Season In Zone Research Articles

Assessment of the impacts of climate change on the construction of homogeneous climatic regions and ensemble climate projections using CMIP6 data over Pakistan

In the 21st century, the global environment faces significant threats due to climate change, ranging from floods and droughts to heat waves and other extreme weather events. In recent decades, Pakistan has experienced severe flooding and prolonged droughts, compounding challenges related to livelihoods, public health, and population displacement. The availability of precise and robust climate change information is paramount in addressing and mitigating the adverse impacts on a region's environment and its communities. The present study intends to assess the effects of climate change on the development of homogenous climate regions (HCRs) and then developed ensemble climate projections under the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) using CMIP6 data. In the first step, HCRs were developed by integrating the cluster analysis approach and L-moment technique, identifying five distinct climatic regions. HCRs were developed using both observed data and ensemble baseline data which allowed us to thoroughly evaluate the ensemble data's performance. Subsequently, we extended our analysis to the future period (2015–2044) using ensemble climate data according to SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5. Our findings indicate that, under both SSPs, certain stations exhibit discordant climatic trends in the future due to climate change. Ensemble climate projections were developed over each region for both SSPs for the duration of 2015–2044. A significant increase of 2–3.20 °C has been noted in the summer season in zone 3 and zone 5 (a region that has one of the world's largest glaciers) in maximum as well as minimum temperatures. Temperature has upward trend in the other region as well while precipitation has a mixed trend in all regions. The insights gleaned from this study hold significance and offer valuable guidance for decision-makers involved in water management, agricultural planning, and disaster management.

Spatial and temporal morphological changes in the lower Mekong River under the influence of sediment load reduction in the upstream

Due to the natural and anthropogenic activities, especially the rapid development of hydropower dams in the upper Langcang Mekong, the sediment flux in the lower Mekong has declined alarmingly. This factor is one of the main reasons causing the river morphological changes in the lower Mekong. In this study, we used the MIKE 21 model to simulate the spatial and temporal morphological changes of the Hau River crossing Tra Vinh and Soc Trang, Hau Giang, and a part of Can Tho and Vinh Long provinces of Vietnam, considering the impact of sediment load decrease from the upper boundary. The models were calibrated and validated using the data of the year 2017, and the scenario of a fifty percent reduction of sediment flux from upstream was considered. The results show that the erosion occurrence in the flood season is more significant compared to that in the dry season. However, the spatial distribution tendency of erosion and accretion was similar in the two seasons. Under the impact of reduced sediment load entering the investigated region, the spatial distributions of erosion and accretion locations were estimated to significantly change during dry and flood seasons. However, the riverbed change level changed apparently. The change is more considerable in the flood season; especially, the erosion was estimated to be more severe in all zone of the study area. The erosion level was estimated to increase up to 0.15m in the flood season in zone 1 compared to that under the historical condition. The accretion level increases up to 0.09m in zone 2 and 0.07m in zone 3 under flood season. The erosion level increases up to approximately 0.1m over six months of the dry season and flood season. The results of the study can contribute to the future management strategy for the local governments in particular and for the whole Mekong region in general.

Irrigation Scheduling to Promote Corn Productivity in Central Alabama

Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the United States. Results from previous studies have shown that it is possible to substantially reduce irrigation amounts and maintain corn yield. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of two irrigation scheduling methods for corn production in Alabama. Two irrigation scheduling methods evaluated were: a) Checkbook, which is one of the conventional methods used by farmers that is based on the soil water balance estimated using water lost by evapotranspiration and its replacement through rainfall or irrigation, and b) Sensor-based, which was based on soil matric potential values recorded by soil moisture tension sensors installed in the field. The experimental field was divided into two irrigation management zones (zone A and zone B) based on soil properties of each field. During the 2014 season in zone A, significant grain yield differences were observed between the two irrigation methods. The Checkbook plots exhibited greater yield than Sensor-based plots: 10181 kg ha-1 and 9696 kg ha-1, respectively. The greater yield on the Checkbook plots could be associated with higher irrigation rate applied, 148 mm more, compared with the Sensor-based plots. In zone B, there were no significant yield differences between both irrigation methods; however, Sensor-based plots out yielded Checkbook plots, with 9673 kg ha-1 and 9584 kg ha-1, respectively. Even though the irrigation amount applied in Checkbook located in zone B was higher, 102 mm more, there were no significant yield differences. Therefore, it suggests that the Sensor-based method was promissory irrigation scheduling strategy under the conditions of zone B. In 2015, there were no significant grain yield differences between zone A and zone B when the data from the Checkbook plots were analyzed. However, the Sensor-based treatment produced a statistically significant difference of grain yield of 13597 kg ha-1 in zone A and 11659 kg ha-1 in zone B, also both zones received the same amount of irrigation. Overall results of both growing seasons indicated that the use of the Sensor-based irrigation scheduling treatment resulted in similar values of total profit per hectare when compared to Checkbook method. The Sensor-based method seems a promising strategy that could result in water and financial savings, but more research is required.

