Classification Search Research Articles

Distractor similarity and category variability effects in search

Categorical search involves looking for objects based on category information from long-term memory. Previous research has shown that search efficiency in categorical search is influenced by target/distractor similarity and category variability (i.e., heterogeneity). However, the interaction between these factors and their impact on different subprocesses of search remains unclear. This study examined the effects of target/distractor similarity and category variability on processes of categorical search. Using multidimensional scaling, we manipulated target/distractor similarity and measured category variability for target categories that participants searched for. Eye-tracking data were collected to examine attentional guidance and target verification. The results demonstrated that the effect of category variability on response times (RTs) was dependent on the level of target/distractor similarity. Specifically, when distractors were highly similar to target categories, there was a negative relation between RTs and variability, with low variability categories producing longer RTs than higher variability categories. Surprisingly, this trend was only present in the eye-tracking measures of target verification but not attentional guidance. Our results suggest that searchers more effectively guide attention to low-variability categories compared to high-variability categories, regardless of the degree of similarity between targets and distractors. However, low category variability interferes with target match decisions when distractors are highly similar to the category, thus the advantage that low category variability provides to searchers is not equal across processes of search.

Linkr- Link Repository System

The digital landscape has revolutionized how we access and consume information, presenting an expansive repository of resources. However, this abundance introduces a significant challenge: the effective management of web links. As online content proliferates, users struggle with organizing, categorizing, and retrieving relevant links across multiple platforms and devices. This paper introduces Linkr, an innovative link repository system designed to address these challenges. Linkr offers a centralized platform for seamless link curation, categorization, and management, transcending the limitations of traditional bookmarking systems. By providing a user-centric interface, robust categorization, and advanced search functionalities, Linkr aims to streamline link organization, enhance accessibility, and improve browsing efficiency. The research delves into the methodologies, functionalities, and transformative potential of Linkr, highlighting its significance in reshaping web link management and enriching the digital experience.

TinyNS: Platform-Aware Neurosymbolic Auto Tiny Machine Learning.

Machine learning at the extreme edge has enabled a plethora of intelligent, time-critical, and remote applications. However, deploying interpretable artificial intelligence systems that can perform high-level symbolic reasoning and satisfy the underlying system rules and physics within the tight platform resource constraints is challenging. In this paper, we introduce TinyNS, the first platform-aware neurosymbolic architecture search framework for joint optimization of symbolic and neural operators. TinyNS provides recipes and parsers to automatically write microcontroller code for five types of neurosymbolic models, combining the context awareness and integrity of symbolic techniques with the robustness and performance of machine learning models. TinyNS uses a fast, gradient-free, black-box Bayesian optimizer over discontinuous, conditional, numeric, and categorical search spaces to find the best synergy of symbolic code and neural networks within the hardware resource budget. To guarantee deployability, TinyNS talks to the target hardware during the optimization process. We showcase the utility of TinyNS by deploying microcontroller-class neurosymbolic models through several case studies. In all use cases, TinyNS outperforms purely neural or purely symbolic approaches while guaranteeing execution on real hardware.

Способы действия с объектом как часть его репрезентации

<p>Goal. A representation is a multisensory model of an object that may or may not be represented in direct perceptual experience. In this regard, the question arises about the possibility of including in the representation information about the way of action with an object (motor programs). The purpose of this work is to analyze the existing theoretical concepts and empirical studies of the thesis about the inclusion of motor knowledge in the representation of an object and the influence of this knowledge on other cognitive processes. Methods. The work examines such theoretical approaches as the theory of the dual visual system, the model of embedded representation, as well as approaches based on manipulation and intention. In particular, the effect of compatibility is analyzed, which consists in reaction time reduction in the case of a congruence of the executed motor program and the perceived object. Results. The compatibility effect can be found in naming, categorization, and visual search tasks. The conditions for the occurrence of the compatibility effect in visual search are considered. Conclusions. It is assumed that there are two alternative explanations for the compatibility effect in the visual search — the conflict resolution in working memory or the inhibition of affordances hypothesis.</p>

It is a match! Timely response to a specific target boosts concurrent task processing.

