Page Of Search Results Research Articles

Quitting Smoking With … Smoke? Unauthorized Claims Used by Herbal Cigarette Manufacturers.

Herbal cigarettes are made with non-tobacco plant materials (eg, tea leaves, hemp), are typically sold pre-rolled in packs and with filters, and are combusted and smoked like tobacco cigarettes. Herbal cigarette manufacturers have a history of making misleading health claims and at least one company has previously settled with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission over deceptive advertising. This study examined current claims and product characteristics of herbal cigarettes sold by a popular online retailer. We searched Amazon.com for "herbal cigarettes" and "hemp cigarettes" and identified all herbal cigarette products sold on the first page of search results (n = 51). Two coders independently content analyzed each product's Amazon page for claims (eg, smoking cessation, health), product characteristics (eg, flavors), and presence of disclaimers and warnings. Overall, 78.4% of product pages made smoking cessation claims (eg, "A more scientific way to quit smoking," "…decreases nicotine craving symptom and helps to quit tobacco smoking"). Further, 45.1% of product pages included claims describing lower risk/exposure compared to tobacco products (eg, "…without the addictive nicotine and toxic chemicals found in tobacco cigarettes"). Some herbal products were available in multiple flavors, including menthol (21.6%) and fruit (17.7%). Only 35.3% of products included visible health warnings on product packaging. Many herbal cigarette products sold on Amazon.com make unauthorized cessation and health claims. Regulatory agencies must act decisively to stop the misleading advertising of these products and develop appropriate warnings to educate the public about the potential harms. This content analysis documents the use of unauthorized and misleading claims made in the marketing of herbal cigarettes. These findings highlight the need for enforcement of existing federal regulations, which prohibit deceptive advertising. Research is needed to inform the development of appropriate warning labels that can be used to inform consumers of the potential harms of smoking herbal cigarettes.

Rational satisficing heuristics as determinants of online search behavior

We design a set of satisficing heuristic algorithms that mimic the online information retrieval behavior of rational decision makers (DMs) as reflected in their click through rates (CTRs). We illustrate how basic heuristic algorithms formalizing binary decision trees composed by 21 nodes and requiring DMs to observe one satisficing alternative lack the structural capacity to characterize the retrieval process. The algorithm requiring DMs to observe two satisficing alternatives –formalizing binary decision trees composed by 111 nodes – provides a sufficient approximation to their CTRs. Adding a third alternative – accounting for 351 nodes – delivers an almost identical set of CTRs to those displayed by DMs. The mimicking quality of the heuristic algorithms prevails as alternatives are added up to include the ten ranked within the first page of search results, incorporating 2,047 nodes to formalize the corresponding retrieval process. The set of algorithms bridges the gap between purely rational decision theory and heuristic behavior, illustrating how the CTRs observed can be generated by rational DMs performing a sequential search process while aiming to observe two or three satisficing alternatives. The decision-tree algorithmic structures presented are sufficiently malleable to introduce any potential modification to the beliefs and preferences of DMs and study its consequences in terms of CTRs.

Simplified Web-based SEO Score Counter for Increasing Web Page Rank

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is a technique intended for search engines to always index a website on the Internet with high value, so that each search process using certain keywords through search engines can display the website on the first page of search. This research will create a simple web-based application to calculate the ranking of a website from an SEO perspective. A website with a high SEO ranking is expected to appear on the first page of search results. This application uses the cURL function contained in the PHP programming language to read web pages. The result is SEO value as an initial picture of how a website can appear on the first page of search results. Search Engine Optimization, commonly known as SEO, is a highly effective technique that guarantees a website's continuous indexing by search engines at a high value. This results in the website being displayed on the top of search results when specific keywords are searched. Our research is dedicated to creating a web-based application that calculates a website's SEO ranking. This ranking is crucial to ensure that the website appears prominently in search results. The application employs PHP programming's cURL function to scrutinize web pages, providing an initial indication of a website's search result performance.

Assessing the readability of online information about jones fracture.

