Seasonal Variation Of Heavy Metals Research Articles

Effect of some heavy metals in the industrial flows on the Shatt Al-Arab River

The current study was conducted in three stations (Alsibah, Alnajibiya and Almas-hab marsh) from December 2020 to November 2021 during the course of the Shatt Al-Arab River. A flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) was used to measure the quantities of several heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and iron) in water. The results revealed a noticeable seasonal variation of heavy metals in the Shatt Al-Arab water. Lead concentration was 3.246 mg/l in Autumn. Cadmium concentrations reached 0.001 mg/l to 0.008 mg/l during Spring and Winter, respectively. Whereas copper ranged between 0.001 mg/l- 0. and 319 mg/l in Spring and Winter, respectively. The iron ranged from 0.703 mg/l - 9.00 mg/l in Winter and Summer, respectively. According to a recent study, the water of Shatt Al-Arab was contaminated with some heavy metals (lead, copper, and iron ) that reached the concentrations of standard Iraqi criteria. In contrast, cadmium concentrations were still within the standard levels. Keywords: Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Shatt Al-Arab, Heavy metals, Water contamination

Seasonal Variation and Association of Heavy Metals in the Vital Organs of Edible Fishes from the River Jhelum in Punjab, Pakistan.

The toxic effects of heavy metals are drastic, including accumulation. Fish species are important bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution in aquatic bodies. The current study aimed to assess the seasonal variation of heavy metals in the vital organs of mostly consumed fishes in River Jhelum, Pakistan. Samples of fish, including Wallago attu (Malhi), Rita rita (Khagga), and Mystus seenghala (Singhari), were collected from four different sites, i.e., Khushab, Muhammad Wala (M. Wala), 8.R.D and Rasool barrage during summer and winter seasons. Heavy metals such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd) were estimated through acid digestion and spectrometric analysis. Results showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) amount of these metals in the liver, followed by the kidneys of fish species. There were seasonal variations in the absorption of these metals as well. Cr (11.71) and Fe (58.66) were detected in higher amounts in Khagga which showed the greatest affinity for certain metals in some cases. In contrast, Singhari showed the greatest affinity to other metals in other cases. Comparative analysis revealed that there was a highly significant (P < 0.05) difference for the accumulation of almost all metals in both seasons and summer had the highest concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr and Fe as compared to winter in all four sampling stations in the case of kidney and liver of all the three fishes. Elevated levels of heavy metals were detected in the summer due to increased temperature. Heavy metals found in the River Jhelum may demonstrate that metals can significantly affect the fish species.

Distribution of heavy metal and phytoplankton in calabar river port terminals, calabar, cross river state - nigeria.

An aquatic ecological evaluation of Calabar River Port terminals was carried out from February 2020 to January, 2021 with the aim of assessing seasonal variation of heavy metals and the distribution of phytoplankton. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was employed to analyze heavy metal concentration and standard procedure was use in identification of phytoplankton from three sampling stations namely Eco marine terminal, INTELS terminal and Shoreline terminals in Calabar River port. Results showed elevated levels of lead, Chromium, Mercury, Zink, Nickel and copper in all the stations beyond the NESREA recommended limits. The study also showed significant negative relationship between plankton and heavy metals. It recommends a yearly monitoring by regulatory agencies to ensure that shipping activities do not interfere with water quality at the terminals.

RISK ASSESSMENT, LEVELS, SPECIATION AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF HEAVY METALS (Cd and Cu) IN WATER AND PARTICLE SIZES OF SEDIMENTS FROM HUNKI OX-BOW LAKE, AWE LGA, NASARAWA STATE-NIGERIA

