Sealed Off Research Articles

An Integrated Solution in Utilizing Active Magnetic Ranging to Seal Off Underground Gas Storage: Theoretical Analysis and Field Test

Summary In this paper, we describe a comprehensive technology based on an active magnetic ranging system (AMR) for sealing off the cement plug (CP) in the open hole (OH) section of the wellbore below the existing CP for underground gas storage. Utilizing depleted oil and gas reservoirs for natural gas storage is an important approach toward achieving carbon neutrality. Sealing off old wellbores is prioritized according to relevant standards. The challenge with OHs with CP is that there are no magnetic beacons in the wellbore, and the extent of compaction is unknown. Accurate placement of the seal-off CP is crucial because current technical methods, such as electromagnetic and acoustic waves, have limitations. Magnetic ranging technology, which is mature and widely used for wellbore interceptions or collision avoidance, requires magnetic beacons such as steel casing, drillpipes, or bottomhole assemblies left in the borehole. On the other hand, acoustic positioning techniques are applicable but presently complex to run operationally. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive control technology. It starts by measuring the positional relationship between the subject wellbore (SW) and a magnetic beacon wellbore (MBW) using AMR. The data are then used in combination with additional skew data along with associate positional uncertainty or ellipse of uncertainty (EOU) to determine the location of the target wellbore (TW) and the MBW. By calculating the relative positional relationship between the SW and the TW, OH reentry below CP can be achieved within the EOU below the sidetracking point. After reentry, specific work such as crushing, element logging, caliper logging, and full hydrocarbon gas detection is performed to verify if the TW is still in the original position and if the caprock is properly squeezed and sealed off. The comprehensive technique or method was tested on five wells in the Bohai Bay, successfully assessing the position of the OH wellbore and reentering below the CP. The process system expands the field of AMR and demonstrates significant industrial application value. It provides a new means of sealing off complex old wells.

Social changes and peasant livelihood during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty

In the early Qing Dynasty, Manchu rulers sought to prevent a large number of Han people from leaving customs and infringing on the interests of the Manchus, due to its influence on the customs and order of the Manchu people in the "the place of prosperity", Northeast China was sealed off and Han people in the region were prohibited from migrating to the northeast. However, the strict ban did not completely stop the Han immigration activities. A series of economic policies implemented during the period from Kangxi to Qianlong made Shandong's population increase substantially, and it was difficult for the limited land to support the rapidly growing population. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, a series of natural disastehasave occurred in Shandong, and poverty and famine forced a large number of Han people to enter the east to make a living. Based on the experience of Shao Ying, a poor man in Jimo, Shandong province, during the Qianlong period, this paper tries to explore this grand immigration history and the economic and social background at that time.

Construction and validation of machine learning algorithm for predicting depression among home-quarantined individuals during the large-scale COVID-19 outbreak: based on Adaboost model

ObjectivesCOVID-19 epidemics often lead to elevated levels of depression. To accurately identify and predict depression levels in home-quarantined individuals during a COVID-19 epidemic, this study constructed a depression prediction model based on multiple machine learning algorithms and validated its effectiveness.MethodsA cross-sectional method was used to examine the depression status of individuals quarantined at home during the epidemic via the network. Characteristics included variables on sociodemographics, COVID-19 and its prevention and control measures, impact on life, work, health and economy after the city was sealed off, and PHQ-9 scale scores. The home-quarantined subjects were randomly divided into training set and validation set according to the ratio of 7:3, and the performance of different machine learning models were compared by 10-fold cross-validation, and the model algorithm with the best performance was selected from 15 models to construct and validate the depression prediction model for home-quarantined subjects. The validity of different models was compared based on accuracy, precision, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the ROC curve (AUC), and the best model suitable for the data framework of this study was identified.ResultsThe prevalence of depression among home-quarantined individuals during the epidemic was 31.66% (202/638), and the constructed Adaboost depression prediction model had an ACC of 0.7917, an accuracy of 0.7180, and an AUC of 0.7803, which was better than the other 15 models on the combination of various performance measures. In the validation sets, the AUC was greater than 0.83.ConclusionsThe Adaboost machine learning algorithm developed in this study can be used to construct a depression prediction model for home-quarantined individuals that has better machine learning performance, as well as high effectiveness, robustness, and generalizability.

