Seat Laws Research Articles

Review of United States Car Safety Seat State Laws: Lessons Learned

Car safety seat laws and professional guidance, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Child Passenger Safety recommendations, are essential for parents and health care providers when choosing an appropriate car seat. This project reviewed car safety seat state laws for commonalities, variations, and themes. Car safety seat laws for all 50 states and the District of Columbia (N = 51) were reviewed through electronic sources. Data collection focused on gathering common legislative language in each car safety seat grouping. All car safety seat laws were based on age, height, weight, manufacturer limit, any combination of these, or were not specified. The most common category result was “age only” except for rear-facing car safety seats, which was “not specified.” Variations in clarity, terminology, and completeness were found. Owing to great variance in AAP and state laws, health care providers should use AAP guidelines, know their specific state’s car safety seat laws, and advocate for legislation to meet or exceed AAP guidelines.

The impact of car seat giveaways on compliance among newborns in Saudi Arabia

ObjectivesRoad traffic injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Saudi Arabia. Previous literature suggests that poor compliance to traffic safety measures is exacerbating the burden of childhood injuries. Although car seats have been found to reduce injuries among children, their compliance remains poor nationally. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether providing free car seats for newborns is associated with the compliance of car seat use 3 months after hospital discharge. MethodsThis study was conducted in three regions of the country following a national public health campaign aimed to improve traffic safety. In November 2020, five hundred car seats were given to mothers at the time of discharge. Three months later, parents were contacted to evaluate the prevalence of compliance. In addition to estimating the prevalence of car seat use at 3 months, the analysis assessed predictors of use using a multiple logistic regression model. ResultsOf the 486 initial participants, 375 (77%) responded. According to the parents, 76% of children still use the car seat 3 months after hospital discharge. The age of the parents and the number of family members were significant predictors of car seat use. Smaller families (≤4 members) were 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.36–3.82) times more likely to comply with the car seat law 3 months after discharge than larger families. Most of the respondents (70.5%) strongly agree that child restraint systems are an essential device while driving with children. ConclusionsWe found that providing free car seats for newborn children is associated with uptake of improved traffic safety, but compliance remains lower than in developed countries. Further studies are needed to facilitate improving child seat safety among large families. As the country strives to invest in reducing traffic injuries, similar initiatives may facilitate adopting safety measures among parents, which may reduce preventable injuries and improve population health.

INTERNATIONAL LAW AS THE BASIS FOR EXTENDING ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BY STATES OR STATE ENTITIES TO NON-SIGNATORIES

AbstractThis article explores the role of international law in relation to the extension of arbitration agreements contained in contracts concluded by States (or State entities) with non-signatory State entities (or States). As contract-based arbitrations involving States or State entities are on the rise, identifying the legal framework governing which parties are covered by the relevant arbitration agreements is of practical importance. The analysis demonstrates that international law forms part of the relevant law, alongside other applicable laws including law of contract, law of the seat and transnational law, concerning the extension of arbitration agreements concluded by States or State entities to non-signatories. Previous analyses have neglected the role of international law by not distinguishing contract-based arbitrations involving private parties from contract-based arbitrations involving States or State entities. Public international law recognises that arbitration agreements can be extended to non-signatories on the basis of implied consent, or abuse of separate legal personality and estoppel. Therefore, foreign investors can rely on international law to extend arbitration agreements to non-signatories in arbitrations conducted under investment contracts concluded by States or State entities, even if the relevant domestic law is agnostic or hostile to this. This has significant legal, and practical, importance.

Recourse of an Arbitral Award in Bangladesh: Dissection Under The UNCITRAL, Foreign Laws and Precedents

It is irrefutable that the arbitration process is controlled by arbitration seat law. Therefore, in the case of international commercial arbitration having the arbitration place in Bangladesh, and in the case of domestic arbitration that means where both parties are Bangladeshi, sections 42 and 43 of the Chapter VIII Arbitration Act 2001 lays down the rules in which applications can be lodged to set aside arbitral awards. Moreover, if the award contains some mistakes, the tribunal can correct an award by removing any clerical mistakes or errors under section 40 of the Arbitration Act 2001. This study was an attempt in the light of court rulings, article 33 and 34 of the UNCITRAL Model Law, 1985 and article 36 of the New York Convention, 1958 to critically examine section 40, 42 and 43 of the Arbitration Act 2001 of Bangladesh.