Impact of aerosol on climate and productivity of rice and wheat crop in Bihar

Interactions among aerosol optical depth (AOD), maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall and solar radiation for different agro-ecological zones of Bihar in different seasons were examined during 2001-2012. There was significant negative correlation between aerosol and maximum temperature, in post monsoon season in zone I and II and in winter season in zone III B. There was significant negative correlation between aerosol and minimum temperature in pre monsoon and winter season in zone IIand III A respectively. In monsoon season, there was negative correlation between rainfall and aerosol for all the zones but statistically not significant. There was significant positive correlation between aerosol and rainfall in pre monsoon season. There was significant negative correlation between aerosol and solar radiation in post monsoon season in zone II. There was significant negative correlation between aerosol and rice yield in zone III A and III B and significant positive correlation between aerosol and wheat crop in zone III A. The effect of aerosol on rice yield was predicted to be in the range of -28 to +44 per cent decrease or increase in yield depending on sky condition. Similarly, the wheat yield also depends on the sky condition during the growing season and ranges from -29.4 to +40.9 per cent decrease or increase due to aerosol.

Hubungan iklim dan kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah terhadap insidensi demam berdarah dengue di beberapa zona musim di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Studi kasus di Kecamatan Kasihan, Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta)

Climate factors and conditions of physical environment house for the dengue fever incidence in several zone season in: a case study from Bantul, YogyakartaPurposeThis research aimed to determine the relationship between climate (rainfall, air humidity, and temperature) and physical conditions of house environment with incidence of dengue fever in some seasonal zones in Yogyakarta.MethodsThe design of this study was an ecological study by time to observe the trend of dengue incidence in Yogyakarta within the period of 2010-2014.ResultsResults showed not all ZOMs were related to the incidence of dengue fever in Yogyakarta. Environmental conditions of the physical house that have a correlation with the dengue fever were breeding place outside, while the use of gauze ventilation and the existence of mosquito larvae in-house, were not correlated to an occurrence of dengue fever.ConclusionRainfall, air humidity, and temperature have a correlation with the incident of dengue fever in some ZOM area. The condition of the physical environment of the house in the form of breeding places outside of the house is associated with the occurrence of dengue fever.

Seasonal Variation in Suicidal Deaths in Chile: Its Relationship to Latitude

Background: Studies in the northern and southern hemispheres consistently identified seasonal influences on monthly and semester suicide distribution. The variations of sunlight exposure in zones of increasing latitude has been suggested as one of the most plausible explanations for this phenomenon. Some recent studies in the northern hemisphere could not find seasonal asymmetries of suicides. The current study examines the monthly, seasonal and semester distribution of suicidal deaths in Chile and the influence of seasons in zones of low latitude as compared with regions of high or very high latitude, trying to determine if a seasonal pattern still exists in a country of the southern hemisphere. Methods: Monthly, seasonal and semester suicidal data over the period 1995–1999 were examined for the whole sample and for gender-specific subgroups in Chile. Four different latitudinal zones were analyzed separately, in order to investigate the effect of the photoperiod on suicide distribution. Results were analyzed by χ² tests for multinomials, as an overall measure of deviation. Results: We found a significant unimodal springtime peak for both genders in the global territory. Among the 4,710 male and 829 female suicides reported in this period there were no gender differences in the seasonal pattern of suicidal deaths. When divided into four different latitudinal zones, the regions with low latitude (north of the country) showed no significant differences, while central and southern zones (higher latitude) show a significant springtime pattern. In the extreme south of the country, no significant differences were found, probably due to the very small number of cases. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of a unimodal springtime peak of suicides in Chile, but not in the zone of low latitude. Results support the notion that the seasonal impact on suicidal distribution is a function of photoperiod.