Memory Search Research Articles

Elias KhouryChildren of the Ghetto: My Name Is Adam

an endless stream of garbage. The adults, aloof, smoke cigarettes, throw soirees, drink espresso, and traipse the rocky terrain in impractical yet glamorous shoes. Johanna Stoberock’s Pigs comes in the wake of an increase in climate fiction, or cli-fi, where the Anthropocene and humanity ’s relationship to a changing climate are dramatized. While the climate is not necessarily dramatized, the environment in Pigs can certainly be menacing. The ocean, as the children experience, changes its mood. It will suddenly burn, leaving welts and scars. One has to suspect the ocean’s hostile demeanor is a possible response to chemical waste and garbage infecting the water, but it might also be a reflection of the children’s relationship to their environment, a work of imagination and psychology. Or fantasy. Stoberock isn’t clear. The children are harmed. The irresponsible adults, rendered grotesque by Stoberock, do nothing. Yet it is the world’s garbage, rather than the natural environment, that relentlessly encroaches. Pigs strays from a strict cli-fi categorization. Instead, the book takes on a mystical quality with elements of fable, allegory, and fantasy. Comparisons to the work of postmodern fabulist Italo Calvino are well placed. While the narrative is clear in its critique of systemic modern excess and the burden placed on future generations, Pigs is rarely didactic and never condescending. Stoberock ’s straightforward prose is filled with energy that advances the linear plot. With its sincere, omniscient narrator, the reader is privy to the children’s distinct thought processes , their search for memories from before their life of feeding trash to pigs, and their dreams of escape from the island and, worse, its cruel and careless adults. Pigs is effective and engaging; the reader wants, more than anything, the children to find freedom and escape. While Stoberock explores themes of nostalgia, innocence, and of returning home, we come to understand the potential impossibility of that return. The possibility of nowhere to turn. Although the majority of Pigs is told linearly, the children’s tale is interjected with short, fragmentary chapters where the narrator considers how the island looks from a distance from various points of view. “Always,” the narrator muses, “from a distance, the island was far away. Always, it was just out Books in Review ELIAS KHOURY Elias Khoury Children of the Ghetto: My Name Is Adam Trans. Humphrey Davies. Brooklyn. Archipelago Books. 2019. 428 pages. Adam Dannoun, a melancholic Palestinian self-exiled in New York and the protagonist-narrator of Children of the Ghetto, suffers from literary issues. “I’m not based on any model,” Dannoun insists in his notebook. “My story sums up nothing but itself, and I don’t want to be a symbol.” Nevertheless, the story of his life as he recounts it is a patchwork of allusions to canonical works by Palestinian and Israeli writers, and his death restages that of exiled Palestinian poet Rashid Hussein, who fell asleep with a burning cigarette in his New York apartment in 1977. While Dannoun is a literary-insider joke, he is also a complex narrator trying to confront his past. This is not the first time Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury tackles the “Palestinian story” as a narrative problem. His epic Gate of the Sun (also translated by Humphrey Davies) collected countless stories of the Palestinian Nakba —the defeat and expulsion of Palestine’s inhabitants with the establishment of Israel in 1948—demonstrating the collective force of storytelling and oral history. In My Name Is Adam, the first title from the trilogy Children of the Ghetto, Khoury explores a similar constellation linking historical trauma, silenced memory, and narrative form—yet this novel’s stance on the possibilities and ethics of narrative is much darker. The notebooks that make up this novel, Khoury tells us, were saved from the fire that killed Adam Dannoun: these are his notes for two novels, never completed, which Khoury presents in unedited form. The first, which suggests that Dannoun would not have made a great writer, is an attempt to write the forgotten story of a minor Abbasid108 WLT AUTUMN 2019 of focus.” Using repetitious phrasing, these fragmented chapters build in intensity. Moreover , they reveal how Stoberock plays with...