Ride-hailing with kids: Who’s got their back?

Introduction: As transportation network companies (TNC) are on the rise, assessing the safety of children traveling in these vehicles is imperative. For this reason, this study developed and adopted a scoring system to assess states’ safety standards for children traveling in TNC vehicles. Methods: The scoring was based on two parameters pertaining to child car seat laws for TNCs: clarity and stringency. For each parameter, three criteria that could impact child safety in TNC vehicles were formulated. If a state met a certain criterion it got 1 point and 0 otherwise. The authors gathered all the necessary information by reviewing state statutes in Nexus Uni, a legal research database. These reviews took place between December 2019 and October 2020, and this study evaluated state laws in effect on October 28, 2020. Results: During this assessment, the authors observed a lack of clarity in state child car seat laws, which could compromise safety of children traveling in TNC vehicles. For clarity of laws, Georgia and Indiana received the highest scores (3 out of 3 points), while 16 states scored only 1 point, which was the lowest score in this category. In terms of stringency of laws, Pennsylvania received the highest score (3 out of 3 points), while Indiana scored the least (0 points). Conclusions: Besides one state (Oregon), all other states defined TNCs in their state laws. All states except for Indiana and Washington required child car seats in TNC vehicles. The responsibility for child car seat use was clearly defined in 35 states. The fine for child car seat violation was $50 or more in 28 states. Practical Application: This study will help TNCs, policymakers, and stakeholders identify states that need to improve their standards for child safety in TNC vehicles, and comprehensively address the issue.

The distinctive status of international arbitration agreements in English private international law?

Abstract This Case Note critically discusses the Court of Appeal’s recent decision in Enka v Chubb [2020] EWCA Civ 574, where it held that (i) the doctrine of forum non conveniens (FNC) can never apply where an English court is asked to determine if a London arbitration agreement should be enforced by injunction, and that (ii) the ‘separability’ of an arbitration clause from the contract containing it entailed that, absent an express choice of law for it, there was a ‘strong presumption’ that the parties implicitly chose the seat law as its proper law. In doing so, the Court abandoned its previous approach in Sulamérica v Enesa, and indirectly cast doubt on its recent suggestion in Kabab-ji v KFG that ‘implied choices’ of law arguably involved the implication of a term into the arbitration agreement on ‘business efficacy’ grounds. Further, the Court appeared not to acknowledge that, outwith the arbitration context, (i) ‘FNC waiver’ clauses and exclusive jurisdiction agreements do not categorically foreclose FNC, and that (ii) ‘implied choices’ of law should not be casually inferred nowadays. The Court’s analysis in Enka was distinctly arbitration-centric: it was minded to emphasize the non-derogability of the seat courts’ supervisory role, and the ‘separability’ of an arbitration agreement from the contractual document containing it. Enka is an intriguing example of how international arbitration doctrine, particularly as regards arbitration agreements, can materially diverge from cognate principles of private international law. Nevertheless, we question whether international arbitration agreements are truly distinctive enough to justify such differences in treatment. Our assessment is that the answer is probably ‘no’.

The perspectives of young people on barriers to and facilitators of bicycle helmet and booster seat use.

Mandatory bicycle helmet and booster seat laws for children are now common across Canada and the United States. Previous research has found that despite legislation, child compliance is often low. Our objectives were to identify and compare children's perspectives on barriers to and facilitators of their use of bicycle helmets and booster seats. Eleven focus groups were conducted with a total of 76 children; five groups of children between the ages of 4 and 8 years discussed booster seats and bicycle helmets, and six groups of children between the ages of 9 and 13 years discussed bicycle helmets. Efforts were made to include diverse participants from a variety of ethno-cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Poor fit and physical discomfort were most often described as barriers to bicycle helmet use. Helmet appearance was a barrier for some children but acted as a facilitator for others. Booster seat facilitators included convenient features such as drink cup holders and being able to sit higher up in order to have a better view, while barriers included fear of being teased, and wanting to feel and be seen as more mature by wearing a seatbelt only. The main barriers to usage of bicycle helmets and booster seats identified by young people were modifiable and fit within a theory of planned behaviour framework that includes subjective norms, child attitudes towards safety equipment and perceived behavioural control of its usage. Recommendations were made regarding how these elements can be utilized in future injury prevention campaigns.