Hand in hand with technological advancements, treatment modalities continue to grow. With the turn of the century, the internet has become the number one source of information for almost every topic. Thus, many patients look toward the internet as their primary source of information to learn about their respective medical conditions. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health strongly recommend that online medical information be written at the 6th to 8th-grade level to aid comprehension by patients of all literacy backgrounds. To assess the readability of online information regarding Jones fracture. Our hypothesis is that the reading level of medical information published on websites far exceeds the recommended reading level of 6th-8th grade as proposed by the American Medical Associate and National Institute of Health. The result of this study can help us formulate improved recommendations for publishing more comprehensible material and, thus, eventually improve patient compliance and clinical outcomes. The exact phrase "Jones fracture" was queried on the three most common search engines, Google, Yahoo!, and Bing, on December 28, 2022. As of December 2022, Google held 84%, Bing held 9%, and Yahoo! held 2% of the worldwide search engine market share. Web pages uniform resource locator from the first three pages of search results were recorded from each search engine. These web pages were classified according to academic, physician-sponsored, governmental and non-government organizations (NGO), commercial, and unspecified as per formally defined categories. Websites associated with an educational institution or medical organization were classified as academic. Websites with products for sale, corporate sponsorship, or advertisements were classified as commercial. Governmental websites or NGOs comprised those that received government subsidies or grants. Webpages that were independently owned by physicians or physician groups were respectively classed as physician sponsored. The remainder of websites that did not fall under the above categories were classified as unspecified. A total of 93 websites were analyzed for reading assessment. A whopping 44% of websites were commercial, followed by 22% of physician-sponsored websites. Third place belonged to non-government organization websites holding a 15% share. The academic website held a meager 9% portion, while unspecified sites were 3%. The table illustrates mean readability scores, along with average cumulative grade level. The average grade level was 10.95 ± 2.28 for all websites, with a range of 6.18 to 18.90. Since P values were more than 0.05, there was not a significant statistical difference between the first page results and the results of all pages. Thus, we can rationalize that readability scores are consistent throughout all pages of a website. Hand in hand with technological advancements, treatment modalities continue to grow. With the turn of the century, the internet has become the number one source of information for almost every topic. Thus, many patients look towards the internet as the primary source of information to learn about their respective medical conditions. Our study demonstrates that current online medical information regarding Jones fracture is written at an extraordinarily high-grade level, with an average grade level of all websites at 10.95, nearly an 10th-grade educational level. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health strongly recommend that online medical information should be written at the 6th to 8th-grade level to aid comprehension by patients of all literacy backgrounds. On the contrary, most of the medical information evaluated was at an 10th-grade level, which far exceeds recommendations by AMA and NIH. This is particularly relevant because readability scores are directly proportional to the level of comprehension attained by readers, thus directly impacting patient outcomes. In conclusion, we suggest and encourage that all online reading materials should be re-written at the 6th to 8th-grade level in a public service effort to increase compliance with treatment goals and raise awareness of preventive measures.

Bipolar bozukluk bilgilendirmesinde kaynak olarak YouTube videolarının incelenmesi

Aims: Assess the qualities and reliabilities of Turkish and English YouTube videos providing information about Bipolar Disorder and how beneficial they are for viewers in our study.
 Methods: In our study, a total of 120 videos were evaluated, with 60 in Turkish and 60 in English, which appeared on the first three pages of search results. Videos that were entirely or partially quoted and repeated were not rated, but videos with an earlier publication date were included. A total of 80 videos were included in the study. Videos published in Turkish and English were watched and rated by a psychiatrist.
 Results: Significant portion of the videos were uploaded by healthcare institutions (29.3%) or a professional (psychiatrist/psychologist) (28%). When all videos were evaluated, the median Modified DISCERN score was 3.48 (IQR: 1), the median GQS (Global Quality Scale) score was 3.67 (IQR: 1), the median total video content score was 4.00 (IQR: 2), and the median VPI (Video Power Index) score was 67.14 (IQR: 207).When comparing the scales used to assess the quality of videos, it was found that the VPI score (p<0.001) was significantly higher in English-language videos compared to Turkish-language videos, while the GQS score (p=0.116) and the modified DISCERN scale score (p=0.594) were similar
 Conclusion: It was observed that the examined videos reached an average of 70,000 views, with the highest reaching approximately 13.5 million views. These data demonstrate the significant role of the internet and YouTube in providing access to health information for patients. In this study, it was determined that YouTube videos related to Bipolar Disorder have an average to good quality and reliability.

