Seasonal Variations In Physicochemical Properties Research Articles

Statistical investigation of climate and landfill age impacts on Kupferberg landfill leachate composition: one-way ANOVA analysis

This study investigated seasonal variations in the physico-chemical properties of leachate from the Kupferberg landfill site, examining the influence of landfill age and climatic factors. Data provided by the Windhoek Municipality during the years 2017 to 2022 facilitated the exploration of critical concerns related to groundwater protection and human health. Guided by two research questions and anchored in hypotheses tested at a 95% confidence level, the study employed Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSS) for analysis.Significant temperature variations were observed across years [F (5, 21) = 4.493, p < 0.05], indicating a substantial relationship between landfill age and seasonal variations in leachate physico-chemical properties. Further ANOVA tests revealed temperature trends impacting leachate parameters, such as organic content and pH. While COD displayed a declining trend with landfill age, inorganic components like Cl- and alkalinity exhibited no distinct age-related pattern.Wet seasons demonstrated higher EC and Cl--mean values than dry seasons, correlating with elevated COD levels. The study underscored the incremental rise in parameter values over time and during the rainy season, attributed to solid waste degradation and rainwater percolation. Notably, climatic conditions significantly influenced seasonal variations in leachate physico-chemical properties (p < 0.05). Based on this outcome, null hypothesis 1 was rejected. The second null hypothesis was also rejected because climatic conditions do influence the seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties. These findings are crucial for emphasizing the need for effective leachate management strategies and providing valuable insights for arid regions. Future research can expand on a national scale, employing one-way ANOVA tests on other landfills in Namibia, and engaging local communities for comprehensive data collection on cross-contamination.

Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Properties of Water in Onitsha Metropolis, Southeastern, Nigeria

The study area is a metropolitan city with major markets and industries in the heart of Anambra State, Nigeria. A total of thirty (30) samples was collected over two seasons and were analysed for various physicochemical parameters. The result was used to evaluate the seasonal variation in the various water parameters. The results show that there were no significant seasonal variations in the concentration values of pH, EC, NO3, CO3, SO4, Pb and TDS. However, seasonal variations were observed in the concentrations of Mg, Ca, Cl, Mn, Hg, Na, Cd. Cu, Ni and Ag. The concentrations of the physical parameters, the major cations and anions and some of the heavy metals were within the permissible limit of the WHO standard. Furthermore, the concentrations for turbidity, mercury and cadmium in some of the water samples were above the permissible limits in both seasons. The water quality index (WQI) categorized the samples as good, poor, very poor and unfit for consumption while heavy metal pollution index (HPI) classified the water as poor to very poor. The WQI and HPI are season dependent and these ratings indicated that the water sources are heavily contaminated, and should be properly treated before drinking.

Seasonal Variation in Physico-chemical Properties of Effluent Generated at a Sewage Treatment Plant in Varanasi and It’s Suitability for Irrigation

The current investigation was carried out to ascertain the suitability of the influent and effluent of Varanasi's Bhagwanpur sewage treatment plant for irrigation as well as variations in its physicochemical properties throughout the year 2018. The suitability of the water for irrigation was evaluated by taking water samples from the plant's inlet, aerator, and outlet tanks. Then, these samples were examined for heavy metals as well as parameters like pH, EC, TDS, BOD, COD, and dominant anions and cations.The plant's effluent is suitable for irrigating agricultural fields because parameters like pH, nitrate, phosphate, and other cations are below the permissible limit and will provide the necessary nutrients for crops. However, higher concentrations of some heavy metals were a notable concern that will need close attention and ongoing monitoring in the near future if effluent water is to be used for irrigation. The treatment process significantly lowers the effluent water's COD, sulphates, and other ions to levels that allow for surface water discharge, but it leaves the BOD, nitrate, and phosphate content just above levels which are recommended, making it unsuitable for discharge into the holy Ganges since it will cause eutrophication.