Are Booster Seats More Effective than Child Safety Seats or Seat Belts at Reducing Traffic Fatalities among Children?

In an effort to increase booster seat use among children, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is encouraging state legislators to promote stricter booster seat laws, yet there is a p...

U.S. Child Safety Seat Laws: Are they Effective, and Who Complies?

This paper assesses the effectiveness of child safety seat laws in the United States. Over the past 35 years, these laws have steadily increased mandatory child safety seat restraint ages. We exploit state-year level variation in the age until which children are required to ride in child safety seats to estimate triple difference models using Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 1975 to 2011. Our findings show that increasing the age thresholds is effective in increasing the actual age of children in safety seats. Across the child-age distribution, restraint rates increase by between 10 and 30 percentage points or by between 50 and 170 percent, in the long run. We also estimate the impact of the child safety seat laws on the likelihood that a child dies in a fatal accident. We find that the laws saved up to 39 children per year. Finally, we find that the laws primarily induce compliant parents to switch from traditional seatbelt use to child safety seat use, with only small effects among parents who do not restrain their children.

The impact of child safety restraint legislation on child injuries in police-reported motor vehicle collisions in British Columbia: An interrupted time series analysis.

Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) remain a leading cause of death and serious injury in Canadian children. In July 2008, British Columbia introduced child safety seat legislation that aimed to reduce the number of children killed or injured in MVCs. This legislation upgraded previous child seat legislation (introduced in 1985) and affected children zero to three and those four to eight years of age. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this legislation. Deidentified police reports for all MVCs involving zero- to 14-year-olds (2000 to 2012) were used to compare injury rates, booster seat use, and seating position among children before and after booster seat laws. An interrupted time series design was used to estimate the effect of the new law on injuries among children zero to three and four to eight years of age. Estimates were adjusted using children nine to 14 years of age as controls. The booster seat law was associated with a 10.8% (95% CI 2.7% to 18.9%) reduction in the monthly rate of injuries in four- to eight-year-old children (P=0.01). This was equivalent to a decrease of 14.3 injuries per 1,000,000 children. Similarly, the monthly injury rate among children zero to three years of age decreased by 13.0% (95% CI 1.5% to 24.6% [9.8 injuries per 1,000,000]; P=0.03). The results provide evidence that British Columbia's new child safety restraint law was associated with fewer injuries among children covered by the new laws.

Canonical equations K 62, K 63, K 64 and K 65 for random non-Hermitian matrices A+B(U+γH)C, the Upturned Stools Law, the Upturned Stool Without Seat Law and Doughnut Law density

Abstract In this paper we apply the REFORM method for the deduction of the system of canonical equations K 62, K 63, K 64 and K 65 for normalized spectral functions of the matrices A+B(U+γH)C.

Booster Seats and Traffic Fatalities Among Children

In an effort to increase booster seat use among children, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is encouraging state legislators to promote stricter booster seat laws, yet there is a paucity of information on booster seat efficacy relative to other forms of restraint. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for the period 2008-2014 and the sample selection correction proposed by Levitt and Porter (2001), the current study examines the effectiveness of booster seats relative to child safety seats and adult seat belts. For children 6 to 8 years of age, we find that booster seats are more than twice as effective as child safety seats and over 30 percent more effective than standard seat belts at decreasing the likelihood of fatality in a motor vehicle accident. For children 2 to 5 years of age, all three forms of restraint appear equally effective.

Us Child Safety Seat Laws: Are They Effective, and Who Complies?

This paper assesses the effectiveness of child safety seat laws. These laws progressively increased the mandatory age up to which children must be restrained in safety seats in cars. We use US Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 1978 to 2011 and rich state-time level variation in the implementation of these child safety seat laws for children of different ages. Increasing age thresholds is effective in increasing the actual age of child safety seat use. Across the child age distribution, restraint rates increase by about 30ppt in the long-run when the minimum age increases. However, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that restraining older children in safety seats does not reduce their likelihood to die in fatal accidents. We estimate that parents of 8.6M young children are legal compliers. They compose an important target group for policymakers because these parents alter their parenting behavior when laws change.