Bing Chat: The Future of Search Engines?

ABSTRACTIntroduced by Microsoft in February 2023, Bing Chat is a feature of the Bing search engine that integrates an OpenAI large language model (LLM) customised for search (Mehdi, 2023a). This poster compares the outputs of Bing Chat and a standard existing search engine (DuckDuckGo) in response to identical keyword queries and corresponding natural language (NL) questions. Specifically, we examined: (1) the length of Bing Chat's responses and DuckDuckGo's first page of search results, by number of website links; and, (2) the length of Bing Chat's textual summaries, by number of website links. We found that, on average, significantly fewer websites were linked to in Bing Chat's responses compared to DuckDuckGo's search results. Our findings have important implications for website operators, who may receive less traffic and ad revenue if LLM‐enabled search engines are widely adopted in the future. Human‐Computer Interaction (HCI) will inevitably face the need for more research on human information behaviours adaptations in response to the changing search paradigm.

Future-proofing Search Engine Marketing: An Empirical Investigation of Effects of Search Engine Results on Consumer Purchase Decisions

ABSTRACT A popular joke amongst marketers is that the best place to hide a dead body is page two of search results. Meaning, nobody looks beyond the first page of search results. In a cookie-free future, search engines double down on how marketers communicate expertise, authority, and trust. This pushes brands to shift away from product-focused search engine marketing, toward an intent-based approach. To stay at the top of search engine results, marketers must understand consumer assessment of search results. Guided by an integrated framework combining UTAUT2, theory of reasoned action, and media richness theory, this empirical study used a 2 (search result type: organic vs. sponsored) × 3 (presentation format: text-only vs. image vs. video) between-subjects research design for assessing the effects of search results on consumer decisions. Results help establish the connection between consumer perceptions of search results and purchase decisions. Implications for AI-driven search engine marketing are presented.

Поисковые системы как механизм производства границ «воображаемых сообществ» (На примере образа внутреннего мигранта в сибирских региональных цифровых медиа)

The article analyzes the process of constructing boundaries of imagined communities by search engines, using the case of the image of internal migrants arriving in Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Irkutsk. Combining quantitative and qualitative content analysis, the authors analyzed the image of internal migrants created by the texts that make up the first pages of search results of Google, Yandex, Bing, DuckDuckGo, and Mail.ru. They found that in most texts, an internal migrant is presented as a poor, low-skilled man who constantly finds himself in extreme situations, more often — crimes, in which he is either a victim or an offender. At the same time, some essential details of the image may differ depending on the chosen ethnohoronym and the name of the host city in the search query. According to the authors’ hypothesis, the fact that all the search engines under question modify the image of a migrant depending on the host city indicates the presence of regional specifics in the agenda formation. At the same time, the similarity in social actions, spaces and actors that make up the image of an internal migrant in the search results with the same components in the image of a cross-border migrant indicates that crossing regional borders becomes a sufficient condition for classifying a person who crossed borders into a separate, stigmatized category. Search engines fragment the “imagined community” in the agenda by putting first texts that draw regional groups as outsiders who are dangerous to each other. This finding allows to hypothesize that algorithms construct/reproduce perceptions of local communities about themselves, which falls out of the political myth of a unified Russian community defined by national borders. If the hypothesis is true, it could mean that search engines are beginning to function as an actor (or its representative) that defies contemporary political mythology.

The supply of information and price formation: Evidence from Google's search engine

AbstractThis study develops several Google search‐based measures to test the relation between earnings‐week online search results and the speed of price discovery. These measures are based on searches using only a firm's ticker symbol in the search string. I collect the total number of search results (across all search result pages) as well as the type and content of search results on the first three pages of search results. I find that the quantity, quality, and content of search results have varying effects on the speed at which earnings news is impounded into stock price. I also find that effects are only observed for search results presented on the first page of a Google search. Overall, my results suggest that (1) increases in online information are associated with slower price discovery, and (2) the likely mechanism by which this association operates is through useful search results being crowded off the first page of results by more complex or irrelevant search results.

