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Modern concepts about the problem of endometrial infertility against the backdrop of the "thin endometrium" (literature review)

Endometrial infertility is the cause of inadequate implantation and serves as an obstacle to the onset and progression of spontaneous pregnancy and the implementation of assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs. One of the most common mechanisms for the development of infertility is endometrial thinning. Despite the abundance of publications, today there are no generally accepted diagnostic criteria and treatment and rehabilitation approaches for this pathology, which encourages continued scientific research in this direction. Aim was to highlight the problem of decreased fertility caused by “thin endometrium”. To create the review, the bibliographic method was applied and domestic and foreign literary sources from the Pubmed, MedLine, RSCI, e-library and Cyberleninka search engine databases were used. The search depth was 10 years. The following search phrases were used: “uterine factor of infertility”, “endometrial factor of infertility”, “thin endometrium”. Seventy five sources that were included in this review were studied and analyzed. Data presented in the literature indicate that endometrial causes of infertility are associated with incompetence of the uterine cavity mucosa, which may manifest itself as a phenomenon of ”thin endometrium”, the development mechanisms of which have not yet been fully studied. Determining the functional status of the endometrium is very important for predicting the onset of pregnancy in the natural cycle or in ART programs, since even in the presence of a good quality embryo, endometrial deficiency can prevent adequate implantation. Thus, before planning a subsequent pregnancy, it is necessary to diagnose and, if possible, neutralize or correct endometrial causes of infertility. One of the main markers of readiness for implantation at the moment is the thickness of the endometrium.

Evolution of understanding the anatomy of the respiratory system

This article highlights the history of the development of the anatomy of the respiratory system. The preparation of this publication utilized articles from journals included in the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) and Pub- Med. The depth of the publication search spanned 20 years. The article summarizes knowledge about the development of ideas about the anatomy of the respiratory system. The first mentions of the respiratory organs—lungs, bronchi, trachea—date back to Ancient times. Scientists and physicians of that era attempted to determine the structure of the lungs. Not all medical schools associated breathing with the lungs. During the Renaissance, empirical knowledge in this field continued to accumulate. Autopsies allowed for more detailed descriptions of the chest structure, lungs, trachea, and bronchial system. The invention of the microscope in the 17th century enabled the study of lung structure down to the alveoli and capillaries. Various types of epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, nasal cavity sinuses, and more were described. In modern times, technologies have made it possible to obtain the first microphotographs showing the ultrastructure of the pulmonary capillary and the blood-gas barrier. The history of the development of the understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system can be considered when studying specific topics within university courses such as "Human Anatomy," "History of Medicine," and "History of Biology."

Challenges of asthma therapy adherence in adolescents and solutions (literature review)

Introduction. Asthma is a globally significant non-communicable disease with serious public health implications, affecting both children and adults. It includes high morbidity and mortality rates in severe cases. Understanding the reasons for decreased adherence to asthma therapy in adolescents remains a pressing issue for physicians across various specialties. It is important to analyze the challenges faced by young people that lead to ineffective asthma control.Aim. To review the latest literature to understand the driving factors behind non-adherence to treatment regimens in adolescents with asthma, their consequences, and potential solutions to ensure better disease control.Materials and methods. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Elsevier, Embase, Wiley, and CyberLeninka. The planned search depth was 2019-2024, using keywords: adherence to therapy in adolescents, asthma, therapy control.Results. The literature review discusses the unique aspects of adherence to asthma therapy in adolescence, along with programs and methods successfully used to optimize medical care for adolescents with asthma.Conclusion. The course of asthma during adolescence changes due to various factors: hormonal changes, the child's desire for separation from parents, fear of being different from peers, increased societal and school demands, stress, and psychological characteristics. Consequently, researchers from various countries are developing methods to improve therapy adherence and asthma control, such as educational programs in schools, the use of digital health technologies, and even financial incentives for adolescents. Implementing modern methods to enhance medical care for young people with asthma may help reduce mortality rates in this age group.