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Elemental Crystallogen Thin Films

A consolidation of the fundamentals of elemental crystallogen chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a necessity in view of the extensive evidence accumulated over the last few decades. An in-depth understanding of deposition mechanisms via hydrides asks for a discerning understanding of molecular hydrogen dissociative adsorption, precursor thermal decomposition, and CVD growth rates. With those, a groundbreaking paradigm shift comes to light. GR activation energy E(GR) fingerprints the surface energy. SE ≈ 2 × E(GR)/(a×a), where SE is surface energy, E(GR) activation energy, a lattice parameter. Hydride precursor thermal decomposition consistency with the corresponding solid growth kinetics is demonstrated. Heterogeneous TD kinetics captures a solid deposition and not a gas phase molecular reaction. Thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved during the heterogeneous thermal decomposition of silicon precursors. The popular split between mass-transfer and kinetic regimes is not supported by evidence. Three mechanisms are apparent. The first is controlled by a Si–H bond dissociation energy. The second is controlled by an H–H bond dissociation energy. The last is controlled by a Si–Si bond dissociation energy as lattice sites are sealed off with Si–H bonds.

Presenting embryologically defined peripancreatic compartments and fusion planes in the search for pancreatic cancer fields

BackgroundClinical progress in form of “total mesometrial resection” (TMMR) in cervical cancer and “total mesorectal excision” (TME) in rectal cancer can be traced to a paradigm-shift regarding the extent and range of resection. More significance is bestowed upon embryologically defined borders which define compartments, “morphogenetic units” and “cancer fields”, that have to be addressed in order to avoid incomplete tumor resection. We want to transfer this rationale on the pancreas and define such borders for pancreatic compartments. Material and methodsWe used 26 unfixed body donors (16 male, 10 female) ranging in age from 64 to 98 years. Manual preparation consisted of performing the Cattell-Braasch maneuver to restore embryologic anatomy and define fascial remnants of the borders of the dorsal and ventral mesogastrium with focus on the pancreatic fusion fasciae and peripancreatic spaces. ResultsWe tracked what used to be the dorsal and ventral mesogastrium and assigned their remnants to the bowel and pancreas. Following avascular embryologic fascial fusion planes along the mesogastria we could demonstrate peripancreatic spaces, which were sealed off from bordering surfaces of presumably different morphogenetic units and possible cancer fields. Reverting embryologic development also seemed possible within the pancreas, demonstrating the embryologic fusion plane between the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds as two distinct compartments. ConclusionsFollowing pancreatic fusion fasciae by separating embryologic fusion planes enables to define the pancreatic compartments which might play a major role in applying the success of TMMR and TME on pancreatic resection and define pancreatic cancer fields.

Effect of collagen cross-linking agents on the depth of penetration of bioceramic sealer and release of hydroxyproline: An in vitro study.

During endodontic treatment, sealers seal off dentinal tubules and prevent microbial attack. Bioceramic sealers have excellent bioactivity, but its high alkalinity is found to have detrimental effects on radicular collagen. Collagen cross linkers have the ability to chemically modify collagen and can prevent the detrimental effects of the sealer. This research was aimed to assess the effect of collagen cross-linking agents on the integrity of radicular collagen matrix and depth of penetration of sealer. Mandibular premolars (n = 48) were taken. Teeth were decoronated; canals were prepared till ProTaper size F2 and were irrigated with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl, followed by 3 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid between instrumentation and finally rinsed with saline following which teeth were divided into three groups based on the surface treatments: Group 1: 6.5% proanthocyanin (PA), Group 2: chlorhexidine (CHX), and Group 3: saline. Teeth were obturated using gutta-percha and bioceramic sealer and stored in artificial saliva. Hydroxyproline (HYP) release was assessed after 14 and 21 days using spectrophotometer. Sealer penetration was assessed using the scanning electron microscope. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test for release of HYP and paired t-test and ANOVA for sealer penetration were performed. Significantly lower release of HYP was seen in proanthocyanin-treated group. Sealer penetration was better for both the proanthocyanin- and CHX-treated groups when compared to saline. Surface treatment with collagen cross-linkers caused a decrease in the amount of HYP released, indicating lesser degradation of collagen. Sealer penetration was better due to the removal of smear layer following the surface treatments.

