Seaweed Production Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Rumput Laut Bagi Masyarakat Kecamatan Pontianak Utara Kota Pontianak

Seaweed is one of the fishery commodities which can be used as a mainstay source of the national fisheries economy. Seaweed has long been known in Indonesia as a food, beverage, vegetable and traditional medicine ingredient. The target area for this community service program (PKM) is North Pontianak District, Pontianak City, which is also one of the tourism destinations for the equatorial monument in Indonesia. The partner group selected in this community service program (PKM) is the people of Batulayang Village, North Pontianak District, who are members of the village PKK group of 20 people divided into 5 small groups. The main objective of this PKM activity is to transfer seaweed utilization science and technology through training and assistance in processing food and beverages made from seaweed. In general, the results of this PKM activity run smoothly and thoroughly. After participating in this PKM activity, the training participants gained new skills about seaweed processing, how to make small-scale business feasibility, and how to market the seaweed products that have been produced. There are ten types of processed seaweed products, namely: seaweed brownies, seaweed pudding, seaweed drinks, seaweed bingke cake, seaweed ointment, seaweed sticks, seaweed crackers, seaweed lunkhead, seaweed jely, and sweets. seaweed. Increasing community skills in the use of seaweed is one of the efforts to support the community's economy and stretch tourism in the North Pontianak District.
 Key words: economy, livelihood, processing, empowerment

Analysis of Type Cover on Drying Rate and Moisture Content

Seaweed is one of the marine commodities that has high economic value and benefits for humans, because seaweed can be processed into basic food ingredients and various types of products such as seaweed lunkhead, gelatin, cosmetic medicines and so on. The post-harvest handling process for the Papuan community, Kec. Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency (NTB) is still done traditionally so natural drying usually takes a long time because the temperature and energy depend on sunlight. This will lead to a decline in the quality of seaweed products because temperature and energy depend on sunlight. One of the efforts to improve the quality of seaweed production is to reduce the water content, the maximum water content limit, which meets SNI 25% - 50%. In this study, four forms of cover were used, namely the cover form of a single oblique solar dryer, the cover form of the taper solar dryer, the cover form of the double slanted solar dryer, the cover form of the rectangular prism solar dryer. The peak drying rate lies on a double sloping cover of 0.40 g / minute, a taper cover of 0.37 g / minute, a rectangular prism cover of 0.34 g / minute and a single sloping cover of 0.30 g / minute. The hot peaks that are useful are located on a double sloping cover of 3.82 Watt, a taper cover of 2.80 Watt, a rectangular prism cover of 2.09 Watt and a single cover of 0.46 Watt. The peak of efficiency lies in the double sloping cover of 8.57%, taper cover of 6.28%, rectangular prism cover of 4.69% and single sloping cover of 2.28%. The peak of seaweed residual water content lies on a double sloping cover of 13.21%, a taper cover of 19.61%, a rectangular prism cover of 25.73 and a double sloping cover of 27.75%. This shows that drying using double sloping covers is more effective and efficient, so it can accelerate the drying rate and can increase the selling price of seaweed for seaweed farmers in Kertasari Village, Taliwang District, West Sumbawa (NTB).

PSIX-7 Effects of a dietary seaweed product on sow progeny performance, fecal consistency, and fecal microbiota during gestation, lactation, nursery and grow-finish periods

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of providing a selected mix of brown, red and green seaweeds (OceanFeed® Swine; Ocean Harvest Technology, Galway, Ireland) to sows during gestation and lactation and progeny during nursery and grow-finish periods on growth performance, fecal consistency, and microbiota composition. Twenty-eight sows and litters were used from d 30 of gestation until weaning. Sow treatments consisted of a control diet or diet supplemented with OceanFeed Swine (OFS) at 0.50% in gestation and 0.66% in lactation. At weaning, 360 pigs from these sows were used from d 0 to 56 and 57 to 156 in nursery and grow-finish periods, respectively, in a split-plot design. Treatments were a control diet or a diet supplemented with OFS at 0.75% in the nursery and grower phase (5.5 to 34 kg and 34 to 59 kg respectively) and 0.5% in the finisher phase (59 to 127 kg). Maternal OFS supplementation did not improve (P >0.10) sow or litter performance. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for main effects or interactions for nursery and finishing performance. On day 56 after weaning, there was an increased proportion of pigs exhibiting the families Peptostreptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae in fecal samples when fed OFS in the nursery and originating from OceanFeed OFS-fed sows. Pigs from this treatment combination also had increased mean number of species detected within the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae and had lower mean number of species detected within the family Fusobacteriacea. In the finishing period, no evidence for main effects or interactions (P >0.10) were observed on overall growth performance. In summary, addition of OFS in gestation, lactation, and nursery-finishing phases had no consistent effect on sow or litter performance; however, there were relative increases in beneficial bacteriain fecal microbiota, including the butyrate-producing families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae that warrant further investigation.