Crow Search Algorithm Based on Neighborhood Search of Non-Inferior Solution Set

Characterized by less parameter settings, easy implementation, and strong optimization capacity, the crow search algorithm has been successfully applied to solve the optimization problem. As the basic crow search algorithm is a new kind of swarm intelligent algorithm only based on the crow's memory foraging mode, it also contains defects like slow search speed and low optimization precision in later iterations, which are especially obvious for the optimization of high-dimensional functions. In order to overcome these shortcomings, a new crow search algorithm based on neighborhood search of non-inferior solution set (NICSA) is proposed. The proposed algorithm makes the crow individual choose the memory search mode or neighborhood search mode automatically in the course of evolution by the determination factor of non-inferior solution. With this strategy, the local exploitation and the global exploration of the algorithm became more balanced. In the neighborhood search, the selectivity factor is used to guide non-inferior solutions to adaptively execute neighborhood search of Levy flight or Gaussian flight, to enhance the neighborhood searchability of the algorithm and improve the optimization precision. The result of simulation experiments with 23 benchmark test functions verifies that the proposed algorithm has good optimization effect in the aspects of search veracity, convergence rate and robustness.

Assessing cognitive load using oculometrics to identify deceit during interviews

SummaryLying requires a long‐term memory search and is a cognitive load task. Telling a spontaneous lie is associated with a higher cognitive load compared with the truth, although when memories are planned before telling a lie, the cognitive load can be less compared with the truth; therefore, telling a spontaneous lie could be associated with a higher cognitive load compared with a planned lie. In this study, we examined cognitive load, as measured through oculometrics, to identify deceit in interviews. Twenty‐four subjects were questioned, and their answers classified as spontaneous lies, planned lies, and truths. Results show that saccades and fixations were associated with a higher cognitive load when telling spontaneous lies compared with telling truths. Blinks and pupillometry show that subjects require greater cognitive load when telling truths compared with planned lies. Finally, telling spontaneous lies required higher cognitive load compared with planned lies, as assessed by blinks.

Moving beyond summary scores: Decomposing free recall performance to understand episodic memory deficits in schizotypy.

Negative symptom schizophrenia and negative schizotypy are associated with deficits in episodic memory, which may reflect deficits in context processing. However, studies that rely on summary performance measures such as mean accuracy or latency are limited in the extent that they can examine processes underlying memory impairment. The present study decomposed free recall performance by examining serial position functions, first response probability, temporal contiguity effect, cumulative recall functions, and interresponse times in high-positive schizotypy, high-negative schizotypy, and control groups. The negative schizotypy group exhibited not only impaired overall free recall performance but also a pattern of deficits consistent with impaired context processing on the underlying measures. Specifically, the negative schizotypy group was less likely than the other groups to initiate recall with the first item in the list, suggesting impaired encoding or reinstatement of context, and also showed reduced temporal contiguity compared with the other groups, suggesting diminished temporal organization. The cumulative recall function indicated that the negative schizotypy group experienced disruptions in both the sampling and recovery stages of retrieval. Finally, the negative schizotypy group experienced greater slowing between the responses during retrieval, consistent with the finding of reduced temporal contiguity and indicating that it likely terminated memory search before the remaining groups. The positive schizotypy and control groups did not differ on any of the measures. The finding that context-processing deficits occur in both subclinical negative schizotypy and negative symptom schizophrenia suggests that they may represent core areas of impairment in the schizophrenia spectrum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Degenerative Amnesia for Past Public Events: An Attempt to Measure Storage and Retrieval.

A still unsettled issue of amnesia concerns the differential contributions to recall impairment of the underlying retrieval and storage abilities. The aim of the present study was to disentangle and to measure such roles in the recall of past public events comparing patients with degenerative amnesia and healthy elderly. The experiment included 44 healthy elderly and two groups of participants with degenerative amnesia, namely 17 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 22 mild Alzheimer's disease patients. Recall of famous past public events was assessed by means of a 52-item questionnaire standardized for the Italian population. A latent-variable approach was adopted in order to infer the contributions of retrieval and storage to the recall performances. A stochastic model was adopted, which in a previous study of recall of recent and remote past public events in healthy elderly succeeded to prove reduced retrieval efficiency for more recent events. The results of the present study suggest that retrieval is more fragile than storage in all three experimental groups. A storage impairment turned out only in the Alzheimer's disease group, where it was limited to more recent memories. In view of the combined roles of the hippocampus and cortex in past memory processing, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the degenerative process primarily impairs the strategic memory search. However, the sufficiency criterion of the adopted Markov model fell short of significance. Due to this statistical shortcoming, our conclusions, though consistent with the clinical predictions, are to be taken as provisional.