Multitasking typically leads to interference. However, responding to attentionally demanding targets in a continuous task paradoxically enhances memory for concurrently presented images, known as the "attentional boost effect" (ABE). Previous research has attributed the ABE to a temporal orienting response induced by the release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus when a stimulus is classified as a target. In this study, we tested whether target classification and response decisions act in an all-or-none manner on the ABE, or whether the processes leading up to these decisions also modulate the ABE. Participants encoded objects into memory while monitoring a stream of letters and digits, pressing a key for target letters. To change the process leading to target classification, we asked participants to respond either to a specific target letter or an entire category of letters. To change the process leading to response, we asked participants to either respond immediately to the target or withhold the response until the appearance of the next stimulus. Despite successfully identifying the target and responding to it in all conditions, participants benefited less from target detection in category search than in exact search and less from delayed response than immediate response. These findings suggest that target and response decisions do not act in an all-or-none manner. Instead, the ABE and the temporal orienting response is sensitive to the speed of reaching a perceptual or response decision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Aiding ICD-10 Encoding of Clinical Health Records Using Improved Text Cosine Similarity and PLM-ICD

The International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10), has been widely used for the classification of patient diagnostic information. This classification is usually performed by dedicated physicians with specific coding training, and it is a laborious task. Automatic classification is a challenging task for the domain of natural language processing. Therefore, automatic methods have been proposed to aid the classification process. This paper proposes a method where Cosine text similarity is combined with a pretrained language model, PLM-ICD, in order to increase the number of probably useful suggestions of ICD-10 codes, based on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV dataset. The results show that a strategy of using multiple runs, and bucket category search, in the Cosine method, improves the results, providing more useful suggestions. Also, the use of a strategy composed by the Cosine method and PLM-ICD, which was called PLM-ICD-C, provides better results than just the PLM-ICD.

Searching near and far: The attentional template incorporates viewing distance.

According to theories of visual search, observers generate a visual representation of the search target (the "attentional template") that guides spatial attention toward target-like visual input. In real-world vision, however, objects produce vastly different visual input depending on their location: your car produces a retinal image that is 10 times smaller when it is parked 50 compared to 5 m away. Across four experiments, we investigated whether the attentional template incorporates viewing distance when observers search for familiar object categories. On each trial, participants were precued to search for a car or person in the near or far plane of an outdoor scene. In "search trials," the scene reappeared and participants had to indicate whether the search target was present or absent. In intermixed "catch-trials," two silhouettes were briefly presented on either side of fixation (matching the shape and/or predicted size of the search target), one of which was followed by a probe-stimulus. We found that participants were more accurate at reporting the location (Experiments 1 and 2) and orientation (Experiment 3) of probe stimuli when they were presented at the location of size-matching silhouettes. Thus, attentional templates incorporate the predicted size of an object based on the current viewing distance. This was only the case, however, when silhouettes also matched the shape of the search target (Experiment 2). We conclude that attentional templates for finding objects in scenes are shaped by a combination of category-specific attributes (shape) and context-dependent expectations about the likely appearance (size) of these objects at the current viewing location. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Global google trends for construction demonstrate low search volume index for stress, mental and suicide

The comparison of Google internet searches for English words in construction for “construction stress”, “construction mental” and “construction suicide” with reference to “construction worker” has not previously been undertaken. It is important to understand internet interest across these 3 terms as all are relevant to mental health and stress in construction. Suicide risk is significantly complex and multifactorial. Our aim is to investigate internet search interest across construction with a focus on mental, stress and suicide, and determine whether there is consistent interest across these search terms. Methods: Using Google Trends, data on global search queries we compared “construction mental” or “construction stress” and “construction suicide”. Two time periods were compared, the last 5 years and the last 24 months, both till December 8th, 2022. The relationship between web search interest, reflected by search volume index (SVI) for society and community versus the business and industrial category and health category were evaluated. Results: Open category searches on Google trends for the key words “construction mental” or “construction stress” demonstrated moderate SVI peaks over a 5-year period. Sub-group analyses for the industrial and business category demonstrated consistent low interest in suicide compared to search terms related to stress or mental health. Conclusion: There is limited online interest in construction mental and stress and even less interest in suicide.