Rear-facing child car seats: are laws requiring them effective?

INTRODUCTION: Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in children aged ≤ 2 years in the U.S. The American Academy of Pediatrics advised that children should remain in rear-facing child car seats to mitigate injury from the most common type of severe collision (frontal). Several states have passed laws following these recommendations. Methods: In 2013 publicly available statutes and comprehensive motor vehicle fatality data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System database were used to investigate whether there is a relationship between motor vehicle crash fatality rates for children under 1 year of age and state laws regulating the direction of car seat placement. States with known rear-facing car seat laws in place were analyzed in a two-step approach in 2014. Simple fatality rates per 100 million vehicle miles were calculated with 95% Poisson CIs. A negative binomial count model for infant deaths was calculated, with state fixed effects, adjusted for the exposure of vehicle miles in each state by year. Results: Unadjusted models showed a protective mortality effect for rear-facing car seat laws, while adjusted models demonstrated no beneficial effect. Implications: This preliminary study suggests that state rear-facing child restraint laws may be having an impact on infant motor vehicle mortality; however the current model is unable to determine their relative contribution given the overall decline in traffic mortality. Language: en

National Trends in Pediatric Basilar Skull Fractures

Objectives: (1) Identify the current public health burden of pediatric temporal bone fractures. (2) Determine if the introduction of bicycle helmet and child safety seat laws has resulted in a change in national patterns. Methods: The 2000 and 2009 Kids’ Inpatient Databases were used to gather data on a sample of all pediatric discharges in the United States during the years 2000 and 2009. Children diagnosed with basilar skull fractures were identified by corresponding ICD-9 codes. Database analyses generated national estimates of summary statistics and comparison of trends over the 9-year period. Results: The estimated prevalence of pediatric skull base fractures requiring hospitalization in the United States has remained essentially stable with 9641 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8782, 10,501) admissions in 2000 and 10,581 (95% CI: 9532, 11,630) in 2009. Likewise, the mean age is unchanged from 10.02 (95% CI: 9.66, 10.38) years to 9.76 (95% CI: 9.44, 10.07). The proportion of female patients is the same (33%) (95% CI: 0.031, 0.34) and (95% CI: 0.0.32, 0.35) respectively. Total charges increased from $25,900,000 (95% CI: $22,200,000, $29,600,000) to $60,300,000 (95% CI: $53,100,000, $67,600,000) with a mean charge per admission increasing from $28,958 (95% CI: $26,302, $31,615) in 2000 to $57,596 (95% CI: $53,134, $62,058) in 2009. The mean length of stay remained stable at 6.04 (95% CI: 5.60, 6.48) to 5.31 (95% CI: 5.00, 5.62) hospital days. Conclusions: The public health impact of pediatric skull base fractures continues to be substantial. Despite the institution of bicycle helmet and child safety seat laws, national trends demonstrate a stable prevalence of hospital admissions, age at admission, sex distribution, and mean hospital stays with an increasing economic burden over the past decade.

Competency 7. Know how to advocate for the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and injury in populations