아이디어 연상기억 탐색 (SIAM) 모형에 기반한 비즈니스 문제해결 창의성 측정을 위한 뉴로과학 관점의 탐색연구 : 근적외선 분광학 (fNIRS) 방법을 중심으로

아이디어 연상기억 탐색 (SIAM) 모형에 기반한 비즈니스 문제해결 창의성 측정을 위한 뉴로과학 관점의 탐색연구 : 근적외선 분광학 (fNIRS) 방법을 중심으로

Internalising symptoms and verbal working memory in school-age children: A processing efficiency analysis.

The current study investigated differential contributions of internalising symptoms (state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression) to school-age children's verbal short-term (STM) and working memory (WM) span accuracy and efficiency (microanalysis of response times). Children's (N = 125, Mage = 11.44 years) STM/WM was assessed with simple/complex span tasks. Our analyses revealed that: (a) children with high levels of state anxiety displayed reduced simple span accuracy (on Word span) and poorer efficiency on both simple (preparatory intervals, interword pauses) and complex span (preparatory intervals) response time segments; (b) trait anxiety was a negative predictor of children's complex span accuracy, as well as their efficiency on both simple (word durations) and complex span (interword pauses) response time measures; (3) depressive symptoms predicted longer simple span interword pauses. Findings indicate that while all internalising symptoms were predictive of children's poorer memory search efficiency, especially during the "silent", executive intervals (interword pauses), anxiety symptoms were specifically predictive of children's impaired span accuracy and other efficiency indicators (preparatory intervals, word durations). The study highlights the differential contributions of state, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms to STM/WM in children, emphasising the need to measure both accuracy and efficiency to assess the role that such symptoms play in children's performance.

How NOT to cure the incidental finding problem in radiology: Experience with "mixed hybrid" visual and memory search

How NOT to cure the incidental finding problem in radiology: Experience with "mixed hybrid" visual and memory search

Visual Search Within Working Memory

Attention and working memory are 2 key pillars of cognition. Despite much research, there are important aspects about the relationship between the 2 constructs that are not well understood. Here we explore the similarity in the mechanisms that select and update working memory to those that guide attention during perception, such as in visual search. We use a memory search task where participants memorize a display of objects on a grid. During memory maintenance, participants are instructed to update the spatial positions of a subset of objects. The speed of the updating process should reflect the accessibility of the to-be-updated subset. Using this task, we explored whether landmark findings in visual search would hold true for memory search. In Experiment 1, we found a search asymmetry-it was easier to access memory representations defined by a feature than defined by the lack of a feature. In Experiment 2, we found target-distractor similarity effects-updating a single target was easier when the distractors were farther away in feature space. In Experiment 3, we found a feature versus conjunction benefit-access times were much faster for instructions to move objects defined by only 1 feature (e.g., all triangles) as opposed to a conjunction of features (e.g., all red triangles). In Experiment 4, we find a set-size effect-update times increased with the number of items in memory, particularly for conjunctive stimuli. Taken together, our results suggest a common coding and selection scheme for working memory and perceptual representations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Hybrid visual and memory search is preserved in older age

Hybrid visual and memory search is preserved in older age

Cognitive modeling as an interface between brain and behavior: Measuring the semantic decline in mild cognitive impairment.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterised by subjective and objective memory impairment in the absence of dementia. MCI is a strong predictor for the development of Alzheimer's disease, and may represent an early stage in the disease course in many cases. A standard task used in the diagnosis of MCI is verbal fluency, where participants produce as many items from a specific category (e.g., animals) as possible. Verbal fluency performance is typically analysed by counting the number of items produced. However, analysis of the semantic path of the items produced can provide valuable additional information. We introduce a cognitive model that uses multiple types of lexical information in conjunction with a standard memory search process. The model used a semantic representation derived from a standard semantic space model in conjunction with a memory searching mechanism derived from the Luce choice rule (Luce, 1977). The model was able to detect differences in the memory searching process of patients who were developing MCI, suggesting that the formal analysis of verbal fluency data is a promising avenue to examine the underlying changes occurring in the development of cognitive impairment. (PsycINFO Database Record

Individual differences in working memory capacity and search efficiency.