Analysis of types of and language used in online information available to patients with periodontitis.

Introduction This research investigates framing in online patient information for those newly diagnosed with periodontitis.Methods This study is a cross-sectional analysis of websites using corpus linguistic techniques. A Google search was conducted with the term 'gum disease.' Ten pages of search results were reviewed and information available was separated into types of resource: retail, healthcare, and dental practice websites. The dataset was analysed in terms of word frequency, collocation and keyness as compared to the British National Corpus Written Sampler. Differences between sources were assessed.Results Across combined data sources, there was a tendency for the most advanced symptoms of periodontitis to be given prominence. There was also a negative skew towards avoidance of negative outcomes of treatment rather than achieving positive ones. When comparing types of resource, retail websites tended to be more positive, with a focus on improving 'milder' stages of disease.Conclusions Negative framing could potentially induce engagement with treatment and self-care by the process of 'fear-appeal'; however, there is a risk that negativity demotivates an already anxious patient. Further research is required to evaluate patient perceptions of the information and to investigate effects this could have on behaviour change.

Features of promotion and optimization of one-page websites

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to determine the key features of the promotion and optimization of a one-page site, as well as to investigate whether it is possible to promote it by SEO in the TOP of organic search results. Analyses results. The scientific article analyses the features of promotion and optimization of a one-page site, focusing on traffic and conversion technologies. The complete identification of a one-page site with a landing page was refuted, and it was proved that a landing page is not always a one-page site. The main types of one-page websites and methods of their promotion are described, which include SEO, setting up advertising according to the PPC model, link building, crowd marketing, managing online reputation and reputation in search engines, SMM and targeted advertising. It has been clarified under what conditions it is possible to attract SEO traffic, based on the research conducted on the freelance exchange. There are cases where advertising is more effective than organic promotion. The simplest ways to convert a one-page site into a multipage site are outlined. The optimal structure of the target web page is determined, that is, what blocks and elements it should contain. Methods of its optimization to increase the conversion rate have been studied. A prototype conversion one-page site was developed for a visual systematization of conversion rate optimization (CRO) methods. The scientific novelty of the study is the definition of methods of promoting one-page sites in the TOP of organic search results and alternatives for attracting traffic, developing a prototype of an optimized landing page that will ensure lead generation and a high level of conversion. The practical value of the study is to conduct marketing research on the freelance exchange to determine whether it is possible to promote a one-page landing page using SEO technologies. Based on the results of this research, conclusions were formed that allow companies to determine under what conditions which methods of promotion are the most effective. Conclusions and directions for further research. In general, the promotion and optimization of a single-page site is a complex process that has specifics and differences from the promotion and optimization of classic multipage sites. However, many activities are focused on the general principles of traffic and conversion technologies in digital marketing. Getting to the TOP of organic search results with a web resource that has one page is possible, but attracting traffic through other channels ensures full coverage of the target audience. If the web page is optimized, then there is a high probability of getting the desired number of leads or customers. The global perspectives of the research are conducting an experiment to promote a one-page landing page to the first page of search results and describing all the difficulties on the way to achieving the goal. There are also plans to develop a comprehensive approach to CRO audit and TRO analysis (targeted traffic optimization analysis).

The Answer Bot Effect (ABE): A powerful new form of influence made possible by intelligent personal assistants and search engines.