This research aimed at assessment of the levels, speciation, risk assessment indices and seasonal variation of heavy metals (Cd and Cu) in water and sediments from Hunki Ox-bow Lake in Awe L.G.A of Nasarawa State, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), during the dry and wet seasons. The mean concentration of Cd in water samples of both dry and wet seasons was higher than that of Cu, but Cu was higher than Cd on the whole (raw) sediment samples. The baseline levels of Cd and Cu in water samples (mg/L) were as follows: Cd (0.354) and Cu (0.014), which revealed that Cd level in water was higher than the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. The baseline levels of Cd and Cu in sediment samples (mg/kg) were as follows: Cd (7.149) and Cu (8.363) which showed that Cd and Cu were lower than Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines – High of (Cd: 10 and Cu: 270 mg/kg). However, Cd level from sediment was higher than Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines – Low of 1.5 mg/kg but that of Cu was lower (65 mg/kg). Results of the Tessier five-step sequential extraction procedure indicated that Cd was more in the first four steps of the sequential extraction (non-residual) which accounted for 84.64 - 94.52 % in both seasons. Copper dominated more of the organic matter fraction of the sediments (48.17 – 85.54 %) for both dry and wet seasons. The mean of Bioavailability Index (BI) for wet season was relatively higher than that of dry season. The mean values of Mobility Factor (MF) revealed that Cd had higher values than Cu irrespective of seasons. This indicated that Cd was more mobilizable and bioavailable to this aquatic ecosystem compared to Cu. The geo-accumulation Index (I-geo) values of Cd showed practically unpolluted (sites 1, 2 and 5 of dry season), moderately polluted (sites 3 and 4 of dry season), heavily polluted (sites 1, 2, 4 and 5 of wet season) to very heavily polluted (site 3of wet season). The I-geo values of Cu indicated practically unpolluted. In dry season generally, Contamination Factor (Cf) values for Cd were all moderate in dry season. The Cf values of Cd indicated very high contamination factor for wet season, while that of Cu was low in both seasons. In both seasons, the ecological risk index (Er) of Cd in dry season had low to moderate ecological risk, and high to serious ecological risk in wet season. The Er values of Cu were low. This study revealed that: sediments and water samples of the dry season had lower concentration of Cd and Cu than in wet season; concentrations of Cd and Cu from sediments were more of manmade sources rather than natural sources and most ecological risk indices evaluated revealed that Cd had greater ecological risk.&#x0D;

Studies of Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in Gubi Reservoir, Bauchi, Nigeria, Area of Research: Ecology

Studies of Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in Gubi Reservoir, Bauchi, Nigeria, Area of Research: Ecology

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in suspended sediments downstream the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River.

High sediment flux in large rivers provide sufficient dilution to the heavy metals' concentration. However, sediment starvation caused by hydrological engineering in recent decades has been reported worldwide. Thus, a study is necessary on the influences of recent declining sediment flux on heavy metal pollution change in the suspended sediments. In this study, heavy metal concentrations and speciation (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cr) in suspended sediments were investigated downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) during dry and flood seasons. Substantial changes of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu along the river channel were found which were constrained by the dilution efficiency of suspended sediment during the dry season. High proportion of labile fraction revealed anthropogenic sources of heavy metal. Moreover, the historical trend of metal content illustrated TGD construction together with anthropogenic influx both contribute to the increasing environmental risk in the Yangtze River basin.

Ecological risk assessment and seasonal variation of heavy metals in water and sediment collected from industrially polluted Cuddalore coast, Southeastern India

Concentrations and ecological risk assessments for four heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn) were analysed. The seasonal variations of metals in water and sediments from sites with different anthropogenic activities were assessed. Outcomes revealed higher concentration of metals in sediments compared to water. Order of metals in water is Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd, and in sediment is Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. Seasonal distribution of metals in the water was premonsoon>postmonsoon>monsoon>summer, and in the sediment was summer>postmonsoon>monsoon>premonsoon. Monsoon season loaded the estuarian ecosystem with heavy metals from the Cuddalore industries. Later, during summer months, the metals accumulated in the sediments and deposited in the mouths of Uppanar and Gadilam rivers. Environmental pollution indices, such as geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and ecological risk index, pointed that Cd posed a greater risk to the ecosystem compared to other metals. Through multivariate statistical analyses, metal sources were linked to industrial wastes, chemical fertilizers, shipping activities, and fishing and boat activities which pollute the Cuddalore coast. Continuous monitoring for heavy metals and their ecological impacts in the Cuddalore coast is essential to remediate the metal pollution effectively.

Estimation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Water of Urban Lakes in the Russian Arctic (Murmansk)

This article presents the results of the analysis and estimation of the seasonal variation of heavy metals in the water of urban lakes and the assessment of their environmental state based on the chemical data. The research covered seven lakes in Murmansk, subject to various levels of anthropogenic load. Field studies were conducted in 2019–2020. Water samples were taken both in summer and in winter/spring seasons. The most polluted lake was Lake Ledovoe, where the highest concentrations of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, W, and Mn were found. Lake Yuzhnoe, which is characterized by the lowest concentrations of studied heavy metals, was the least subject to anthropogenic load. In total, V, Ni, Zn, Fe, and Mn were above the background levels in the lakes of Murmansk. The analysis of the seasonal variation showed that the highest concentrations of heavy metals were found in winter/spring season and reached their maximum during the period of melt water intake from the catchment area. The research showed the impact of the urban environment on the chemical composition of the Murmansk lakes.