In two experiments, we examined how various learning conditions impact the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and memory search abilities. Experiment 1 employed a delayed free recall task with semantically related words to induce the buildup of proactive interference (PI) and revealed that the buildup of PI differentially impacted recall accuracy and recall latency for low-WMC and high-WMC individuals. Namely, the buildup of PI impaired recall accuracy and slowed recall latency for low-WMC individuals to a greater extent than what was observed for high-WMC individuals. To provide a circumstance in which previously learned information remains relevant over the course of learning, Experiment 2 required participants to complete a multitrial delayed free recall task with unrelated words. Results revealed that with increased practice with the same word list, WMC-related differences were eventually eliminated in interresponse times (IRTs) and recall accuracy, but not recall latency. Thus, despite still accumulating larger search sets, low-WMC individuals searched LTM as efficiently as high-WMC individuals. Collectively, these results are consistent with the notion that under normal free recall conditions, low-WMC individuals search LTM less efficiently than do high-WMC individuals because of their reliance on noisy temporal-contextual cues at retrieval. However, it appears that under conditions in which previously learned items remain relevant at recall, this tendency to rely on vague self-generated retrieval cues can actually facilitate the ability to accurately and quickly recall information.

Temporal contiguity in incidentally encoded memories

Abstract Thinking of one event often triggers recall of other events experienced nearby in time. This Temporal Contiguity Effect has been extensively documented in laboratory list learning tasks, but its source is debated. Is it due to task-general automatic processes that operate whenever new memories are formed? Or is it due to task-specific encoding strategies that operate only during deliberate rote learning? I test these theories by presenting over 3500 subjects with a surprise free recall test after various incidental encoding tasks. Experiments 1 and 2 show that temporal contiguity is dramatically reduced under incidental encoding. Experiments 3 and 4 show that although the effect is reduced, it is not eliminated—temporal information is encoded incidentally and is used to guide memory search during both free recall and serial recall. These results demonstrate that contiguity is not an artifact of strategy, but the dramatic reduction of the effect also challenges models that posit a strong link between successful memory encoding and contiguity.

Revisiting Immediate Duplicate Detection in External Memory Search

External memory search algorithms store the open and closed lists in secondary memory (e.g., hard disks) to augment limited internal memory. To minimize expensive random access in hard disks, these algorithms typically employ delayed duplicate detection (DDD), at the expense of processing more nodes than algorithms using immediate duplicate detection (IDD). Given the recent ubiquity of solid state drives (SSDs), we revisit the use of IDD in external memory search. We propose segmented compression, an improved IDD method that significantly reduces the number of false positive access into secondary memory. We show that A*-IDD, an external search variant of A* that uses segmented compression-based IDD, significantly improves upon previous open-addressing based IDD. We also show that A*-IDD can outperform DDD-based A* on some domains in domain-independent planning.

Guided search through memory

ABSTRACTIn “hybrid” search, observers search a visual display for any of several targets held in memory. It is known that the contents of the memory set can guide visual search (e.g., if the memorized targets are all animals, visual attention can be guided away from signs). It is not known if the visual display can guide memory search (e.g., if the memory set is composed of signs and animals, can a visual display of signs restrict memory search to just the signs?). In three hybrid search experiments, participants memorized sets of items that belonged to either one or several categories. Participants were then presented with visual displays containing multiple items, also drawn from one or several categories. Participants were asked to determine if any of the items from their current memory set were present in the visual display. We replicate the finding that visual search can be guided by the contents of memory. We find weaker, novel evidence that memory search can be guided by the contents of the visual display.

The Structure of Discourse: Visual Semiotic in Picture book of "Creation" by Wolf Erlbruch

Illustration of children's books, such as the concept of childhood, has been shaped by a wide range of different choices, and each Illustrator finds a way to link and communicate with the text through the discourse device. Discourse means applying the language through individual action, illustration, also depicts the discourse of the work in the type of function and language manifestation; A language that in expression has a function different from that of a particular language which leads to a kind of active search in collective cultural visual memory. Although both the writing material and the image due to the use of the form of expression are text (a system of signifier relationships), their relationship complicates this point of view. Now the Illustrative Objective turn to make choice with a high responsibility. So the major questions are: 1. what is the process of illustrative discourse? 2. What is the design and process of semantic-signs of illustrated books? 3. Is there any certainty in imaging discourse for making meaning? This article sought to understand the shape and process of sign-semantics in illustrating children's books, and found that the relationship between text and image creates a semantic play that does not have semantic certainty, instead, an expert illustrator is trying to effectively shape this relationship to become dynamic. The main purpose of the article is to find the important semantic-sign features in the latent process of making meaning in the illustration, so the formation of semantics is more important as a result of the relationship between text and image. In this article, the spiritual theme of creation in illustrating has been studied in a work of Wolf Erlbruch as a sample of semantic study.