The Policy of Enforced Isolation in North Korea and Albania: Its Role in Regime Survival and Regime Collapse

The article seeks to analyze the North Korean regime’s isolationist policy, which is focused more towards its own population than towards other countries, as a key survival strategy. North Korea and Albania shared many historical and ideological similarities between the 1940s and the 1980s, but their fates diverged when Albania was eventually engulfed by protests and underwent regime change. Albania’s Stalinist leader Enver Hoxha had done his best to keep the population isolated, as has his North Korean counterpart. But Albanians under Hoxha’s successor Ramiz Alia began to gain access to unfiltered international news from neighboring countries. In contrast, North Koreans have been sealed off from the outside world. Most North Koreans were, unbeknownst even to themselves, living in an information-deprived world. If this type of domestic isolation is systematic on the part of the regime, North Koreans will only begin to realize their predicament and its source once they begin to receive unfiltered and authentic information from the outside world.

Sense of place: How should we think about urban planning practices today?

Considering the recent socio-technological, psychosocial, political, and economic developments, will the urban planning practices (in the systemic sense of its exercise) be able to adapt to a growing, changing urban culture? Noting the diverse variety of contemporary spatial practices in which methods, concepts, and discourses tend to be sealed off from one another, this reflection calls for a reevaluation of the plurality dimensions and layers in the construction of the urban reality, questioning in this process, the predictable hegemony regarding the supremacy of Architecture in shaping modern and current urban imagery. This essay seeks to foster a reflection on new contemporary paradigms of Western urban life, tracing a retrospective view that allows us to look systemically at what we have built. In this process, the aim is to stimulate a future collision path, a conceptual and operational dialogue between the creative disciplines of Architecture and Contemporary Art on the current urbanization courses, proposing this possible relationship as an inseparable disciplinary set in the process of producing public space and urban territory. Putting forth the hypothesis of reassessing the established models of contemporary urban planning, the goal is to explore the possible operationality of the bauhausian canon in its historical disciplinary triad (architecture/art/design) while, in a process of symbiotic interaction, considering them as complementary tools in urban design concept, promoting a pluralistic and expanded dialogue between the processes of designing, requalifying, and resignifying the future places.

The Politics of (Im)mobility: The Effects of the Pandemic on Movement Across the ‘Contact Line’ in Eastern Ukraine

In March 2020, the ‘contact line’ between the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics and the rest of Ukraine was sealed off. Crossing this de facto border was a precondition and an obstacle for residents of the non-government-controlled territories to access their citizenship entitlements. This article explores how movement across the ‘contact line’ was restricted and reconfigured during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and how this affected state–citizen relations in the region. The study reveals how the policy to contain and mitigate the spread of the virus became a tool in establishing and maintaining authority along the state margins.

“Undisturbed and lovely”

While Bonhoeffer’s illegal theological training is inseparably and quite correctly located with the name Finkenwalde, the first weeks of the seminary at the Zingsthof deserve consideration. This article emphasizes the foundational and formative function of the improvised but notably successful beginning at the Baltic Sea and supports the assumption that Bonhoeffer knew what he was doing from the very start. Characteristics such as the contemplative time in the morning, the half-hour singing before noon, and the open discussions in the evenings originated there, as did the highly efficient communication methods of the seminary. Commenced lectures as well as accompanying practical exercises were continued in Finkenwalde with almost no delay. The Zingsthof had not been closed but was intended as an interim. Therefore, it was secondary where what had been established there was to be continued. Significantly, after Finkenwalde was sealed off by the state police, Bonhoeffer once again invited all seminarians to a final gathering at the Zingsthof in the late summer of 1938.

The effect of the surgical helmet system on intraoperative contamination in arthroplasty surgery.

The surgical helmet system (SHS) was developed to reduce the risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), but the evidence is contradictory, with some studies suggesting an increased risk of PJI due to potential leakage through the glove-gown interface (GGI) caused by its positive pressure. We assumed that SHS and glove exchange had an impact on the leakage via GGI. There were 404 arthroplasty simulations with fluorescent gel, in which SHS was used (H+) or not (H-), and GGI was sealed (S+) or not (S-), divided into four groups: H+S+, H+S-, H-S+, and H-S-, varying by exposure duration (15 to 60 minutes) and frequency of glove exchanges (0 to 6 times). The intensity of fluorescent leakage through GGI was quantified automatically with an image analysis software. The effect of the above factors on fluorescent leakage via GGI were compared and analyzed. The leakage intensity increased with exposure duration and frequency of glove exchanges in all groups. When SHS was used and GGI was not sealed (H+S-), the leakage intensity via GGI had the fastest increase, consistently higher than other groups (H+S+, H-S+ and H-S-) after 30 minutes (p < 0.05) and when there were more than four instances of glove exchange (p < 0.05). Additionally, the leakage was strongly correlated with the duration of exposure (rs = 0.8379; p < 0.050) and the frequency of glove exchange (rs = 0.8198; p < 0.050) in H+S-. The correlations with duration and frequency turned weak when SHS was not used (H-) or GGI was sealed off (S+). Due to personal protection, SHS is recommended in arthroplasties. Meanwhile, it is strongly recommended to seal the GGI of the inner gloves and exchange the outer gloves hourly to reduce the risk of contamination from SHS.

