigate the pathology and incidence of tumors that are excised surgically in Veterinary Teaching Hospital. This study collected the tissue samples from animals from 1 October 2020 until 1 April 2021. These samples were collected from animals that undergo surgical procedures to remove neoplastic growths in their body. After tissue grossing, samples were collected from tumor mass, then fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin for 72 hours, then processed to embedded in paraffin wax. A routine Harris’s hematoxylin and eosin stain were also used, histochemical stains such as Masson’s trichrome and PAS techniques were used as needed. In exceptional cases, IHC protocol was used for diagnostic steps to some types of tumors included in the current study. The antibodies that were used are Vimentin for canine osteosarcoma, P53 for squamous cell carcinoma, Mdm2 for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, and CD10 for neoplastic lymphocytes. The result of the current study showed that the prevalence of tumor recorded was Marek’s diseases 22.8%, squamous cell carcinoma 22.8%, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma 15.4%, third eyelid adenoma 15.4%, canine osteosarcomas 7.4%, venereal transmitting tumors 7.4%, and feline mammary gland tumor 7.4%. Histological examination of feline mammary gland tumor composed from server infiltration of neoplastic cells, these neoplastic cells identified as lymphocytes in a fibrous stroma. Third eyelid adenomas in cats and dogs were composed of well-demarcated nodules containing neoplastic sebaceous cells present in glandular form and combined by hyperplasia of epidermis extended inside the neoplastic mass. Venereal transmitting tumor in cat composed from cells with a round to oval shape and the cytoplasm is poorly defined by routine stain, with dense fibrous tissue. Osteosarcoma in a dog has a pleomorphic nature with an anaplastic form composed of islands of osteoid materials, and the tumor is composed of three types of osteoblast, chondroblast, and fibroblast. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma in sheep composed of a nodular formation containing dense collagen fiber deposition with transformation of cells lining alveoli into cuboidal or columnar cells can also be observed in other air passages. Squamous cell carcinomas are primarily found in skin lesions associated with the formation of pathognomic lesions known as keratin pearls. This lesion is composed of the acentric layer of keratin produced by neoplastic keratinocytes. Marek’s disease was observed in visceral organs such as liver, lung, kidney, intestines, and spleen composed from pleomorphic lymphocytes, diffusely proliferating small-to-medium-size lymphoblast. In conclusion, the incidence of tumor in animals that attending Veterinary Teaching Hospital belong to the College of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Mosul was in general high in comparison to other studies in Iraq and other countries, this high incidence should pay attention to the causes of these cancerous conditions and their relation to environmental etiology.

The effect of direct cell injury inflicted by cryotherapy on eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma cells: An ex-vivo experimental study.

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of direct cell injury of cryotherapy on eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma cells by an ex vivo cryotherapy experiment.Methods:It was a prospective interventional case series. Six patients with biopsy-proven nodular sebaceous gland carcinoma were included. After excision of the mass, a thin slice of the mass resembling the thickness of the conjunctiva was shaved off and was oriented over the broad end of a tissue forceps. Cryotherapy was applied to both its anterior and posterior aspects by the triple freeze-thaw technique. The mass was then labeled and sent separately for histopathological evaluation by fixation and staining.Results:A total of six patients with a mean age of 58.2 ± 15.5 years were included. There were four females and two males. The mean duration of the lesion was 21.6 ± 17.51 months. All patients had involvement of the upper eyelid. The patients were clinically staged as T2b (n=2), T1a (n=2), T2c (n=1), and T3a (n=1) respectively. There was no regional lymphadenopathy or metastasis in any of the cases. The experimental cryo-tissue containing the cryo-treated lesion revealed the presence of viable tumor cells (>50%) in all six specimens.Conclusion:The direct cell injury caused by cryotherapy may not be sufficient to kill all the residual sebaceous gland carcinoma cells on the tumor bed.

Serum level of substance P and stress in acne-vulgaris patients

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between stress and serum concentration of substance P (SP) in acne-vulgaris patients.BackgroundAcne vulgaris is a multifactorial disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. The clinical picture can vary significantly, from mild comedonal acne to fulminant systemic disease. Although all age groups may be affected by its many variants, the peak incidence is during adolescence. Various studies have proved that neuropeptides affect the activity of the pilosebaceous unit by stimulating proliferation and differentiation of sebaceous glands, lipid synthesis, and induction of neutral endopeptidase expression in sebaceous cells, especially SP.Patients and methodsA case–control study included 40 patients with acne vulgaris and 40 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Emotional stress was analyzed with the use of Social Readjustment Rating Scale, whereas the methods of coping with stress were assessed with the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation questionnaire, followed by taking blood samples to assess SP serum levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay method.ResultsSP was significantly higher in the acne-patient group versus the control group (P < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between acne patients and control groups regarding the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (P < 0.05).ConclusionThere was a statistically significant relation between stress scale and serum SP level in acne vulgaris.

Sebaceous breast carcinoma

ABSTRACTBreast sebaceous carcinoma is one of the rarest breast neoplasms, with less than 30 cases reported worldwide. Due to the rarity, the new WHO classification of breast tumors grouped these tumors among the ductal carcinoma. A detailed description of these cases is relevant due to the insufficient knowledge about the prognosis of this neoplasm. We report the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the breast in an 81-year-old woman with a right breast nodule. The tumor was composed of nests of a varying mixture of sebaceous cells with abundant slightly vacuolated cytoplasm, surrounded by smaller oval-to-fusiform cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm without vacuolization. No lymph node metastases were present. The immunohistochemical reactions were positive for GATA3, EMA, CD15, and GCDFP15 (focal staining), and negative for RE, RP, and HER-2. The tumor was classified as triple-negative. Morphologically, the differential diagnoses included skin sebaceous carcinoma, lipid-rich carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, and glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma. Most of the previously reported cases were positive for RE and RP, which generally was associated with a better prognosis. However, some cases presented a more aggressive behavior with distant and lymph node metastases.