Hemostasis correction in the treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients

Background. It is well known that the severe course of a new coronavirus infection (NCI) is often accompanied by a significant risk of hemostasis system disorders. Virus-associated coagulopathy in COVID-19 differs from its other types. Apparently, it is directly related to inflammatory processes and an inadequate response from the immune system.Objective: to determine the main mechanisms of immune-mediated coagulopathy development in NCI patients and methods of correcting this pathological condition.Material and methods. The search for studies devoted to the specifics of coagulopathy course in COVID-19, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with this complication was carried out in international scientific research databases PubMed/ MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and scientific electronic library (eLibrary). The search depth was 20 years. The results of queries in search engines Yandex and Google were also taken. After selection of publications performed according to PRISMA recommendations, 73 articles were included in the review.Results. A “vicious circle” associated with cytokine storm underlies the pathogenetic mechanisms of immune-mediated thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. A significant role of endothelial dysfunction, extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs), thrombocytopathy and changes in complement system activity is assigned to coagulopathy development. The therapy of this complication is aimed primarily at pathogenetic process. The effectiveness of anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, drugs aimed at limiting the role of NETs and complement system in thrombosis development was shown. The expediency of preventive use of anticoagulants in COVID-19 patients was considered. Information was provided on the rehabilitation of NCI patients with coagulopathy. The effectiveness of combined anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19 as a component of complex rehabilitation was indicated.Conslusion. Inflammatory processes and immune response play an crucial role in coagulopathy development in NCI patients. The combination of all pathogenetic changes on the part of immune system, inflammatory response and hemostasis system makes it difficult to carry out therapeutic measures. The general scheme of rehabilitation for COVID-19 patients should include three stages, and timely use of combined anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant therapy is also advisable.

The roles of entrepreneurial orientation and government support in the open innovation of manufacturing firms: empirical evidence from South Korea

PurposeThis study investigates the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and government support on the innovation openness of South Korean manufacturing firms. By compartmentalizing entrepreneurial orientation and government support, this study seeks to elucidate their effects on the breadth and depth of firms' knowledge searches.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes Poisson regression analysis with empirical data from 2,353 South Korean manufacturing firms collected from Korean Innovation Survey data.FindingsAnalysis reveals nuanced influences of various factors on firms' open innovation activities. Innovativeness positively affects knowledge search breadth and depth, highlighting the role of innovation-oriented processes, while competitive aggressiveness influences depth, thereby underscoring the pursuit of specialized knowledge acquisition. Proactiveness positively affects breadth but negatively affects depth, suggesting the importance of maintaining broad perspectives. Government support scope positively affects both breadth and depth, reflecting the significance of external support in encouraging inclusive knowledge exploration. The importance of government support positively influences depth, emphasizing its vital role in establishing collaborative relationships to enhance in-depth knowledge acquisition.Originality/valueThis study provides novel insights by exploring the nuanced implementation of open innovation in latecomer economies, especially South Korea, which experienced rapid economic development by leveraging innovation. The identification of specific factors influencing knowledge search breadth and depth contributes to the literature on open innovation by providing strategic guidelines for firms and policymakers. This practical implications of this study suggest that firms should align their strategies with entrepreneurial orientation while leveraging pertinent government support.

Neurodevelopmental technologies in the medical rehabilitation of children with the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system

Abstract. Modern medicine focuses on the development of effective methods of medical rehabilitation of children with perinatal damage to the central nervous system, which is due to the high risk of the formation of persistent motor disorders and disability of such patients. A promising area of physical rehabilitation of children with the consequences of perinatal CNS damage is the development and scientific substantiation of neurodevelopmental technologies. The purpose. Analyze scientific publications on the use of neurodevelopmental technologies in the medical rehabilitation of children with perinatal central nervous system damage. Material and methods. The selection of publications for the literature review was carried out using the main databases eLibrary, PubMed, Cochrane Library with a search depth of 10 years. Results. Based on the analysis, data on the beneficial effect of neurodevelopmental technologies on muscle tone, motor development indicators, postural balance are presented, and their contribution to the formation of age-related motor skills in children with the consequences of perinatal central nervous system damage is established. In comparative studies, the advantage of Bobat therapy in initial hypertension and Voita therapy in patients with hypotension has been revealed.