Cultura Organizacional en Pymes Latinoamericanas, 2016 - 2023

To understand the impacts of organizational culture on Latin American SMEs, the study sought to contribute the findings of a systematic review of the scientific literature that included both national and international research works. To do this, a systematic and organized search was carried out for studies related to the object of the research in which the access obstacles that appear between 2018 -2022 in Latin American SMEs to achieve levels of efficiency could be observed. To this end, the following question was posed: What is the influence of organizational culture on SMEs in Latin America between 2018 – 2022? To this end, we proceeded to locate, select and critically evaluate all relevant research, using systematic processes. category search, collection, identification and eligibility of studies. Data from the studies included in the review were also collected and analyzed. The contribution of the study consists of identifying the steps and tactics that must be taken to optimize and/or improve the effectiveness in the management of Latin American SMEs.

Explicit and implicit category learning in categorical visual search.

Categorical search has been heavily investigated over the past decade, mostly using natural categories that leave the underlying category mental representation unknown. The categorization literature offers several theoretical accounts of category mental representations. One prominent account is that separate learning systems account for classification: an explicit learning system that relies on easily verbalized rules and an implicit learning system that relies on an associatively learned (nonverbalizable) information integration strategy. The current study assessed the contributions of these separate category learning systems in the context of categorical search using simple stimuli. Participants learned to classify sinusoidal grating stimuli according to explicit or implicit categorization strategies, followed by a categorical search task using these same stimulus categories. Computational modeling determined which participants used the appropriate classification strategy during training and search, and eye movements collected during categorical search were assessed. We found that the trained categorization strategies overwhelmingly transferred to the verification (classification response) phase of search. Implicit category learning led to faster search response and shorter target dwell times relative to explicit category learning, consistent with the notion that explicit rule classification relies on a more deliberative response strategy. Participants who transferred the correct category learning strategy to the search guidance phase produced stronger search guidance (defined as the proportion of trials on which the target was the first item fixated) with evidence of greater guidance in implicit-strategy learners. This demonstrates that both implicit and explicit categorization systems contribute to categorical search and produce dissociable patterns of data.

Need of Integrated Regional Planning Approach for the Decentralisation and Optimisation of Renewable Energy Based Electric Vehicle Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Visualisation

The existing research narrates avenues in the regional and thematic area preconditions set via the framework and institutional mechanism towards energy decentralisation (ED). Moreover, with the entrant stakeholders and inclusive energy policy, the researchers find potential in local resources and capacity towards the decarbonisation of the economy. Consequently, governments around the globe emphasise multi-level sectoral economic support packages to buffer the immediate to medium-term gap and subsequently investigate their implementation in infrastructure and technology. The present review attempts to focus on the conditions of energy transformation in enabling a policy and regulatory framework. As such an integrated regional spatial framework focuses to identify support packages across urban and rural planning, transportation, renewable energy, infrastructure, environment and climate change and sustainability. Moreover, the present review revolves its thematic focus around the transport sector to strategize the energy decentralisation of the local potential in the ongoing electric vehicle (EV) transportation. The presented review toils on EV users’ struggle to orient to the need of the hour in the inadequacies of refill/charging infrastructure. Thus, it is imperative to review parameters such as availability and access to charge, depending on the source of energy in the charging infrastructure, facilities and services at the regional level. The presented review investigates under categoric and key search across conceptual regional settlement hierarchy to strategize the development of the Renewable Energy based Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (REEVI) package under system, support and services (SSS). Conclusively, the review study brings out a tentative regional settlement hierarchical integrated methodology for REEVI-SSS in the missing linkages and gaps of spatial planning to ease medium and long trip EV transportation challenges faced at the inter-city–rural, i.e., regional level.

Digital advertising spillover, online-exclusive product launches, and manufacturer-remanufacturer competition

Manufacturers launch and advertise new generations of products through e-retailers. However, this advertising effort also benefits independent remanufacturers selling the previous generation of the same product online because of product recommendation algorithms and consumer category search. Through a stylized game-theoretic model, we investigate how independent, arm’s-length, and cooperative digital advertising strategies by a manufacturer and e-retailer unintentionally displace the sales of a new product to the benefit of an independently remanufactured alternative due to digital advertising spillover. We consider the manufacturer’s and remanufacturer’s relative production costs, the degree of substitutability between the two products, and the degree to which advertising spillover from the new product to the remanufactured product occurs. Further investigating the latter issue, we also consider that the remanufacturer’s advertising may spill over to the new product’s benefit, although at a comparatively weak level. Our results explore the optimal digital advertising strategy and effort in different conditions. We give recommendations to the manufacturer to maximize profits, which sometimes, unintuitively, involves sacrificing sales quantity and wholesale price under a cooperative advertising strategy to reduce advertising expenditures that would otherwise significantly benefit the remanufacturer’s product. A numerical analysis shows our findings to be robust and in an extension we explore the scenario that the manufacturer possesses its own direct channel.