The pediatrician's role as advocate for children's health from a population perspective has been recognized for centuries. 1 Rushton F.E. The pediatrician's role in community pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 1092-1094 Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar For physicians to effectively manage the health of individuals, it is essential that they are aware of and knowledgeable about “health promotion, disease prevention, and management of costs for a population of patients.” 2 Bowen J.L. Adapting residency training—training adaptable residents. West J Med. 1998; 168: 371-377 PubMed Google Scholar Pediatricians need to be informed about their community and the population they care for, including health and social risks, in order to effectively advocate for improvement in child health and safety. 1 Rushton F.E. The pediatrician's role in community pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 1092-1094 Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar An interdisciplinary approach in which the pediatrician collaborates with advocates from various walks of life is the best way to effect change and improve the health status of the population at large. This approach may include parents, teachers, nurses, lawyers, and government officials, among others. 1 Rushton F.E. The pediatrician's role in community pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 1092-1094 Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar Bicycle helmet and booster seat laws are examples of collaborative efforts pediatricians have engaged in that have had an enormous impact on the health of the pediatric population. Control of an influenza epidemic is a clear example of how a population approach to disease prevention can impact an individual patient. Physicians also advocate through mandated reporting responsibilities, such as reporting adverse drug events to the US Food and Drug Administration or reporting notifiable diseases to the state or local health department. 3 Pomrehn P.R. Davis M.V. Chen D.W. Barker W. Prevention for the 21st century: setting the context through undergraduate medical education. Acad Med. 2000; 75: S5-S13 Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar Physicians can become engaged at local, state, and national levels in this mission. The role of the physician requires him to inform, educate, and empower people and communities about health issues. 4 Zweifler J. Gonzalez A.M. Teaching residents to care for culturally diverse populations. Acad Med. 1998; 73: 1056-1061 Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar To be effective, the physician must have an understanding of the health literacy of the population served, so that the patients understand and act on the health care information provided. 5 Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Health literacy: report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA. 1999; 281: 552-557 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1079) Google Scholar The medical literature supports the importance of an increased focus on the prevention of injury and disease in the medical community rather than just on the treatment of the resulting morbidity and mortality. 2 Bowen J.L. Adapting residency training—training adaptable residents. West J Med. 1998; 168: 371-377 PubMed Google Scholar , 6 Satcher D. Kaczorowski J. Topa D. The expanding role of the pediatrician in improving child health in the 21st century. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 1124-1128 Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar It is essential that physicians' education about prevention and population health begin during medical school, with an expectation that advocacy and health promotion will become a part of routine practice.

Booster Seat Laws and Fatalities in Children 4 to 7 Years of Age: Mannix R, Fleegler E, Meehan WP, et al. Pediatrics 2012;130:1–7.

Booster Seat Laws and Fatalities in Children 4 to 7 Years of Age: Mannix R, Fleegler E, Meehan WP, et al. Pediatrics 2012;130:1–7.

Pediatrics Digest

Pediatrics Digest| December 01 2012 Pediatrics Digest Pediatrics (2012) 130 (6): D1–D6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.digest1306 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Pediatrics Digest. Pediatrics December 2012; 130 (6): D1–D6. 10.1542/peds.digest1306 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All PublicationsAll JournalsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP Grand RoundsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: asthma, body mass index procedure, fever, infant, premature, obesity, tuberculosis, attitude, overweight, preschool child, prenatal care Previous studies have demonstrated that booster seat legislation decreased fatalities in children. However, these studies have not accounted for confounding factors such as other legislation and temporal trends in safety. This study demonstrates that state booster seat laws are associated with decreased rates of fatalities and injuries in children 4 to 7 years of age in the United States, with the strongest effects in the older children. Doxorubicin therapy, effective against many malignancies, is limited by cardiotoxicity. Continuous-infusion doxorubicin, compared with bolus-infusion, reduces early cardiotoxicity in adults. Its effectiveness in reducing late cardiotoxicity in children remains uncertain. This multicenter randomized trial assessed whether continuous-infusion of doxorubicin in pediatric patients provides long-term cardioprotection or improvement in event-free survival over bolus-infusion in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Continuous-infusion of doxorubicin provided no cardioprotection or improvement in event-free survival. The impact of relative age at school entry on academic progress and the risk of being... You do not currently have access to this content.

Booster Seat Laws and Fatalities in Children 4 to 7 Years of Age

To determine whether state booster seat laws were associated with decreased fatality rates in children 4 to 7 years of age in the United States. Retrospective, longitudinal analysis of all motor vehicle occupant crashes involving children 4 to 7 years of age identified in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System from January 1999 through December 2009. The main outcome measure was fatality rates of motor vehicle occupants aged 4 to 7 years. Because most booster laws exclude children 6 to 7 years of age, we performed separate analyses for children 4 to 5, 6, and 7 years of age. When controlling for other motor vehicle legislation, temporal and economic factors, states with booster seat laws had a lower risk of fatalities in 4- to 5-year-olds than states without booster seat laws (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81-0.99). States with booster seat laws that included 6-year-olds had an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.65-0.91) for motor vehicle collision fatalities of 6-year-olds and those that included 7-year-olds had an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62-0.91) for motor vehicle collision fatalities of 7-year-olds. Booster seat laws are associated with decreased fatalities in children 4 to 7 years of age, with the strongest association seen in children 6 to 7 years of age. Future legislative efforts should extend current laws to children aged 6 to 7 years.

Seat laws boost child car safety

Seat laws boost child car safety