We introduce and quantify a relatively new form of influence: the Answer Bot Effect (ABE). In a 2015 report in PNAS, researchers demonstrated the power that biased search results have to shift opinions and voting preferences without people’s knowledge–by up to 80% in some demographic groups. They labeled this phenomenon the Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME), speculating that its power derives from the high level of trust people have in algorithmically-generated content. We now describe three experiments with a total of 1,736 US participants conducted to determine to what extent giving users “the answer”–either via an answer box at the top of a page of search results or via a vocal reply to a question posed to an intelligent personal assistant (IPA)–might also impact opinions and votes. Participants were first given basic information about two candidates running for prime minister of Australia (this, in order to assure that participants were “undecided”), then asked questions about their voting preferences, then given answers to questions they posed about the candidates–either with answer boxes or with vocal answers on an Alexa simulator–and then asked again about their voting preferences. The experiments were controlled, randomized, double-blind, and counterbalanced. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that answer boxes can shift voting preferences by as much as 38.6% and that the appearance of an answer box can reduce search times and clicks on search results. Experiment 3 demonstrated that even a single question-and-answer interaction on an IPA can shift voting preferences by more than 40%. Multiple questions posed to an IPA leading to answers that all have the same bias can shift voting preferences by more than 65%. Simple masking procedures still produced large opinion shifts while reducing awareness of bias to close to zero. ABE poses a serious threat to both democracy and human autonomy because (a) it produces large shifts in opinions and voting preferences with little or no user awareness, (b) it is an ephemeral form of influence that leaves no paper trail, and (c) worldwide, it is controlled almost exclusively by just four American tech companies. ABE will become a greater threat as people increasingly rely on IPAs for answers.

RIROSE: Rational Information Retrieval in Online Search Environments

<h2>Abstract</h2> We design a benchmark algorithm that mimics the sequential behavior of users when retrieving information from the set of alternatives provided by an engine within the first page of online search results. The benchmark defined by the algorithm is designed to evaluate deviations from the rational retrieval strategies determined by the subjective preferences and beliefs of users. The algorithm accounts for the 2047 nodes composing the binary decision tree defined by the ten alternatives ranked within the first page of results. The flexibility of the algorithm allows to incorporate modifications accounting for search frictions and different degrees of impatience on the side of users, as well as testing the categorization capacities of machine learning techniques.

Readability of Online Patient Education Materials for Glaucoma.

We assessed the readability of online glaucoma patient education materials using seven validated instruments. Overall, glaucoma materials were written at a 10th to 11th grade level, above the recommended seventh grade reading level. Online health information is increasingly used by patients, yet previous studies show online patient education materials are often difficult to understand. As such, the American Medical Association recommends that patient education materials are written at or below a seventh grade reading level. This study aimed to assess the readability of online glaucoma patient education materials. Glaucoma was entered into the Google search engine, and the first 30 search results were assessed for readability using seven validated readability instruments. Scientific articles, forums, and dictionary entries were excluded. Single sample t tests were used to assess whether online glaucoma materials were written above the recommended seventh grade level. Overall, glaucoma materials were written at a mean grade level of 10.33 (SD: 2.02). Across 6 grade level readability instruments, these patient education materials were written above the recommended seventh grade reading level (P<0.0001 for all). Glaucoma education materials only on the first page of Google search results were of a similar reading level: mean 10.56 (SD: 2.13). The readability instruments used in this study showed strong consistency. Glaucoma patient education materials are written above the recommended reading level to promote accessibility of education materials. This may contribute to lower patient engagement, worse clinical outcomes, and greater racial and ethnic disparities in glaucoma management. There is a need for reliable, simple glaucoma information to improve patient outcomes.

Efficient query processing techniques for next-page retrieval

In top-k ranked retrieval the goal is to efficiently compute an ordered list of the highest scoring k documents according to some stipulated similarity function such as the well-known BM25 approach. In most implementation techniques a min-heap of size k is used to track the top scoring candidates. In this work we consider the question of how best to retrieve the second page of search results, given that a first page has already been computed; that is, identification of the documents at ranks k+1 to 2k for some query. Our goal is to understand what information is available as a by-product of the first-page scoring, and how it can be employed to accelerate the second-page computation, assuming that the second-page of results is required for only a fraction of the query load. We propose a range of simple, yet efficient, next-page retrieval techniques which are suitable for accelerating Document-at-a-Time mechanisms, and demonstrate their performance on three large text collections.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in social media: Content analysis of YouTube videos.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics, content, and quality of information available on YouTube regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and explore the search results and number of views and quality of the videos. A search was performed on YouTube on 10 June 2020, using the search term ''Lou Gehrig's disease" in the Korean language, and the first 100 videos were targeted for analysis. General characteristics (e.g., number of views, video length, etc.) were collected, and upload source, target audience, subject of the video, and quality of the videos using a global quality score (GQS) were assessed. About two-thirds of the videos were for the general public (62.0%), while the other third were made for patients and their families with ALS (38.0%). The mean GQS was 3.70 ± 1.42, and 60 videos were classified as high-quality videos. ALS-related videos on YouTube play a role in raising awareness among the general public of this devastating disease, however, practical information regarding disease management for patients and family is relatively insufficient. The quality and characteristics of the videos varied greatly and sometimes the lowest quality videos were shown in the top pages of search results.