Alternation blindness in the representation of binary sequences.

Binary information is prevalent in the environment and contains 2 distinct outcomes. Binary sequences consist of a mixture of alternation and repetition. Understanding how people perceive such sequences would contribute to a general theory of information processing. In this study, we examined how people process alternation and repetition in binary sequences. Across 4 paradigms involving estimation, working memory, change detection, and visual search, we found that the number of alternations is underestimated compared with repetitions (Experiment 1). Moreover, recall for binary sequences deteriorates as the sequence alternates more (Experiment 2). Changes in bits are also harder to detect as the sequence alternates more (Experiment 3). Finally, visual targets superimposed on bits of a binary sequence take longer to process as alternation increases (Experiment 4). Overall, our results indicate that compared with repetition, alternation in a binary sequence is less salient in the sense of requiring more attention for successful encoding. The current study thus reveals the cognitive constraints in the representation of alternation and provides a new explanation for the overalternation bias in randomness perception. (PsycINFO Database Record

The organization of associative memory with lamination of elements

Article contains the description of parallel search in associative memory. Initial operands (words) гeceive a dual impression. The source text is presented in the form of a line or in the form of a matrix. The sample is presented by a two-dimensional form. It consists in splitting a sample into even and odd character sets. Addition of the second coordinate for a sample allows to execute the alternating development of symbols and provides the anticipatory analysis of symbols of a sample of rather next symbols.This feature of the form of a sample allows to process each character set parallely. Processing of character sets is carried out on bit cutoffs in the associative memory at the same time. For the hardware support of steps of retrieval operation the original structure of the associative memory is offered. The structure contains new communications between storage cells, two retrieval registers for storage of character sets and original a circuitry element for foliation of characters on sets.

Cemeteries as tourist attraction

Tourism is the fastest growing phenomena, but not only from the economic point of view - all its aspects are changing fast in the permanent attempt to offer new experiences, create new travel motivators and reach new markets. That endeavour results in new tourist programmes which only few years ago were unthinkable. Those new ideas are actually the response to the clients' increasing request for new emotions and knowledge in search for weird, unusual and unique memories. Among many different possibilities, certain destinations recently organize the visit to cemeteries for groups or individuals with specific interests, and some even include it in the regular sightseeing. The analysis also shows that not all visits to cemeteries are for the identical reasons, that the motives can be classified and that such programmes represent added value to promotion of selected destinations. This paper deals with various types of cemetery visits, participants' profile in such tours and concludes with the recommendation for organization based on worldwide examples and experiences. Researching methodology involved analysis, synthesis, description and comparison.

Multi-Stage Tunable Approximate Search in Resistive Associative Memory

General-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs), as programmable accelerators, improve energy efficiency by integrating a large number of relatively small cores. In this paper, we focus on improving energy efficiency of such processing core by integrating an associative memory where function responses are prestored. Associative memories can search and recall function responses for a subset of input values therefore avoiding the actual function execution on the processing core that leads to energy saving. We propose a novel low-energy Resistive Multi-stage Associative Memory (ReMAM) architecture to significantly reduce energy of a search operation by employing selective row activation and in-advance precharging techniques. ReMAM splits the search operations in a ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) to a number of shorter searches in consecutive stages. Then, it selectively activates TCAM rows at each stage based on the hits of previous stages, thus enabling energy savings. The proposed in-advance precharging technique mitigates the delay of the sequential TCAM search and limits the number of precharges to two low-cost steps. ReMAM further implements approximation on the selective TCAM blocks to reduce the search energy that relaxes the function output in a fine-grained granularity with very low impact on accuracy of the results. Its multi-stage search operation makes ReMAM applicable to many applications such as search engines, sorting, image coding, pattern recognition, query processing, and machine learning. In this work, we show an application of proposed ReMAM on AMD Southern Island GPUs. Our experimental evaluation shows that ReMAM reduces on average GPGPU energy consumption by 35 percent in the exact mode, and 58 percent in approximate mode with average relative error lower than 10 percent. These energy savings are 1.8 $\times$ and 1.5 $\times$ higher than state-of-the-art associative memories used in GPGPUs in exact and approximate modes.