Combining digital and legacy technologies: firm digital transformation strategies—evidence from Chinese manufacturing companies

The digital transformation of firms is a pervasive trend within the digital-based economy. Despite its inevitability, there is a continuing debate regarding the most effective methods for implementing such transformations. This study delineates four digital technology strategies—searching, enhancing, grafting, and integrating—within the theoretical framework that digital technology can strengthen an enterprise’s existing legacy technology. Using fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis, this study examines 76 Chinese high-tech manufacturing companies to uncover the configuration effects of technology distance, the type of technical search, and leadership perceptions on the adoption of these strategies. The empirical results reveal that the searching strategy is commonly employed in scenarios involving general technology, search breadth, and the perceived usefulness of the technology. The enhancing strategy is typically adopted when companies engage in extensive searches and perceive digital technology as easy to use. Moreover, the grafting strategy has emerged as the natural choice when there is a deep search for specific technologies coupled with a recognition of their usefulness. The integrating strategy becomes prominent when a company identifies a specific technology through both search breadth and search depth, acknowledging its usefulness and ease of use simultaneously. These findings offer valuable insights for managers aiming to select an effective digital technology strategy to facilitate successful transformation.

Features of the incidence of breast cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Aim of the study. Analysis of breast cancer incidence in Kazakhstan for the period 2020 – 2022.Materials and methods. The study included all registered cases of breast cancer morbidity and mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2020-2022. Data for analysis were taken from the official statistical source: Statistical collection «Health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the activities of healthcare organizations in 2020»; Statistical collection “Health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the activities of healthcare organizations in 2021-2022.” The search depth was 3 years, from 2020 to 2022. A direct standardization method using a global population standard was used to calculate standardized morbidity and mortality rates.Results and discussion. As a result of studying statistical data for 2020-2022, it was found that cancer incidence rates per 100 thousand population in 2022, compared with 2021, increased by 5.2%, and compared to 2020 increased by 13.5%. In the structure of incidence, both in 2020 and 2021, and in 2022, breast cancer occupied 1st place, with an increase in dynamics from 2020 to 2022 from 8.76 to 9.73 per 100 thousand population.An analysis of the incidence of breast cancer by stages of the disease in the context of regions of Kazakhstan showed that high rates of stages I and II of breast cancer were established in the Kyzylorda, Pavlodar, and Atyrau regions. The lowest incidence rates of stage I and II breast cancer were observed in Akmola, Mangistau and Turkestan regions.Conclusions. According to the results of our review, many studies indicate that this disease continues to be the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the leading cause of death among women in various countries of the world, including Kazakhstan. The conclusion of this article is that the incidence and mortality from breast cancer continues to be an urgent epidemiological problem in Kazakhstan, requiring further scientific research to identify risk factors.

Sleep Disturbance as a Predictor of Accelerated Human Aging

Introduction. One of the main predictors of aging is sleep disturbance, the study of the role of which in the development of the accelerated aging process is recognized as an urgent problem for the medical community.The aim of the work is to analyze modern data on age-related aspects of sleep status and describe known markers of early aging associated with somnological disorders.Materials and methods. The search and selection of literary sources was carried out in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar. Search depth — 17 years, from 2007 to 2024. The total number of publications included in the review was 80.Results and discussion. Aging refers to a general pathological process that affects all human physiological systems. Differences between the terms biological and chronobiological age are established. The role of somnological disorders in the accelerated aging process has been determined. It has been established that as age increases, changes in the electrophysiological pattern of sleep are observed. It was found that changes in biological markers of aging are positively correlated with sleep disturbance. The importance of neuroimaging methods in determining the accelerated rate of aging in people with sleep disorders is shown.Conclusion. Sleep disturbance is defined as a significant indicator of accelerated aging of the body. Further research into changes in the structure and quality of sleep may change the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of aging and contribute to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the field of anti-aging medicine.

USING OF UNIVERSAL ADHESIVE SYSTEMS IN DENTISTRY

The purpose is to study the state of the issue of the use of universal adhesive systems by keywords: universal adhesive systems, universal adhesives, dentin bonds, destruction of connection with tooth tissues, dental etching. Materials and methods. Analyzed databases: PubMed, eLibrary, Google Scholar with a search depth of 10 years. The sources studying the issue of the use of universal adhesive systems were selected. Results. According to the results of the initial keyword search, 1284 publications were found. After checking the articles for compliance with the search conditions, 106 were selected. After a full-text analysis, 31 (100%) sources were included in this review. 14 (45%) articles were studied on the composition of the adhesive (studied component: hydrophilic monomers, nanofillers, hydrophobic monomers, solvents, etching agent), 8 (26%) articles on the adhesive strength of the adhesive (air-abrasive surface treatment, characteristics of the lubricated layer, surface moisture, bond type, test conditions), according to the principle of application (type of etching) 9 (29%) publications. Conclusion: The choice of clinical options for the use of universal adhesive systems (various surface preparation strategies) and clinical situations greatly expands the possibilities of using universal adhesives. The data obtained during the analysis of sources describe a variety of ways of using universal adhesive systems in different surface preparation techniques with contradictory results. The presence of contradictory data in the scientific literature indicates the need to study the aspects of the use of universal adhesives in various clinical situations and protocols in the long term.