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Related Histopathological Changes in Gills, Liver and Muscle of Solea aegyptiaca Fish Inhabiting the Lake Qarun, Egypt.

Pollution of Lake Qarun with heavy metals has become a more serious concern during recent years as it affects the physicochemical characteristics of the water, sediments and biological components and may damage aquatic organisms as well. Lake Qarun receives the agricultural and sewage wastewater loaded with heavy metals through two main drains; El-Batts and El-Wadi. Therefore, an annual increase in the accumulation of pollutants and heavy metals has been detected in all its components (e.g. water, sediment and fish). The present study aimed to evaluate the seasonal variation of heavy metals’ contents (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni) in water and the bioaccumulation factor of these heavy metals in Solea aegyptiaca fish samples, collected from Lake Qarun. Thus, information was provided regarding histological changes in gills, liver and muscle organs. This study was carried out along Lake Qarun at four sites (Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western) during the winter and summer seasons, 2019. The results revealed that summer was higher in heavy metal concentration in water than winter. Additionally, the eastern and southern sectors showed increased water concentration of heavy metals. Concerning fish samples, the present study exhibited that, the maximum values of bioaccumulation factor were recorded in the gills and liver, whereas the minimum values were observed in the muscles. The gills of Solea aegyptiaca accumulate higher levels of Zn, pb and Ni, while, Fe, Cu and Cd accumulated mainly in the liver. Results showed obvious histopathological alternations and clear damage in gills, liver and muscles of Solea aegyptiaca collected from the eastern and southern sectors of Lake Qarun.

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in seagrasses along Thondi coast, Palk Bay, India.

The present study deals with the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different seagrass species (Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis) along Thondi coast and decaying seagrass offshore. Heavy metal concentrations in the seagrass samples were analysed during the period of April 2019 to March 2020 using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Among the heavy metals assayed, the level of manganese was higher (15.62 ± 1.02 mg/kg) and chromium was the least metal observed (0.002 mg/kg). One-way ANOVA revealed significantly higher level of heavy metals in summer season, while it gradually decreased through pre-monsoon to monsoon season (P < 0.05). Cadmium and chromium were observed to be below detectable levels in the seagrass species. S. isoetifolium was found to bioaccumulate higher levels of heavy metals than the other seagrass species studied. Elucidation of heavy metal levels in the dead and decayed seagrass offshore revealed a higher level of heavy metals than live seagrass species.

Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in the Intertidal Gastropod Trochus radiatus of Gulf of Mannar

Heavy metals are considered to be the most common environmental pollutants in waters and biota; that indicate presence of effluents associated with industrial and domestic sources. The present study aimed to evaluate the trace metal accumulation (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pd and Ni) in the tissue of radiate top shell, the sediment and water samples collected from the Hare Island, Tuticorin, during May 2015 to April 2016. During the study, the metal accumulation in the Water, Sediment and Tissue were in the order of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd; Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd; Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Ni respectively. The concentration of Fe dominated in the sediment and tissue sample throughout the study period. Elevated levels of trace metals especially Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn was observed during October to December, i.e., during the northeast monsoon in all the samples. One way ANOVA indicated statistically no significant difference (p > 0.01) in the variation of Fe, Mn and Ni within the samples.

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in surface water of the Ananea river contaminated by artisanal mining, Peru

The objective of this research work is to evaluate the effects of mining tailings leak on the water quality of the Ananea river, which contain heavy metals. For which techniques such as taking surface water samples were applied at five strategic points, programming two sampling campaigns; one in the rainy season (March) and the other in the dry season (June). Heavy metal concentrations were determined by the EPA METHOD 200.7 Atomic Emission Spectrometry method; The results show that the highest concentrations were recorded at the M-1 sampling point for both the dry season and the rainy season. These concentrations are well above the peruvian Environmental Quality Standards (WQS) for water. In the same way, point M-1 was identified as the most critical and vulnerable to contamination in the study area by heavy metals that are above WQS. Likewise, the survey technique was applied, for which a question sheet was prepared for the surrounding population according to the activities carried out in this part of the basin, obtaining data to determine the effects caused by mining pollution on the surrounding life. In conclusion, the quality of the waters of the Ananea River are contaminated by the presence of heavy metals and these have been causing negative effects to all the surrounding life found in the study area.