Abstract 088: Treatment of a Ruptured AVM with Inflow Aneurysms: Mixed approach using coil and liquid embolization

Introduction Arteriovenous malformations(AVMs) are high‐flow vascular abnormalities characterized by direct communications between arteries and veins of various complexities. Cerebral AVMs may manifest with new‐onset seizures or intraparenchymal (IPH) or subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH). Life‐threatening bleeds may occur from the AVM nidus or associated aneurysms. We report a patient with hemorrhage from a complex AVM that included a prominent nidus and large inflow aneurysms requiring several endovascular techniques for treatment. Methods N/A Results A 35 year old male patient newly arrived from the Philippines with a history of hypertension presented to the hospital after being found unresponsive at home with frothing from the mouth and incontinence. The patient regained consciousness in the ER, complaining of a posterior headache which he had been experiencing for a week. NIHSS of 0 was noted with no neurological deficits. CT‐head revealed extensive SAH in interhemispheric falx anterior to and outlining the entire corpus callosum with intraventricular extension. CT‐ angiogram demonstrated a prominent AVM with a well‐developed nidus situated to the left of midline about the posterior corpus callosum. Two large inflow aneurysms, felt to be the rupture site, projecting from the proximal left pericallosal artery were also demonstrated. An incidental ACA aneurysm was also noted. Cerebral angiography redemonstrated these findings as well as the drainage of the AVM primarily through the straight sinus. Graded as Spetzler Martin 4. Common femoral approach was used. An access catheter was passed into the left ICA. The pericallosal artery was accessed with a detachable tip microcatheter which was further advanced past the inflow aneurysms into the main pedicle feeding the AVM nidus. The inflow aneurysms were accessed and embolized with coils using a second microcatheter prior to AVM embolization. This sealed off access to the aneurysms and parent vessel against liquid agent backflow. Onyx‐18 was then injected into the main AVM pedicle under a blank roadmap. Extensive but partial filling of the AVM was noted anteriorly but full embolization of the posterior aspect of the nidus was not achieved. Finally coiling of the ACA aneurysm was performed after accessing the right ICA. An MRI with and without contrast was performed and an expected acute infarction in the left ACA territory was observed. A repeat angiogram was performed a week later revealing posterior cerebral artery and posterior choroidal branches feeding the posterior 1/3 of the AVM. Embolization of three posterior feeding pedicles was subsequently performed utilizing dilute NBCA. Because of coil impaction the proximal pericallosal inflow aneurysm required re‐treatment with further coil placement 8 months after initial treatment. The patient has regular angiograms to monitor the AVM, which appears stable without significant residual shunting. Conclusion Ruptured AVMs are fatal events requiring careful treatment to prevent further bleeding while preserving viable brain tissue. AVMs are fragile formations of vessels which can receive collaterals from multiple targets and often have associated high risk features like inflow aneurysms. Accordingly endovascular treatment may require a mixture of techniques to ensure adequate and safe embolization. Regular monitoring of these structures and adjacent vessels is required to prevent any poor outcomes.