Re-evaluation Survey of Fish Composition, Abundance and Distribution in Agbokim Waterfalls, Nigeria

Alterations in the diversity of the ichthyofauna of a tropical waterfalls system can be affected by unsustainable utilisation of the fisheries resources, anthropogenic activities, runoff from faulty agricultural practices and environmental perturbation. To re-establish the status of the fish composition and diversity of Agbokim Waterfalls, monthly fish samples obtained from the fishery and physico-chemical properties were investigated in rainy and dry seasons, for six months along the length of the three reaches of the waterfalls. The results revealed a total of 833 fish specimens representing 18 species belonging to 15 genera from 9 families which is in deficit of four fish species, in the previous study which are Alestes nurse (Characidae), Aphyosemion gardneri (Cyprinodontidae), Pelmatochromis guntheri and Hemichromis fasciatus (Cichlidae). Cichlidae, Clariidae and Bagridae were the most abundant families accounting for 54.4% of the total catch with Cichlidae (23.17%) as the most dominant family and Mockokidae (1.68%) as the least with Tilapia zillii (15.4%), Clarias gariepinus (10.9% ) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (9.5%) as the most dominant species accounting for 35.8% and Synodontis clarias (1.7%) with the least abundance. Fish species distribution in the downstream reach was dominant with 15 taxa and 607 (72.9%) individuals and in the midstream reach with 11 taxa but least (12.6%) number of individuals. Shannon Wiener diversity index for the six months was 2.7101 with Evenness value of 0.9376. The Richness index of Margalef’s was 2.5279 and Menhinick’s 0.6237. Seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties showed that, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher in the raining season while pH showed no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05). Temperature was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the dry season than in the raining season. The hydrological properties showed a significantly higher mean values of rainfall (364.67± 0.00 mm) in the rainy and transparency (45.55± 1.58) in the dry season at (P &lt; 0.05). In order to determine the cause of decline in fish species composition and abundance, further research on the heavy metals profile of the waterfalls is suggested.

Variations in physico-chemical parameters and Chl-a concentration in Setiu Wetlands lagoon during the northeast and inter-monsoon seasons 2018

This study presents the seasonal changes of physico-chemical parameters and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in Setiu Wetlands lagoon during the NEM (February 2018) and inter-monsoon (April 2018) seasons. The Chl-a and physico-chemical parameters of water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and salinity were investigated for both surface and bottom waters at 3 sampling sites that are located in the upstream and downstream of the lagoon. The was a strong seasonal signal and spatial gradient in physico-chemical parameters within the Setiu lagoon. In February, when the strong northeast monsoon (NEM) prevailed, the surface and bottom waters of the lagoon were dominated by high pH and low water temperature, DO and salinity. As the weaker inter-monsoon dominated in April, the study area was characterized by low pH and high water temperature, DO and salinity. While the seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties of Setiu lagoon is well described, Chl-a concentrations varied between seasons and sampling locations. Chl-a showed an increased or only a slight change in the downstream stations but recorded a significant decreased in concentrations in the upstream station from the NEM to inter-monsoon season. Analysis of seasonal relationships clearly indicated the interchangeable negative and positive correlations of Chl, DO and salinity. These results suggest the influence of other environmental factors of the lagoon (e.g., nutrient enrichment, tidal and freshwater influx) that vary with seasons which require more detailed investigation.

Seasonal Variations in Physicochemical Properties of Water Quality of Sosiani River -Eldoret, Kenya

Seasonal Variations in Physicochemical Properties of Water Quality of Sosiani River -Eldoret, Kenya

Heavy metal distribution and water quality characterization of water bodies in Louisiana's Lake Pontchartrain Basin, USA.

The seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties, anions, and the heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentration was evaluated in water from nine different rivers in Lake Pontchartrain Basin, Louisiana, USA. The water quality parameters were compared with toxicity reference values (TRV), US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking/aquatic life protection, and WHO standards. Among physico-chemical properties, pH, DO, and turbidity were high during spring, while, EC, temperature, and DOC were high during summer and vice versa. The anion study revealed that the concentrations of F-, Cl-, and NO3- were higher during summer and Br- and SO4- were higher during spring. Our research findings showed anion concentration decreased in the order of Cl->SO4->NO3->Br->F-, in accordance with the global mean anion concentration. The dissolved heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb) except Zn were higher during spring than summer. None of the rivers showed any Cd pollution for both seasons. Co showed higher concentrations in Amite River, Mississippi River, Industrial Canal, and Lacombe Bayou during summer. The Cr concentration was higher than WHO drinking water standards, implicating water unsuitability for drinking purposes in all the rivers associated with the Lake Pontchartrain Basin. Cu showed no pollution risk for the study area. Mn and Co were similar to concentration in Lacombe Bayou, Liberty Bayou, Blind River, and Industrial Canal. Mn levels were greater than WHO standards for the Tickfaw River, Tangipahoa River, and Blind River in both seasons. Blind River, Tangipahoa River, Tickfaw River, and Amite River will require more monitoring for determining possible Mn pollution. Ni content in river water during both seasons showed low pollution risk. Liberty Bayou and Industrial Canal concentrations were closer to the WHO regulatory standards, indicating possible risk of Pb pollution in these water bodies. The Zn content was near the USEPA aquatic life standards in summer for all water bodies. None of the rivers showed any risk associated with Cd, Co, Cu, and Ni levels but medium to higher risk to aquatic life from Cr and Zn for both seasons for most of the rivers. Metal fractionation revealed the decreasing order of inert>labile>organic. The high inert fraction in the rivers under study reflects the major contribution of natural sources in Lake Pontchartrain Basin. The labile and organic forms of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn pose potential higher risk to the aquatic life in the Lake Pontchartrain Basin.

Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Properties of Soil within the Vicinity of an Iron Smelting Factory - Implication on Standing Vegetation

This study examined the seasonal variations in the physicochemical properties of soil around the vicinity of an iron smelting factory in Fashina area, Ile-Ife, with the aim of monitoring the impact on the soil characteristics, nutrient availability and its possible consequence on the surrounding vegetation. Four study plots, each measuring 50 × 50 m were selected around the iron and smelting Factory. Soil samples were collected randomly and analysed during the rainy and dry seasons at a depth of 0-20 cm, representing the top soil using soil auger. The soil samples were analysed for particle size, soil texture, pH and availability of some basic soil nutrient such as nitrogen, organic carbon, potassium, phosphorus, etc. The study revealed that the physicochemical properties of soil in focus varied across the plots, which may be a consequence of the gradient created by the citing of iron smelting factory, but the data obtained did not significantly varied within the seasons. Furthermore, high organic matter was recorded in all the plots under study; this might be due to the fact that the study area was rich in clay. More clayey soils generally tend to contain higher levels of organic matter, mainly because of the tendency of clays to slow down microbial degradation of organic matter, as clays form clay-humus complexes with organic matter. Also, the heavy metal distribution varied within the two seasons, as most of the metals showed high level of concentration in the rainy season.

Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Properties of Soil within the Vicinity of an Iron Smelting Factory - Implication on Standing Vegetation

This study examined the seasonal variations in the physicochemical properties of soil around the vicinity of an iron smelting factory in Fashina area, Ile-Ife, with the aim of monitoring the impact on the soil characteristics, nutrient availability and its possible consequence on the surrounding vegetation. Four study plots, each measuring 50 × 50 m were selected around the iron and smelting Factory. Soil samples were collected randomly and analysed during the rainy and dry seasons at a depth of 0-20 cm, representing the top soil using soil auger. The soil samples were analysed for particle size, soil texture, pH and availability of some basic soil nutrient such as nitrogen, organic carbon, potassium, phosphorus, etc. The study revealed that the physicochemical properties of soil in focus varied across the plots, which may be a consequence of the gradient created by the citing of iron smelting factory, but the data obtained did not significantly varied within the seasons. Furthermore, high organic matter was recorded in all the plots under study; this might be due to the fact that the study area was rich in clay. More clayey soils generally tend to contain higher levels of organic matter, mainly because of the tendency of clays to slow down microbial degradation of organic matter, as clays form clay-humus complexes with organic matter. Also, the heavy metal distribution varied within the two seasons, as most of the metals showed high level of concentration in the rainy season.

Phytoplankton community of Lake Baskandi anua, Cachar District, Assam, North East India – An ecological study

Diversity, relative abundance and dominance of phytoplankton community of the Lake Baskandi anua, an oxbow lake of Assam, North east India were studied during December 2009 to November 2010. Chlorophyll content and biomass of phytoplankton along with physico-chemical properties of water of the lake were also estimated. The lake is covered with Hydrilla and other macrophytes like Eichhornia, Trapa, Altrnenthera, Polygonum, Ludwizia sp., etc. Seasonal fluctuations of 41 genera of phytoplankton, belonging to 5 groups (Chlorophyceae, Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae) were encountered in the lake. Chlorophyceae was found to be highest in winter, Cyanobacteria and Euglena in monsoon and Bacillariophyceae in pre monsoon. According to Engelmann’s scale, Spirogyra indica was found eudominant followed by 10 dominant, 24 subdominant and 20 recedent species. Chlorophyll- a content of phytoplankton varied from 14.18 to 33.89 μg·L-1 , during the study period. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties of water like Water temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, Free CO2 , Total alkalinity, Calcium, Chloride, Nitrate and Ammonia. Relationship between phytoplankton group assemblage and environmental variables were explored by the ordination method CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis).