Principles of instructional design in adult education: Vectors of change and modelling opportunities based on educational technologies

Introduction. The issue of instructional design development is examined, with a particular focus on the potential for developing variable models based on technological solutions which facilitate the synchronisation of adult learning with the demands of the labour market. The aim of this article is to determine the principles of the instructional design for adults, and to identify the key vectors of change influenced by educational technology (EdTech). Materials and Methods. The methodology was based on ecosystem and socio- environmental approaches, as well as the methods of content analysis, expert interviews and modelling. The method of a qualitative content analysis was used to examine scientific sources with a search depth of 10 years. The selection of experts for interviews was carried out on a criterion sample: work experience in adult education, continuing professional development, consulting, and EdTech. The data were analysed on 15 expert interviews. The authors employed the modelling method to construct a conceptual model of instructional design. Results. The authors have identified and revealed the differences between instructional design and classical didactics, presented in the educational paradigm shift towards a greater learner agency, an open multidimensional learning environment, and ecosystem connections. As a result, the authors have pointed out three stages of instructional design development, revealed its peculiarities, and identi-fied potential avenues for change. The authors have summarised and formulated the principles of a modern data-driven instructional design, based on the examples of EdTech companies Skillbox, Skyeng, Stepik, Synergy, SkillFactory, Universalium, Synchronisation. The principles are as follows: personali-sation, customisation, variability, reduction of a feedback loop, analysis of group and individual educational experiences, immersion in practice and social context. Furthermore, the authors have con-structed and described a conceptual model of the instructional design for adults. Conclusions. In conclusion, the authors present a summary of the principles identified in the field of the modern data-driven instructional design for adult education. Instructional design is regard-ed as a scientific discipline and practice. The model of instructional design developed by the authors provides adaptability and the capacity for redesigning educational programmes for adults in continuing professional development and EdTech, thereby contributing to the creation of a lifelong learning eco-system.

An emprical study on multi-meme memetic algorithms which includes Choice Function, Reinforcement Learning and Simple Random Hyper-heuristics *

Hyper-heuristics are designed to be reusable, domain-independent methods for addressing complex computational issues. While there are specialized approaches that work well for particular problems, they often require parameter tuning and cannot be transferred to other problems. Memetic Algorithms combine genetic algorithms and local search techniques. The evolutionary interaction of memes allows for the creation of intelligent complexes capable of solving computational problems. Hyper-heuristics are a high-level search technique that operates on a set of low-level heuristics that directly address the solution. They have two main components: heuristic selection and move acceptance mechanisms. The heuristic selection method determines which low-level heuristic to use, while the move acceptance mechanism decides whether to accept or reject the resulting solution. In this study, we explore a multi-meme memetic algorithm as a hyper-heuristic that integrates and manages multiple hyper-heuristics (Modified Choice Function All Moves, Reinforcement Learning with Great Deluge, and Simple Random Only Improvement) and parameters of heuristics (such as mutation rates and search depth). We conducted an empirical study testing two different variations of the proposed hyper-heuristic. The first algorithm uses the Only Improvement acceptance technique for both Reinforcement Learning and Simple Random, and All Moves for Modified Choice Function. In the second version, the Great Deluge method replaces Only Improvement for Reinforcement Learning. The second algorithm's results outperformed most competitors from the CHeSC2011 competition, achieving the forth-best hyper-heuristic performance.

Innovation performance feedback and inter-organization knowledge search in high-tech firms: The moderating role of technical knowledge complexity

Building on the knowledge search behaviors exhibited by high-tech firms, this study develops a contingency model to explore the relationship between innovation performance feedback and inter-organization knowledge search. The moderating role of technical knowledge complexity is then examined. Utilizing the sample of high-tech firms in China and employing the negative binomial regression model, this study examines the influences of different states of innovation performance feedback (below and above aspirations) on knowledge search breadth and depth. The results show a significant U-shaped relationship between innovation performance below aspiration and the breadth and depth of inter-organization knowledge search. Moreover, there exists a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between innovation performance above aspiration and the search breadth and depth. Furthermore, the technical knowledge complexity enhances the U-shaped association of innovation performance below aspiration and knowledge search breadth, while strengthening the inverted U-shaped influence of innovation performance above aspiration and knowledge search depth.