The stakes of abyssal geography. Response to commentaries on David Chandler and Jonathan Pugh's ‘Abyssal geography’.

The stakes of abyssal geography. Response to commentaries on David Chandler and Jonathan Pugh's ‘Abyssal geography’.

Identifying opportunities for upstream evaluations relevant to child and maternal health: a UK policy-mapping review

ObjectiveInterventions to tackle the social determinants of health can improve outcomes during pregnancy and early childhood, leading to better health across the life course. Variation in content, timing and implementation...

Creating the Map of Interactive Services Aiding and Assisting Persons With Disabilities (MSAADA) Project: Tutorial for the Novel Use of a Store Locator App.

An estimated 15% of the global population is living with a disability. In Kenya, children with disabilities remain among the most vulnerable populations, experiencing substantial barriers to wellness and inclusion. Smartphone ownership and internet access have been increasing across sub-Saharan Africa, including in Kenya. Despite these advances, online or mobile resources remain limited and difficult to find and navigate. This paper aims to describe the novel use of a store locator app to develop an interactive map of organizations that provide medical, educational, and socioeconomic resources to individuals with disabilities in Kenya. The target audience is individuals with disabilities, medical professionals, and organization leaders. A comprehensive list of organizations, government county offices, educational assessment and resource centers, and institutions was compiled. Organizations were contacted via email, WhatsApp, or in person for semistructured interviews. Based on the services offered, each organization was assigned categorical search tags. The data were entered into a third-party store locator app. The resulting map was inserted into a page on the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) website. The Map of Interactive Services Aiding and Assisting Persons With Disabilities (MSAADA; this abbreviation is also Swahili for "help") was launched in July 2020 in both English and Swahili. The map included 89 organizations across Kenya. Of these, 51 were reached for an interview (for a 57% response rate). Interviewees cited limited paid staff and dependence on grant-based funding as primary challenges to growth and sustainability. MSAADA is an interactive, virtual map that aims to connect individuals with disabilities, medical professionals, and organization leaders to resources in Kenya. The novel use of a store locator app to compile resources in remote settings has the potential to improve access to health care for a wide variety of specialties and patient populations. Innovators in global health should consider the use of store locator apps to connect individuals to resources in regions with limited mapping.

Ensemble perception, categorization, and high-level visual search

Introduction. 1- Categorization is a fundamental sensory-motor ability facilitating rapid behavioral responses to complex situations. It is recognition of shared features or similarities between objects, events, or ideas, and their organization into associated abstract groups. Categorization allows responding similarly to category members: chairs are for sitting; food for eating; friends for approaching; foes for avoiding. 2- High-level visual search tests categorization, since it is based on requesting observers to find exemplars of named categories among heterogeneous objects. 3- Ensemble perception is the ability to efficiently represent groups of similar objects by their summary statistics. Studies found that observers are better at perceiving the mean of a set of images than remembering the presence of a particular member of the set. Observers also automatically and implicitly extract averages of sets of images, on-the-fly, on a trial-by-trial basis. Note that there is an inherent paradox in both categorization and ensemble perception: category exemplars and ensemble images share sufficient features to allow recognizing them as category or set members, but each one is different, or we would have a useless tautology. Methods. We now use the “individual differences” paradigm, asking if categorization, high-level visual search, and ensemble perception depend on the same or different underlying mechanisms. If separate mechanisms exist, then Nature’s manipulations (including in neurotypically-developed participants and those on the autism spectrum) may lead some individuals to have particularly sensitive mechanisms for one, and other individuals for the other. Crucially, performance subserved by different mechanisms should predict each other less than performance subserved by the same mechanism. Results. We find correlated performance for face detection and basic-level ensemble perception, but uncorrelated performance for complex categorization and ensemble perception or face detection. Conclusions. These results have important implications for placing these perceptual mechanisms at low-levels versus high-levels of the visual hierarchy.