Seasonal variations of heavy metals in the marine bivalve Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière, 1789) from Temsah Lake, Ismailia, Egypt, and their relation to anti‌oxidant enzymes

Cerastoderma glaucum is a common bivalve in Temsah Lake. It plays important direct and/or indirect roles in the nutrient cycle. This work determined the seasonal variation of heavy metals [copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)] in the tissue of the investigated bivalve, and the effect of these metals on the antioxidant enzymes. The results revealed that the greatest values for all studied metals in the soft tissues of C. glaucum occurred during winter and autumn seasons, while the least values were recorded during spring and summer seasons. Mg and Fe concentrations were significantly higher in all seasons when compared with all other metals. The concentrations of metals, such as Mn, Ni, Fe, and Cr were present beyond the WHO recommended standards, especially during winter and autumn seasons. Also, this study showed highly significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) activity during autumn and winter seasons that was associated with a decrease in the mean activity levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) than summer season and decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than spring season. These results related to high heavy metals concentrations, such as Cu, Fe, and Zn during the autumn season, and Mg, Mn, Cr, Co, and Ni during the winter season. Moreover, the present study recorded positive significant correlations between MDA activity and Cu, Cr and Fe concentrations, and significantly negative correlations between MDA activity and SOD activity, between CAT activity and Ni and Mn, and between GPx and Mn, Cr and Fe. So, the present study suggests that MDA and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPx and SOD) can be used as biomarkers to reflect the level of heavy metal pollution stress, especially Fe and Cr in the soft tissues of C. glaucum.

Erkenez Çayı‘nda (Kahramanmaraş) Süt Ürünleri, Boya ve Tekstil Fabrikası Atık Sularından Kaynaklanan Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Belirlenmesi

Endüstriler atık sularının kompozisyonunun çeşitliliği nedeniyle sucul ekosistemler üzerinde kirlilik kaynağı olarak önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş ili Organize Sanayi Bölgesi‘nde faaliyet gösteren süt ürünleri fabrikası, boya fabrikası ve tekstil fabrikası atık sularının Erkenez Çayı‘nda meydana getirdiği ağır metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda süt ürünleri fabrikası, boya fabrikası ve tekstil fabrikası atık sularında ve bu atık suların Erkenez Çayı‘na karıştığı bölgede bazı ağır metallerin (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As ve Hg) mevsimsel olarak konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Bütün istasyonlarda ağır metallerin mevsimsel değişimi dikkate alındığında genel olarak elementlerin en düşük konsantrasyonları kış mevsiminde, en yüksek konsantrasyonları ise yaz mevsiminde tespit edilmiştir. Süt ürünleri, boya ve tekstil fabrikası atık sularının ağır metal içerikleri karşılaştırıldığında en yüksek değerler tekstil fabrikası atık sularında bulunmuştur. İstasyonlar göz önüne alındığında USEPA ve su kalite kriterlerine göre süt ürünleri, boya ve tekstil fabrikası atık suları ile bu atık suların Erkenez Çayı‘na karıştığı bölgenin çok kirli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar dikkate alındığında bu fabrikaların atık sularının Erkenez Çayı‘nda ciddi bir ağır metal kirliliğine neden olduğu açıkça görülmektedir.

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water and organs of Oreochromis niloticus at Rosetta Branch, River Nile, Egypt.

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water and organs of Oreochromis niloticus at Rosetta Branch, River Nile, Egypt.

Seasonal variation of heavy metals and metallothionein contents in Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) from Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia

BackgroundLevels of toxic metal exposure in indigenous inhabitants are key bioindicators of the severity of environmental contamination. This study measured the seasonal variation of heavy metals and metallothionein (MT) contents in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) from a paddy field situated in Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia, to identify prevalence, patterns and associations and togain insight on the suitability of MT as a biomarker for metal exposure.MethodsGill, muscle and liver tissues of M. albus (n = 50) sampled during the ploughing, seedling, growing and harvesting phases of rice growing were collected. The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) in these tissues were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. MT from each sample was isolated and purified, and subsequently quantitated using UV spectrophotometry. Associations between metal and MT concentrations, season and tissue type were evaluated using Pearson correlation and ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD analysis.ResultsZn was present in higher quantities in gill and liver tissues, while Cu levels were elevated solely in liver. Patterns of non-essential metal accumulation were varied: Cd was detected in low concentrations in all tissues, while Pb and Ni were abundant in gill tissues across all seasons. MT concentration in liver tissue was consistently higher than that found in muscle or gill tissue, except during the growing phase. Moreover, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed for Cd, Ni, and Zn when MT was employed as metal exposure biomarker. However, no significant association was found between high Pb and Ni levels and MT concentration in gill tissue.Variation of bioaccumulation rates of heavy metals among the different tissues was observed. Some of these metal concentration differences were found to be associated with MT concentration and, by extension, to its high metal-binding capacity.ConclusionsSignificant liver MT-Zn, MT-Cd, and MT-Ni correlations found in this study emphasised the role of metallothionein as a biomarker for exposure of zinc, cadmium and nickel metals in M. albus.