Performance shortfalls and innovative search: Evidence from the biopharmaceutical firms in China

ABSTRACT Performance feedback literature acknowledges that firms’ innovative behaviour in response to performance shortfalls. However, it overlooks the impact of multidimensional heterogeneity in innovative activities on the direction of search following performance shortfalls. Based on the framework of gain and loss, we propose that underperforming firms are inclined to minimise breadth search and are more likely to engage in depth search, influenced by varying perceptions of risk associated with different innovative search strategies. This hypothesis is tested using a panel dataset of 234-listed biopharmaceutical firms in China from 2008 to 2022. Our findings indicate a negative relationship between performance shortfalls and innovative search breadth, and a positive relationship between performance shortfalls and innovative search depth. Furthermore, we found that both knowledge diversity and knowledge distance negatively moderate the relationship between performance shortfalls and innovative search breadth. Conversely, knowledge distance positively moderates the relationship between performance shortfalls and innovative search depth. This study enriches the understanding of performance feedback mechanisms and their influence on innovative search strategies.

Modern views on the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration

Introduction. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is defined as a multifactorial degenerative disease of the spine, starting from the structures of the nucleus pulposus of the IVD, spreading to the fibrous ring and other elements of the spinal motion segment. Unlike natural aging, a pathological degenerative process that occurs in IVDs as a result of the additive effect of genetic predisposition and external environmental factors leads to the formation of chronic back pain and reduces the patient’s quality of life. Despite many years of studying the problem of the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration, it is far from being resolved, which encourages us to further study the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of this pathology.Aim. To update the knowledge of practicing neurologists about the results of modern studies of the leading mechanisms of development of IVD degeneration in humans and their role in the development of promising biomarkers of this pathology and new strategies for pathogenetic therapy.Materials and methods. A search and analysis of publications was carried out in Russian-language (e-Library) and Englishlanguage databases (PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Keys, Springer, Elsevier, Google Scholar). Search depth – 5 years (2018–2023).Results. The analyzed and generalized results of studies of the molecular mechanisms influencing the development and progression of this pathology are presented. The leading pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of IVD degeneration, such as oxidative stress and the NO system, cytokine imbalance, increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases, dysfunction of fibrillar collagens and proteoglycan, as well as their relationship with each other, were considered.Conclusion. The review provides a broader look at the pathogenetic mechanisms of IVD degeneration, which makes it possible to set new goals for future development of promising therapeutic strategies.

How do companies adopt open innovation to enable circular economy? Insights from a qualitative meta‐analysis of case studies

AbstractOpen innovation (OI) is a pivotal driver in fostering the practical implementation of circular economy (CE). Based on 42 case studies identified through a systematic search, the present study seeks to understand how OI strategies are currently integrated within companies' circular business models (CBMs). The content analysis of the cases, interpreted through a strategy matrix, emphasises a prevalent inclination among companies towards collaborative and network‐based OI strategies. These strategies exhibit high depth and breadth of knowledge search, indicating companies' tendency to engage with numerous knowledge sources in deep partnership. Moreover, the findings underscore that the companies tend to favour OI strategies rooted in the depth of knowledge search rather than breadth in developing CBMs. In addition to contributing to the existing CE knowledge, the findings of this study offer empirical insights for managers, practitioners and policymakers, aiming to effectively integrate OI strategies into CBMs.

Estetrol: a new word in modern hormonal contraception. A review

The concept of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation is to increase the birth rate, preserve citizens' health, and increase life expectancy. One of the priority areas is the reproductive health of women. The pleiotropic effect of the components of combined hormonal drugs is successfully used in clinical practice by obstetricians-gynecologists not only for contraception but also for conditions requiring prophylaxis and drug therapy. Estrogens have a protective effect on the reproductive and extragenital organs; however, evidence of the effect of estrogen-containing drugs on breast tissue and hemostasis remains debatable. We analyzed the data published in the international databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE (search depth – 5 years). Estetrol (E4) is a native fetal estrogen produced by the fetal liver during pregnancy. The key difference from other estrogens is its highly selective and differentiated effect on various tissues and its unique antiproliferative properties. The review presents the results of studies on estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects of E4 and the combination of E4 with progestogen (Esteretta drug product approved in Russia), with particular attention paid to the oncoprotective effect of E4. Research data suggest that E4 may have different effects on breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cells compared to other estrogens. Clinical data indicate that E4 has a more selective pharmacological profile compared to other estrogens, which is reflected in a low estrogenic effect on the liver, including the production of sex hormone binding globulin, hemostasis parameters, and lipid profile.