Implementation and use of the Mental Health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG): A review of the grey literature.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO)’s Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP)-Intervention Guide (IG) aims to integrate mental health into primary care/community-based settings by equipping non-specialists with tools, training, and support to deliver evidence-based interventions. With the growing popularity of the mhGAP-IG, a systematic review was conducted by Keynejad and colleagues (2018) to identify articles reporting on evidence generated from the implementation and evaluation of the mhGAP-IG in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their review identified peer-reviewed articles and one thesis. In this current review, we report on the implementation and use of mhGAP-IG documented in the grey literature, an important and accessible channel to share information for LMICs.MethodsWe searched grey literature databases for documents that reported on the implementation and/or use of the mhGAP-IG or its training modules: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, the Mental Health Innovation Network (MHIN) database, the WHO website, the mhGAP Newsletter, and the first 10 pages of Google search results. Authors developed and adapted search strategies according to database characteristics. Database searches were completed by November 12, 2019.ResultsOne hundred and fifty-one (n = 151) documents were included in our review. We report on where the mhGAP-IG has been implemented and/or used worldwide. Many types of personnel were trained in the mhGAP-IG and/or used it in clinical practice. Contextual barriers and facilitators may influence the implementation and/or use of the mhGAP-IG, and we organized these according to structural, organizational, provider, patient, and innovation characteristics. Some information on evaluating the mhGAP-IG was documented in the grey literature. Outcomes included: feasibility of implementing and/or using the mhGAP-IG, its coverage, its impact on the capacities of personnel, patient outcomes, and policies, as well as program costs.ConclusionsThis review of the grey literature provides rich experiential knowledge that can complement information documented in the peer-reviewed literature. It is important for researchers conducting reviews on global health/global mental health topics to consider incorporating grey literature search strategies in their reviews. This may not only help to acknowledge the research/dissemination realities of many LMICs, but also to generate findings that reinforce and/or expand those documented in peer-reviewed articles.

Online Rehabilitation Protocols for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction With and Without Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy Are Variable Among Institutions

PurposeTo compare and contrast the various rehabilitation protocols for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and MPFL reconstruction plus tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) published online by academic orthopaedic surgery residency programs and private practice institutions throughout the United States.MethodsWe performed a systematic electronic search of MPFL reconstruction rehabilitation protocols in academic orthopaedic surgery residency programs in the United States using Google’s search engine (www.google.com) based on the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System (FREIDA). Private practice organizations publishing MPFL reconstruction or MPFL reconstruction–TTO rehabilitation protocols that were found on the first page of search results were also included, but no comprehensive search for private practice protocols was performed. Protocols specifying an MPFL reconstruction with TTO were included for separate review because of altered weight-bearing status postoperatively. A list of comparative criteria was created to assess the protocols for the presence and timing of the various rehabilitation components.ResultsFrom the list of 189 U.S. academic residency programs, as well as additional private practice protocols found in the Google search, 38 protocols were included for review (31 protocols for isolated MPFL reconstruction and 7 protocols for MPFL reconstruction plus TTO). A return to full range of motion by week 6 was recommended by 15 (48.4%) of the isolated MPFL reconstruction protocols and 6 (85.7%) of the MPFL reconstruction–TTO protocols. Six weeks of knee brace wear was recommended by 13 isolated MPFL reconstruction protocols (43.3%) and 4 MPFL reconstruction–TTO protocols (57.1%). Moreover, 6 isolated MPFL reconstruction protocols (19.4%) and 3 MPFL reconstruction–TTO protocols (42.9%) recommended use of a patellar stabilizing brace postoperatively.ConclusionsThere is substantial variability among rehabilitation protocols after MPFL reconstruction, as well as MPFL reconstruction plus TTO, including postoperative range of motion, weight-bearing status, and time until return to sport. Furthermore, many online protocols from academic orthopaedic surgery residency programs and private practices in the United States fail to mention several of these parameters, most notably functional testing to allow patients to return to sport.Clinical RelevanceProper rehabilitation after MPFL reconstruction with or without TTO is an important factor to a patient’s postoperative outcome. This study outlines the variability in online rehabilitation protocols after MPFL reconstruction with or without TTO published online by academic residency programs and private practice institutions.