English

Seasonal variations in physicochemical properties of the surface water of River Osun in Osogbo, Nigeria, were investigated from May to August 2012 and November to February, 2012/2013. The water body of the mentioned river received water and wastes from the other effluences. Physicochemical parameters were determined in triplicate at three different points of the river, across the two seasons of the year. The points were named AR, BR and CR, for the rainy season and AD, BD and CD for the dry season. Samples taken from May to August represents the rainy season in the year 2012, while that of November to February 2012/2013 represents the dry season analysis. Standard methods were used in carrying out the experiments. Parameters values were gotten by the mean calculated from the triplicate determination of each sampling point. The average result determined revealed pH level of 5.87 and 6.63 for rainy and dry seasons, respectively; 137.00 and 101.33 µscm-1 for conductivity, 90.50 and 21.06 mg/L for total alkalinity, 2.53 and 1.77 mg/L for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolve oxygen (DO) of 3.17 and 3.97 mg/L, chloride of 10.47 and 8.20 mg/L, total hardness of 4.13 and 2.73 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 3.58 and 2.81, mg/L, total dissolved solids (TDS) of 62.53 and 35.43 mg/L, total suspended solid (TSS) of 25.40 and 9.30 mg/L, nitrate-nitrogen of 1.72 and 3.87 mg/L, nitrite-nitrogen of 0.23 and 0.23 mg/L and ammonia nitrogen 0.35 and 0.31 mg/L, respectively for the months of May and August 2012 and November and February 2012/2013. Heavy metal concentration were also analyzed for iron (Fe) which gave the value of 0.001 and 0.0027 mg/L, copper (Cu) 0.0010 and 0.0013. mg/L, 0.0020 mg/L and 0.002mg/L for zinc (zn) and 0.0023 and 0.0013 mg/L for nickel, all represents the two seasons, respectively. The parameters determined revealed that in most point of the river, rainy season exhibit higher values than the dry season. This could be as a result of the effluence flowing into the river body with more loads during the rainy season as compared to the dry season. Key word: Seasonal variations, River Osun, water, physico-chemical.

Seasonal Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Roots of Camellia sinensis (Tea) in Different Tea Gardens of India

Study describes Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi colonization within the roots of cultivated tea plants (Camellia sinensis) at four sites, that is, Goodrich, Archadia, IIP, and Vasant Vihar of Doon Valley, Dehradun, India, from April, 2008, to March, 2009. Microscopic study of sterilized and stained root segments showed presence of four species namely Glomus fasciculatum, G. mosseae, Gigaspora margarita, and Acaulospora scrobiculata belonging to three genera of mycorrhizal fungi. Maximum AM colonization was observed during April–September and minimum was observed for December-January months of the year. Comparative study of AM fungi colonization at four sites during rainy season showed maximum colonization (100%) at Archadia site having soil with high organic matter, less acidity, and low phosphorus (P) whereas minimum (64.59%) at IIP with low organic matter, more acidity, and high P content. However, no variation in nitrogen content was observed at all four sites. Study suggested a positive relation of percentage root colonization with soil organic matter and negative relation with acidity and P content of soil. Study concludes that the percentage AM colonization is the function of seasonal variation in physicochemical properties of soil and presence of AM inoculums in the soil at a particular time.

Seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties of groundwater around Karu abattoir

This study examined the effect of seasonal variation on the physical, chemical and biological properties of groundwater around Karu abattoir. Water samples were collected from different wells at different distances around the abattoir comprising Group A (within abattoir), Group B (60m from abattoir) and Group C (200-300m from abattoir) for wet and dry seasons. Parameters analysed are temperature, turbidity, TDS, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, total hardness, conductivity, iron content, nitrate, sulphate, E.coli and faecal streptococci. Result of the analyses showed that all the parameters have higher concentration during the wet season than in the dry season in all the Groups, except for BOD, sulphate and iron. Paired sample t-test results revealed that parameters such as TDS, conductivity,DO, nitrate, sulphate and iron have no significant variation in all the Groups. Most of the parameters have their mean values within the WHO standards in both seasons; however mean values for TSS, E.coli and faecal streptococci are higher than the guideline provisions, while DO does not meet the recommended values in both seasons; and BOD values are higher than WHO standard. The study concluded that the water, especially from Groups A and B, are more polluted during the wet season and recommended that it must be adequately treated if it is to be used for drinking.Keywords: Seasonal variation, Groundwater, Abattoir, Effluents, Water quality