Management innovation, digital capacity and enterprise innovation performance

Purpose Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are key players in economic activities. Yet little research focuses on their management innovation’s effect on innovation performance, this paper explores the impact of three sub-dimensions of management innovation (new organizational structure, new processes and new practices) on innovation performance (innovation outcome performance and innovation process performance) of SMEs in the manufacturing industry. It elucidates the mediating role of external knowledge search (search depth and search breadth) and identifies the moderating effect of digital capability.Design/methodology/approach By collecting primary data through a questionnaire survey, this paper employs Mplus and SPSS to analyze data.FindingsThis paper finds that management innovation positively affects innovation performance, with a greater impact on innovation outcome performance. Search breadth partially mediates the relationship between new organizational structure and innovation performance. Digital capability positively moderates the positive relationship between management innovation and external knowledge search.Originality/value The theoretical contribution of this study is to supplement the research on the consequences of management innovation and to improve the theoretical relationship between management innovation and external knowledge search based on firm behavior theory.

Impact of certification information on consumer behaviour in hybrid retail platforms: empirical evidence from JD.com

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of logistics and merchant certification information on consumer behaviour in hybrid retail platforms. Furthermore, it explores the moderating role of online shopping experience on the certification effect.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilize transaction-level data from over 2.5 million consumers involving 30,000 stock keeping units (SKUs) on JD.com in March 2018. They analyse the impact of different types of certification information on consumer behaviour using ordinary linear regression and linear probability models.FindingsThe findings reveal that, compared with information without certification, (1) single logistics certification information can enhance consumers' search depth and purchase intention; (2) dual logistics and merchant certification information also has a positive impact on consumer behaviour; and (3) single certification information is more effective for inexperienced consumers, while dual certification is more effective for experienced consumers.Originality/valueTheoretically, this study contributes to the literature on certification information in hybrid retail platforms and broadens information communication methods for online shopping. Our discovery is meaningful for managers in locating customers and allocating resources. In addition, we encourage online retailers to utilize certification information to engage consumer.

Views about the clinical, diagnostic and comprehensive treatment of plantar fasciitis: a review

INTRODUCTION. One of the problems in modern podiatry is plantar fasciitis. According to population studies, more than two million patients are treated for plantar fasciitis each year in the United States, 1 in 10 people will develop heel pain during their lifetime, and 1 % of visits to podiatrists are related to heel pain. Plantar fasciitis occurs in approximately 10 % of the general population, with 83 % of these patients being active working adults between the ages of 25 and 65. The high prevalence of plantar fasciitis in the population necessitates the search and development of new and effective methods for its recognition and treatment. AIM. Generalization of literature data on the mechanisms of development of plantar fasciitis, methods of diagnosis and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The databases PubMed, Scopus and the electronic scientific library eLIBRARY were searched for articles using the keywords: “plantar fasciitis”, “plantar fasciosis”, “heel pain”, “heel spur”. Search depth — 10 years. Publications related to the diagnosis and treatment of PF were selected. During the study, 40 publications were selected, the content of which, to one degree or another, corresponded to the purpose of this study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Pain syndrome in the area of the heel bone is the main reason for seeking medical care in patients with plantar fasciitis. Currently, there are several approaches to the treatment of plantar fasciitis: conservative and surgical treatment. Conservative treatment is represented by methods of manual therapy, physical therapy, and physical therapy. Surgical methods include various variants of resection of the bony outgrowth of the calcaneal region and other interventions. CONCLUSION. Treatment of plantar fasciitis requires a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, as no single treatment method is universal. Conservative treatment of patients with plantar fasciitis should be comprehensive. Due to the high prevalence of plantar fasciitis in the population, the introduction of new treatment techniques and the development and use of a unified patient management tactic can improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Among other surgical methods, the use of RFD has a positive effect in patients with PF refractory to conservative therapy and is the least invasive method among surgical methods.