Strain Selection for Growth Enhancement of Wild and Cultivated Eucheumatoid Seaweed Species in Indonesia

A poor seed quality is one of the main constraints to provide a fast growth for seaweed production. It is hoped that seaweed strain selection may lead to production of a high quality seed, resulting in an enhanced growth rate of cultivated seaweeds. The study aimed to obtain a fast growing seaweed strain through proper selection. Three types of base strains were selected: A wild type of Eucheuma denticulatum from Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), and two types of cultivated seaweed of Kappaphycus alvarezii from Takalar and Gorontalo, respectively. The collected seaweeds were grown in Laikang Bay using the long line method. The strain selection was based on the daily growth rate (DGR) parameter. The seaweeds were cultivated for 30 days to produce seed, and selected seed material was used for the next cycle for three cycles. The results show that the selected seaweed strains had a higher DGR compared with nonselected (internal control) seed from each of the original forms. DGR of the selected and control seed of the Takalar, Gorontalo, and NTT strains were 6.67% day-1 and 4.91% day-1; 4.23% day-1 and 2.00% day-1; and 2.23% day-1 and 1.20% day-1, respectively. The selection technique increased the DGR up to 1.68% day-1 for three cultivation cycles, while carrageenan content was up to 4.7% higher than the internal control. In conclusion, the best strain for cultivation in Laikang Bay was that of selected from Takalar.

PRODUCTION OF THE <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> EXTRACT AS A LEAF BIOFERTILIZER: TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR THE NORTH COAST OF SÃO PAULO-BRAZIL

The extract of the Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is used as a leaf biofertilizer and several studies had proven its efficiency in several crops. This study aimed to analyze the economic viability of fresh seaweed production and the chemically characterized seaweed extract cultivated as a technical-economic alternative for coastal communities. Yields of the solid and liquid fractions were quantified, the extract was characterized in its chemical composition of macronutrients and micronutrients and it was classified according to the criteria of the Brazilian legislation of agricultural fertilizers. For the study of economic feasibility, different sales price scenarios were considered and compared with the commercialization of fresh seaweed. The average yield obtained from the processing of the Brazilian adapted strains of the K. alvarezii for the liquid fraction or fresh seaweed extract was 0.71 ± 0.0080 L kg-1 and the moisture solid production was 295 ± 0.0126 g kg-1. The production of fresh seaweed was unfeasible and for the handmade extract was economically viable for the scenario with the sale price of US$ 2.77 with a net present value of US$ 35,300.13 and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 38.99% over ten year.

Evaluation of land suitability of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation in the dry and rainy season

Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is one of the important economically valuable commodities. Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the macro algae species that has many benefits. Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivation is the dominant mariculture activity on Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta. The condition of the quality of the aquatic environment greatly affects the production of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. This study aims to analyze the suitability level of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivation in the dry season and rainy season. This research was carried out in Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta during the dry and rainy seasons. The observed environmental quality parameters include the physical physics parameters, namely temperature, current speed, brightness, and depth observed in situ. Aquatic chemical parameters namely salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen observed in situ and nitrates and phosphate observed in ex-situ. In order to get a classification of the suitability level, the suitability of the marine matrix is made through scoring and weighting on the parameters limiting seaweed farming activities. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the suitability of the waters on Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta is very suitable (Sl) for Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation both during the planting period in the dry season or the rainy season.

Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation production based on season in Indari waters, West Bacan Subdistrict, Regency of South Halmahera, Province of North Mollucas, Indonesia

Indari is one of the coastal areas in the West Bacan Subdistrict, Regency of South Halmahera, Province of North Mollucas. Fisheries business activities that are quite popular in this region are aquaculture with seaweed commodities. Indari waters is also one of the areas designated as seaweed cultivation development zones in Province of North Mollucas. One of the factors that determine the success of a seaweed cultivation business is production. This is because production is the final result obtained from a cultivation business. The purpose of this research was to determine the production of seaweed K.alvarezii cultivation based on seasons. The method used in the survey is a method of interviewing using questionnaires to seaweed farmers as many as 30 people. Production data collected is wet and dry production data by season. Production data collected is wet and dry production data by season. The results showed that the highest seaweed K.alvarezii production was found in the dry season with wet production of 9.320 kg and dry production of 852.5 kg, whereas in the rainy season, wet production was 898.125 kg and dry production was 718.5 kg.

The effect of various processed seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii products as gel diet thickener on the utilization of nutrition in Rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus cultivation in the floating net cage

Seaweed, K. alvarezii as a gel diet thickener. The quality of the thickener is determined by the processing method. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of processed seaweed, K. alvarezii product, which is the best thickener in the gel diet based on fish body nutrient contents, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR). Experimental fishes used were rabbitfish with an average weight of 55.23±4.46 g/individual, which was cultivated in a small cage (hapa) measuring 100 x 70 x 100 cm and placed in floating net cages (FNC). An experimental diet is a gel diet. The frequency of feeding is done twice a day, 7:00 in the morning, and 16:00 in the afternoon by satiation. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment in this study was a gel diet containing some processed seaweed products such as dried seaweed flour (treatment A), fermented seaweed flour (treatment B), carrageenan flour (treatment C), and seaweed soft (treatment D). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out, and the W Tukey test was continued for the treatment that had a significant effect on determining the effect of various processed seaweed products on the measured parameters. The results showed that processed seaweed products in the gel diet significantly affected changes in fish protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention in rabbitfish. The best nutritional content of fish, PER, and PR is found in treatment B (fermented seaweed flour). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the nutritional body content of fish, REP, and RP was best obtained in rabbitfish, which consumed a gel diet containing fermented seaweed.

Feasibility study of seaweed farming Kappaphycus alvarezii in Sub-District North Pulau Laut and Sub-District East Pulau Laut Kota baru Regency, South Borneo, Indonesia

Kappaphycus alvrezii has the potential to be developed due to the increasing demand for local and international markets. To support the development of Kappaphycus alvrezii cultivation, a new feasible cultivation area is needed. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of Kappaphycus alvarezii farming in North Pulau Laut District and Pulau Laut Timur District, Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan. The analytical method used was a spatial analysis of physical and chemical parameters and strategic environmental conditions analysis. The total area of land suitable for seaweed cultivation in Pulau Laut Utara and Kecamatan Pulau Laut Timur was around 11,499 ha for the feasible category, with the waters carrying capacity of was 9,498 ha for 18,996 units of seaweed cultivation; with this carrying capacity, it can produce 79,783 to 96,880 tons year−1 for four times the harvest season or 99,729 to 121,100 tons year−1 for 5 times the harvest season. Three main strategies that need to be implemented to achieve the estimated production were improving quantity and quality of seaweed production, utilization of all suitable land for seaweed cultivation basing on the waters carrying capacity, and research development to improve the seaweed quality and products by involving universities, government, and private companies/institutions.

Transmisión horizontal de la enfermedad del hielo en Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L. M. Liao (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