Adaptive-mixture-categorization (AMC)-based g-computation and its application to trace element mixtures and bladder cancer risk

Several new statistical methods have been developed to identify the overall impact of an exposure mixture on health outcomes. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression assigns the joint mixture effect weights to indicate the overall association of multiple exposures, and quantile-based g-computation is a generalized version of WQS without the restriction of directional homogeneity. This paper proposes an adaptive-mixture-categorization (AMC)-based g-computation approach that combines g-computation with an optimal exposure categorization search using the F statistic. AMC-based g-computation reduces variance within each category and retains the variance between categories to build more powerful predictors. In a simulation study, the performance of association analysis was improved using categorizing by AMC compared with quantiles. We applied this method to assess the association between a mixture of 12 trace element concentrations measured from toenails and the risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Our findings suggested that medium-level (116.7–145.5 μg/g) vs. low-level (39.5–116.2 μg/g) of toenail zinc had a statistically significant positive association with bladder cancer risk.

Attenuating the ‘attentional white bear’ effect enhances suppressive attention

Trying to ignore an object can bias attention towards it – a phenomenon referred to as the ‘attentional white bear’ (AWB) effect. The mechanisms behind this effect remain unclear. On one hand, the AWB may reflect reactive, ‘search and destroy’ distractor suppression, which directs attention toward irrelevant objects in order to suppress further attention to them. However, another possibility is that the AWB results from failed proactive distractor suppression – attempting to suppress attention to an irrelevant object from the outset may inadvertently result in an attentional shift towards it. To distinguish these two possibilities, we developed a categorical visual search task that addresses limitations present in prior studies. In five experiments (Ntotal = 96), participants searched displays of naturalistic stimuli cued only with distractor categories (targets were unknown and unpredictable). We observed an AWB and later attenuated it by presenting a pre-search stimulus, likely disrupting guidance from distractor templates in working memory. We conclude that the AWB resulted from a failure of proactive suppression rather than a search and destroy process.

High-level visual search in children with autism.

Visual search has been classified as easy feature search, with rapid target detection and little set size dependence, versus slower difficult search with focused attention, with set size–dependent speed. Reverse hierarchy theory attributes these classes to rapid high cortical-level vision at a glance versus low-level vision with scrutiny, attributing easy search to high-level representations. Accordingly, faces “pop out” of heterogeneous object photographs. Individuals with autism have difficulties recognizing faces, and we now asked if this disability disturbs their search for faces. We compare search times and set size slopes for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and those with neurotypical development (NT) when searching for faces. Human face targets were found rapidly, with shallow set size slopes. The between-group difference between slopes (18.8 vs. 11.3 ms/item) is significant, suggesting that faces may not “pop out” as easily, but in our view does not warrant classifying ASD face search as categorically different from that of NT children. We also tested search for different target categories, dog and lion faces, and nonface basic categories, cars and houses. The ASD group was generally a bit slower than the NT group, and their slopes were somewhat steeper. Nevertheless, the overall dependencies on target category were similar: human face search fastest, nonface categories slowest, and dog and lion faces in between. We conclude that autism may spare vision at a glance, including face detection, despite its reported effects on face recognition, which may require vision with scrutiny. This dichotomy is consistent with the two perceptual modes suggested by reverse hierarchy theory.

Analytical Work on Missing Persons Search: Modern View of the Problem

The article is devoted to the analysis of law enforcement agencies’ activities to search for missing persons. The purpose of the study is to examine the peculiarities of the analytical work of law enforcement agencies on missing person’s search. The methodological bases are general scientific and special scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge (systemic, formal-logical, structural-functional, sociological, historical and axiological). It is concluded that the criteria for law enforcement agencies to search for missing persons are the general state of search work, search for certain categories of missing persons, trends and processes that cause missing persons, causes and conditions of missing persons, results of police operations and special operations conduct. It is determined that the consolidation and combination of efforts of different units and services during the search work helps to increase the number of facts of locating missing persons. Attention is paid to the identification of factors influencing the assessment of the search work. The state of the international search missing persons is analyzed. The necessity of using the positive experience of European countries in the outlined activities is substantiated.