Spatio‐Temporal Variations in Water Quality of Muttukadu Backwaters, Tamilnadu, India

Muttukadu Backwater, located on the east coast of Tamilnadu, is one of healthiest estuarine environments in the region. A study pertaining to seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties in water was conducted at nine sites of Muttukadu Backwater for a period of one year (January to December 2009). Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to evaluate the variation in water quality of Muttukadu Backwater and to identify pollution sources. In order to analyze water quality, a geographic information systems (GIS) software package, Arc GIS version 9.3, was used (Esri, Redlands, California). An interpolation technique, inverse distance weighting, was used to produce the spatial distribution of water quality parameters over the backwater. The purpose of the technique was to aid in protection of the environment and ecology of the estuary and aid in effective management. In the present study, observed values of salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, total nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate were significantly high in the estuarine zone. PCA resulted in three factors explaining 75.9% of the total variance. Principal component 1 exhibited a high correlation with significant physico-chemical variables representing the influence of tidal action and sandbar formation. Principal component 2 represented natural pollution as a result of surface runoff. Principal component 3 represented natural pollution as a result of nutrient pollution.

ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS IN WATER QUALITY OF A TROPICAL PERMANENT ESTUARINE SYSTEM - TAPI, WEST COAST INDIA

A study pertaining to seasonal variation in physicochemical properties was carried out at five sites of Tapi estuarine zone for a period of one year i.e. July 2008 to June 2009. It revealed that the estuarine zone was significantly influenced by freshwater input during monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Concentration of all the nutrients and dissolved oxygen (DO) was relatively high during the monsoon, whereas, and salinity were at their minimum level during this period. Phytoplankton production peak in terms of chlorophyll-a (Chl a) was observed in summer and winter during which a typical marine condition prevailed. In present study observed correlated values of salinity, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, values are significantly high in the estuarine zone. Cluster analysis carried out for both monthly and station-wise and average values gives different clusters depending on the affinity and relation between months and sites due to environmental conditions prevailed in the estuary zone. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used in the ordination of samples (site, season and physicochemical parameters). The PCA was performed using all variables, Eigenvalues accounts and Scree plot showed that the first three Principal Components are the most significant components which represent more than 75% of the variance in water quality parameters in Tapi estuary, 48.5% by PC1, 14.4% by PC2 and 12.1% by PC3.

Seasonal variation in physicochemical properties of coastal waters of Kalpakkam, east coast of India with special emphasis on nutrients

A study pertaining to the seasonal variation in physicochemical properties of the coastal waters was carried out at Kalpakkam coast for a period of 1 year (February 2006 to January 2007). It revealed that the coastal water was significantly influenced by freshwater input during North East (NE) monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Concentration of all the nutrients and dissolved oxygen (DO) was relatively high during the NE monsoon, whereas, salinity and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) were at their minimum level during this period. Phytoplankton production peak was observed in summer during which a typical marine condition prevailed. The present observed values of nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and turbidity are significantly high (five to ten times) compared to that of the pre-Tsunami period from this coast. Relatively low DO and chl-a concentration was noticed during the post-Tsunami period. A notable feature of this study is that though nutrient concentration in the coastal waters during post-Tsunami period has increased significantly, turbidity, the most single dominating factor, was found to adversely affect the phytoplankton production during post-Tsunami period as reflected by relatively low chl-a concentration. Thus, the post-Tsunami period may result in a change in coastal biodiversity pattern concomitant with change in coastal water quality.

Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Properties and Biodiversity in Betana Pond, Eastern Nepal

A total of 62 species of aquatic macrophytes belonging to 33 families (Alga 1, Bryophyte 1, Pteridophytes 5, Angiospermic dicots 25 and monocots 31) and 38 species of aquatic macro-fauna (Birds 17, Reptiles 3, Amphibians 3, Fishes 12, Molluscs 1 and Arthropods 2) were recorded from Betana pond, eastern Nepal. Physico-chemical parameters of the pond water displayed different characteristics with seasons. More seasonal fluctuations in turbidity (0.76-26.01 NTU), carbon dioxide (4.58-73.92 mg/l) and chloride content (2.0-7.0 mg/l) were recorded in the pond.DOI: 10.3126/on.v8i1.4330