Background. Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is a major commodity of important economic value fishery cultivation that has been developed in many countries. The demand for K. alvarezii seaweed continues to increase because it produces carrageenan which is commonly used as the main raw material in many industrial activities. However, K. alvarezii’s seaweed farming is inseparable from several obstacles. In the seaweed culture system, ice-ice disease is a major obstacle because it can harm the cultivation business. Ice-ice disease causes a decrease in seaweed production. Bacteria play a role in the development of ice-ice disease in seaweed cultivation. Aquatic organisms infected with bacteria indirectly cause damage to tissue. The spread of bacterial diseases in aquatic organisms can occur vertically or horizontally. Goals. This research aims to study the horizontal transmission of ice-ice disease on growth, carrageenan content, and changes in the structure of the K. alvarezii seaweed tissue which were tested in-vivo. Methods. This study uses healthy seaweed thalus weighing 35g and seaweed thallus affected by ice-ice weighing 30g (A), 35g (B), 40g (C) and 45g (D).The parameters observed were morphological changes, carrageenan content and tissue changes with histological analysis. Result. The results of this research indicate that the transmission of ice-ice disease can occur horizontally from thallus affected by ice-ice to healthy thallus. This transmission causes discoloration that shows symptoms of ice-ice attack on healthy seaweed K. alvarezii. This discoloration is accompanied by a decrease in thallus weight. Transmission also causes changes in the structure of the tissue in the form of lysis in the tissue and reduce the content of carrageenan in K. alvarezii seaweed. Conclusions. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the spread of ice-ice disease in seaweed causes color change, weight loss, changes in tissue structure, and reduce the quality of carrageenan.

The Effects of Halogenated Compounds on the Anaerobic Digestion of Macroalgae

The urgent need to replace fossil fuels has seen macroalgae advancing as a potential feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The natural methane productivity (dry weight per hectare) of seaweeds is greater than in many terrestrial plant systems. As part of their defence systems, seaweeds, unlike terrestrial plants, produce a range of halogenated secondary metabolites, especially chlorinated and brominated compounds. Some orders of brown seaweeds also accumulate iodine, up to 1.2% of their dry weight. Fluorine remains rather unusual within the chemical structure. Halogenated hydrocarbons have moderate to high toxicities. In addition, halogenated organic compounds constitute a large group of environmental chemicals due to their extensive use in industry and agriculture. In recent years, concerns over the environmental fate and release of these halogenated organic compounds have resulted in research into their biodegradation and the evidence emerging shows that many of these compounds are more easily degraded under strictly anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic biodegradation. Biosorption via seaweed has become an alternative to the existing technologies in removing these pollutants. Halogenated compounds are known inhibitors of methane production from ruminants and humanmade anaerobic digesters. The focus of this paper is reviewing the available information on the effects of halogenated organic compounds on anaerobic digestion.

Seaweed's Bioactive Candidate Compounds to Food Industry and Global Food Security.

The world population is continuously growing, so it is important to keep producing food in a sustainable way, especially in a way that is nutritious and in a sufficient quantity to overcome global needs. Seaweed grows, and can be cultivated, in seawater and generally does not compete for arable land and freshwater. Thus, the coastal areas of the planet are the most suitable for seaweed production, which can be an alternative to traditional agriculture and can thus contribute to a reduced carbon footprint. There are evolving studies that characterize seaweed’s nutritional value and policies that recognize them as food, and identify the potential benefits and negative factors that may be produced or accumulated by seaweed, which are, or can be, dangerous for human health. Seaweeds have a high nutritional value along with a low caloric input and with the presence of fibers, proteins, omega 3 and 6 unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, several seaweed sub-products have interesting features to the food industry. Therefore, the focus of this review is in the performance of seaweed as a potential alternative and as a safe food source. Here described is the nutritional value and concerns relating to seaweed consumption, and also how seaweed-derived compounds are already commercially explored and available in the food industry and the usage restrictions to safeguard them as safe food additives for human consumption.

Women's well-being and household benefits from seaweed farming in Indonesia

Seaweed production in Indonesia almost exclusively comes from community-based farming activities, yet the industry has expanded at an unprecedented rate since 2010 to position the country as the major producer. We explored community perceptions of seaweed farming in South Sulawesi, using a well-being-impact evaluation (W-IE) method. Surveying 74 women from coastal villages where seaweed is a significant source of household income we found evidence of positive economic and social impacts from seaweed farming. Extra income earned from seaweed was instrumental in creation of positive change in 5 out of 10 most important contributors to well-being: transport, housing, basic needs, other needs and education. No negatives changes were linked to seaweed farming and there was evidence of increasing life satisfaction throughout villages, both by women from families who are and who are not engaged in farming, indicating positive equity aspects. This might be due to historical development of the industry in Indonesia, where production is dominated by smallholders. Future interventions that seek to further increase production by focusing on large-scale commercial ventures need to be cognisant of the potential negative economic and social impacts of moving from small-scale to large-scale enterprises, and of the consequent implications for well-being and regional development.