The Pollution Profile of Citarik, Cimande, and Cikijing Rivers in Rancaekek District, West Java, Indonesia

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the heavy metals pollution profile of Citarik, Cimande, and Cikijing Rivers. Methodology and Result: The method of this research to measured heavy metals was cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc. Determination of sampling point refers to SNI 03-7016-2004. The river water sampling procedure refers to SNI 6989.57-2008 on Water and Wastewater - Section 57. The water sample extraction method refers to Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Sediment sample extraction method refers to EPA Method 200.2-1994. The water sample extraction method refers to Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Sediment sample extraction method refers to EPA Method 200.2-1994. Based on test result and comparison to quality standard of Indonesian Government Regulation No. 82of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. The metal concentrations in the sediments were much higher than the concentrations of metals contained in water. This is due to the accumulation of metals in sediments that occur continuously. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The concentrations of four metals in water and sediments after river points higher than before passing the industrial area, it indicates that anthropogenic arising from agricultural activities and textile industry near the rivers of Citarik, Cikijing, and Cimande rivers. The degree of contamination and seasonal variation of heavy metals were high in water and sediment.

English

English

Heavy metal pollution in reservoirs in the hilly area of southern China: Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment

Reservoirs play more and more important role in providing potable water in many developing countries, including the China. In the present study, pollution characteristics, source and health risk of dissolved heavy metals in 19 representative reservoirs in the hilly area of southern China were investigated. The results presented great spatial heterogeneity in heavy metal concentrations among the studied reservoirs due to the disturbances by different anthropogenic activities. Several reservoirs had significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals compared with others, FengTan (FT) reservoir (0.34μg/L in dry season), Cr in reservoirs of HuangShi (HS) and ZheLin (ZL) with values of 4.16μg/L and 3.45μg/L in dry season respectively, and Al in reservoirs of JiaoKou (JK), GuTian (GT) and DouShui (DS) with values of 1011μg/L, 1036μg/L and 1001μg/L in wet season, respectively. Furthermore, there was a great difference in the seasonal variation of heavy metals, especially for Al and Pb in wet season characterized with relatively high values of 643μg/L and 0.67μg/L, respectively. Accordingly, Al was identified with a great health risk to living beings in view of its mean value in wet season, which greatly exceeded the criteria for drinking water of China, WHO and US EPA. Furthermore, As might be the greatest concern of health risk in this region considering its high carcinogenic risk to the local residents around the reservoirs of OuYangHai (OYH), DS, ZhiXi (ZX) and HS. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that there was great heterogeneity in the sources of these heavy metals in the hilly area of southern China. Therefore, specific measures, such as controls on point source pollution control and tailings, should be taken for maintaining drinking water safety and aquatic ecosystem health.

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water, sediment, and highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita and Labeo bata) and potential health risk assessment in aquaculture pond of the coal city, Dhanbad (India).

The extent of heavy metal pollution and their impact on the various component of urban aquaculture pond (India) were investigated on the basis of seasonal variation. The water, sediment, and fish samples (Labeo rohita and Labeo bata) were collected and analyzed to assess the metal toxicity. In the sediment, geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and ecological risk index (ERI) were calculated. The estimated daily dietary intake (EDI) for As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn was estimated in adult and children on the basis an average amount of fish consumed by the Indian people and its associated health hazard with was also assessed in terms of target hazard quotients (THQs). The concentration of metals in all the analyzed samples was found higher during pre-monsoon season. While, in case of fish, L. bata species has higher metal accumulation rate during both the seasons than the L. rohita because of their bottom dweller feeding habit. The order of metals in L. bata muscles is Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > As > Cd. The Igeo value for Zn (2.66 to 3.68) was found to be highest and followed by Cd (1.65 to 3.52) and Pb (1.52 to 2.55) indicating moderate to highly polluted sediment quality. The values of ERI were significantly high during pre-monsoon period and varied from 319 to 557, representing very high metal contamination. From the human health perspective, present study highlighted that the local inhabitants who rely on this valuable pond for fish consumption are exposed chronically to As and Pb pollution due to higher THQ values, especially from the intake of L. bata.