Assessing the readability of patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures.

To assess the readability of patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures. Eleven common musculoskeletal radiology procedures were queried in three online search engines (Google, Yahoo!, Bing). All unique patient-targeted websites were identified (n = 384) from the first three pages of search results. The reading grade level of each website was calculated using 6 separate validated metrics for readability assessment. Analysis of word and sentence complexity was also performed. Results were compared between academic vs. non-academic websites and between websites found on different pages of the search results. Statistics were performed using a t test. The mean reading grade level across all procedures was 10th-14th grade. Webpages for nerve block were written at a higher reading grade level on non-academic websites (p = 0.025). There was no difference in reading grade levels between academic and non-academic sources for all other procedures. There was no difference in reading grade levels between websites found on the first page of search results compared with the second and third pages. Across all websites, 16-22% of the words used had 3+ syllables and 31-43% of the words used had 6+ characters (complex words); 13-24% of the sentences used had 22+ words (complex sentences). Patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures are written at the 10th-14th grade reading level, which is well beyond the AMA and NIH recommendation. Readability can be lowered by decreasing text complexity through limitation of high-syllable words and reduction in word and sentence length.

Facet Use in Search Tools is Influenced by the Interface but Remains Difficult to Predict

A Review of: Dahlen, S. P. C., Haeger, H., Hanson, K., &amp; Montellano, M. (2020). Almost in the wild: Student search behaviors when librarians aren’t looking. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(1), 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2019.102096 Abstract Objective – To examine the relationship between student search behaviours and the quality of scholarly sources chosen from among library search tools. Design – Unmonitored search sessions in a facilitated library setting. Setting – A mid-sized public university in the United States of America. Subjects – 50 upper-level undergraduate students in the social and behavioural sciences. Methods – Recruited participants were given one of two search prompts and asked to use EBSCO’s Social Science Abstracts and two configurations of ProQuest’s Summon, with one being pre-scoped to exclude newspapers and include subject areas within the social sciences. The search tools were assigned in random order. In each case, the participant was asked to find two of the “best quality” articles (p. 3). A librarian was present in the room but did not observe participants; instead, all sessions were recorded using Camtasia Relay. Afterwards, participants were interviewed about the process they used and their impressions of the search tools. They also completed a survey collecting information on their GPA and whether they had previously had library instruction. Main Results – Facet use differed significantly between the EBSCO database and Summon, though not between the two different configurations of Summon. There was a significant relationship between high use of facets in one platform being connected to high use in the other platforms. In contrast to some previous studies, a non-trivial proportion of participants went beyond the first page of search results. In support of most previous studies, participants infrequently searched on the subject field or changed the default sort order. Summon’s article suggestion feature was noted as being especially helpful, and clicking on suggested articles was significantly correlated with the number of article records viewed. Conclusion – The choice of search tool has a large influence on students’ subsequent search behaviour. Many of the advanced features are still missed by students, although in this study the majority of sources picked were of high quality. The authors note the importance of configuring the interface so that facets and other features deemed worthwhile by librarians are higher up on the page. The researchers reason that the prominent display of facets leads to greater uptake. Despite finding no association between library instruction and facet use, teaching students how to use facets remains an advisable strategy.