Packaging Design and Marketing of Online Seaweed Products in Aeng Dake Village, Bluto District, Sumenep Regency

Online marketing training is given to the fishermen groups of Karang Baru and Fisheries Vocational School Nasyrul Ulum Aeng Dake covering about the theory of marketing concepts, use of Web media and social media and online marketing-based governance. Community service is expected to be able to provide the ability of the community to package products into attractive packaging and the community can use marketing online so as to expand the reach of marketing, namely reaching regional and national areas. With the community service, it is expected to increase the economy of the seaweed grass cultivation community in Aeng Dake Subdistrict Seaweed Village. Community service activities are carried out by various methods, namely theoretical and practical training and assistance in online marketing media management activities. and practices aimed at students of the Nasyul Ulum Aeng Dake Vocational School of Fisheries Products Processing. The training provided was in the form of introducing various kinds of interesting packaging forms. The training activities continued on the direct practice of product packaging as well as presentations from student students regarding packaged products. The activity aimed at the Karang Baru fishermen group is in the form of assistance in making online marketing media, namely web and social media.

Seaweed resources of Korea

Abstract Korea has a long history of utilizing seaweeds, as the country has a high biodiversity of seaweeds. The abundance and composition of seaweed species have changed over the past decades due to climate change and anthropogenic influences. Some species showed a significant extension of their distribution range to the north while some species declined. Some areas have even become barren ground. Korea has put extensive effort into restoring the seaweed resources in these deforested areas. Korea is one of the most advanced countries in the World in terms of seaweed aquaculture. However, the aquacultured species are mostly limited to three genera, Saccharina, Undaria and Pyropia/Porphyra, which represent 96% of the entire seaweed production in the country. Korea has developed highly advanced cultivation technologies as well as various cultivars using breeding and hybridization technologies for these species. There has also been considerable effort in developing environmentally sustainable aquaculture systems using seaweed cultivation (e. g. integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, nutrient bioextraction and biofloc). This study discusses the current status and challenges of the above mentioned topics in detail. In addition, the present study encourages South and North Korean scientists to collaborate in the study of seaweed resources at the border of these two countries.

A Short Review on the Valorization of Green Seaweeds and Ulvan: FEEDSTOCK for Chemicals and Biomaterials.

This short review analyzed the recent trend towards, progresses towards the preparation of chemicals of, and value-added biomaterials from marine macroalgae resources, especially green seaweeds and their derived ulvan polysaccharides for various applications. In recent years, ulvan both in pristine and modified forms has gained a large amount of attention for its effective utilization in various areas due to its unique physiochemical properties, lack of exploration, and higher green seaweed production. The pristine form of ulvan (sulfated polysaccharides) is used as a bio-component; food ingredient; or a raw material for the production of numerous chemicals such as fuels, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, whereas its modified form is used in the sector of composites, membranes, and scaffolds, among others, because of its physicochemical properties. This review highlights the utilization of green seaweed and its derived ulvan polysaccharides for the preparation of numerous chemicals (e.g., solvents, fuel, and gas) and also value-added biomaterials with various morphologies (e.g., gels, fibers, films, scaffolds, nanomaterials, and composites).

Seaweed resources of Tanzania: status, potential species, challenges and development potentials

AbstractTanzania is endowed with a rich biodiversity of seaweed species that grow naturally in its oligotrophic waters of the Western Indian Ocean. Most of these species are unexploited. Only two red seaweedsEucheumaandKappaphycushave been studied for commercial farming and the industrial production is based on these species. Another genus of red seaweed,Gracilaria, has been studied and experimented upon for potential farming while others such as the greenUlva, the redHypneaand the brownSargassumhave been mentioned as potential species for farming. Farming technology used to cultivate the two commercial species is the shallow water off-bottom technology which is badly affected by the increase in surface seawater temperatures (climate change), causing massive die-backs and decreased seaweed production. Some deeper-water farming technologies have been developed but only tubular nets show promise and have been piloted. A number of opportunities exist in seaweed farming, which can be used to advance the industry. The future of the seaweed industry in Tanzania will depend on using the existing opportunities, including utilising the seaweed species already studied, exploring the potential of other seaweed species for farming, development of deeper-water farming technologies, added-value, and ensuring availability of good quality seed material.

IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED COPING AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ON SEAWEED PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA: A CASE OF JAMBIANI VILLAGE, UNGUJA ISLAND

Climate change remains to be the biggest challenge of 21st century threatening to negatively impacts seaweed production levels in Tanzania. Seaweed farmers have coped and adapted to the impacts of the changes for several years but the implication of their efforts measured by the level of seaweed production is still not documented. The study investigated implications of various coping and adaptation strategies employed by farmers on seaweed production. A cross sectional study was adopted to collection information’s September-November, 2016. Primary data collection tools includes Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion from 100 seaweed farmers and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and variation, and liner regression model at 5% confidence level. The results indicated that, seaweed farmers continued to employ documented and have recently developed new undocumented coping and adaptation strategies, documented for the first time by this study which include, setting seaweed plot in partially drilled area and tying of big sized seedling as well as planting plenty of seaweeds during cooler months. Nevertheless, production level declined from 80 to 130 sacks per harvest before notable environmental changes to 20 sacks per harvest in a situation of weather and climate changes. It was shown that only planting plenty of seaweeds during cooler months slightly improved seaweed production and others, none at all. The study recommends initiation of ceased extension services to offer technical education and services to seaweed farmers on the best ways to integrate available coping and adaptation strategies on seaweed production as well as developing the best alternative coping and adaptation strategies.

Suitability water quality parameters for seaweed culture at Muara Gembong coastal area, Bekasi District

Seaweed is one of the vital export aquaculture commodities in West Java of Indonesia. Since 2013, seaweed production in Muara Gembong Sub-District, especially Pantai Mekar Beach and Pantai Sederhana Villages, can be produced 7.000 tons from total 10.000 seaweed culture fisheries of Bekasi District (80%) that was developed with a polyculture system. To ensure the long-term success of providing seaweed production, evaluation of suitable location is an essential step in any aquaculture operation. This study was conducted to analyze suitable sites for seaweed aquaculture in the coastal area of Muara Gembong based on the condition of water quality. Water quality data were collected from 11 stations during field surveys in March, July, and October 2018. Water quality parameters were observed with physical parameters (Secchi disk transparency, temperature, and depth) and chemical parameters (salinity, pH, DO, phosphate, and nitrate). Evaluation of water quality data included compile of matrix suitability design through some works of literature. The suitability coastal areas were analyzed to get suitable location used GIS software from coordinate data and water quality parameters, which were compared. The class “suitable” has a score of 4, the “suitable enough” class has a score of 3, the “suitable with conditionals” class has a score of 2, and the class “not suitable” has a score of 1. Based on the measurement result, the “suitable” areas were Station 7 (Front of Muara Mati), Station 8 (Outermost Muara Mati), Station 11 (Muara Kuntul), and Station 12 (Front of Muara Kuntul). The coverage area that was in a suitable area category is 962.72 Ha (9.63 km2). The location also linear with the result based on salinity, DO, and transparency (Secchi dish transparency). There are selected locations compared with other stations in Muara Gembong coastal waters because those locations face waste problems from Citarum Watershed and Jakarta Bay. Also, the sites serve as a source of livelihood for the community.

Quality “crispy enbal”, fortified with seaweed

Enbal is the local name of cassava which is popular in the Kei Islands. The purpose of this research is to improve the competitiveness of crispy “Enbal” made from 2 types of enbal (Manihot utilisima) enriched with seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) to increase fiber content. This research is conducted in two steps. The first stage is the production of “enbal” flour from two types of enbal namely white and yellow enbal then analyzed with antioxidants (beta carotene) and fiber. The second stage is the production of crispy seaweed by adding 10, 20 and 30% seaweed. Then analyzed water content, protein, fat, fiber and beta-carotene. The results of the first phase of the study showed that the white fibers (2.02%) and yellow (2.47%) were not significantly different, while the beta-carotene content of yellow enbal (4.27mg / kg) was higher than the white (<0.02mg / kg). The results of the second stage of the study showed that the yield of crispy seaweed Enbal enriched with 30% seaweed was higher than the other treatments, while the other parameters did not differ.