The care trajectories leading to emergency dialysis start: a qualitative study

Abstract Introduction Emergency dialysis start (EDS) is an important issue to understand and tackle in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) care. Late referral, absent previous nephrology care and higher comorbidity scores have been associated with EDS. However, how those factors happen and contribute to EDS remains unexplored. We conducted a qualitative study in France to identify and describe the mechanisms that shape the trajectories that lead to EDS, using patients, GPs and nephrologists perspectives. Methods Three groups of participants were recruited in Brittany, north-west France: Patients who started dialysis in emergency between 2017 and 2019, GPs and nephrologists. Maximum variation sampling approach was used based on patients’ socio-economic profiles and GPs’ and nephrologists’ years and settings of practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2017 and 2020. A crossed thematic analysis between the 3 groups of transcripts was performed, informing how EDS trajectories come to be. Results Twenty patients, 12 GPs and 18 nephrologists were interviewed. Five themes were identified: 1) Learning about dialysis, 2) Dialysis and nephrology care representations: a) an unacceptable biographical disruption, b) a dreadful invasive machinery, c) a straw that breaks the camel's back, 3) The gap between the “illness” perceived and the “disease” treated, 4) Slipping through the primary care prevention net, 5) the unavoidable unpredictability of CKD course. Conclusions This study shows how EDS is, in part, the results of an interplay between patients’ constructed representations of dialysis, relation with the medical sphere and CKD physiopathology. The results suggests a need for evaluation of kidney replacement therapy education programs and reinforcement of psychological care. Finally, results support ambitious mass prevention campaign focused on kidney health to counter the persistent negative representation of dialysis and seal off prevention cracks. Key messages • Emergency dialysis start is the result of an interplay between patients’ constructed representations of dialysis, relation with the medical sphere and CKD physiopathology. • Evaluation of kidney replacement therapy education programs and reinforcement of psychological care as well as an ambitious prevention campaign focused on kidney health could contribute to reduce EDS.

Fire control and self-extinguishment by blocking smoke flow with water spray in a tunnel fire

This study clarified the effect of water spray on fire control and extinguishment in a tunnel fire. A series of fire experiments were conducted using a 1:10 scale model tunnel to investigate the performance of water spray for suppressing the fire and blocking the smoke produced by the fire. The water spray trapped the smoke in the fire zone and prevented the inflow of fresh air from the tunnel portal. That is, the water spray sealed off the smoke and compartmentalized it in the tunnel. A calorimetry method was developed to estimate the chemical heat release rate (HRR) in the tunnel with the sealed-off descended smoke. Within the test conditions considered in this study, the following results were obtained. First, self-extinguishment occurred in 86% of the cases tested in the fire zone sealed off by the water spray. Second, the maximum HRR of the vitiated fire induced by the water spray was reduced to one-fifth compared to that during free burning. Finally, a ghosting flame and self-extinguishment by suffocation occurred when the smoke blocking rate exceeded about 60% and 80%, respectively.

Entero-colonic Fistula Secondary to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Premature Infant: A Case Report

Necrotizing enterocolitis is a severe inflammatory disease of the intestine and is the main cause of death in infants, mostly occurring in premature infants. Intestinal obstruction may occur during the medical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. A common cause of intestinal obstruction is intestinal stricture, and entero-enteric fistulas may form in the proximal portion of the intestinal stricture. Several mechanisms may be suggested for the development of entero-enteric fistula. Intestinal ischemia and subsequent necrosis do not become intestinal perforation over time, causing an inflammatory reaction, and are attached to the adjacent intestine, forming a fistula. Alternatively, a subacute perforation may be sealed off by the adjacent intestine, resulting in fistula formation. Entero-enteric fistulas are closely related to distal stricture and occurs when there is a localized perforation rather than a generalized perforation. Fistulas can be diagnosed via contrast enema examination or distal loopogram, and surgical resection is required. Here, I report a case of a preterm infant with an entero-colonic fistula secondary to necrotizing enterocolitis. The patient had abdominal distention and bloody stool and was confirmed to have rotavius enteritis. Plain abdominal radiographs showed pneumatosis intestinalis. The patient received medical treatment for necrotizing enterocolitis. While the symptoms were improving, he vomited again, and intestinal obstruction was suspected. Gastrografin enema was performed due to intestinal obstruction, and an enterocolonic fistula was found.

A short report regarding an economic and anatomy‐based simulated skin model

AbstractBackgroundConventionally, the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) requires the recruitment of patients with appropriate physical signs, which became impossible during the fifth wave of the local COVID‐19 pandemic. To host the final OSCE without any actual patients, our department developed a skin model from readily available materials.SettingOne of the final‐year surgical OSCE stations focused on the identification and management of benign subcutaneous lesions, including sebaceous cysts (also called epidermal inclusion cysts) and lipomas.The designThe model starts with a low‐cost skin model from Limbs &amp; Things (cost: US $6.9–10/piece). The sebaceous cyst model involved dissection of the superficial ‘skin’ flap. The lesion was re‐created using gel held by a plastic wall created by a glove fingertip sealed off by silk sutures. Additional modifications were made to the lipoma model to differentiate these two types of lesions. The pass rate in this station was similar to that of actual patients. Assessment of the models by experienced surgeons showed that they were easy to differentiate and suitable for teaching and assessment.ConclusionThis anatomy‐based, low‐cost skin model is easily reproducible and might serve as a good adjunct for clinical year teaching and assessment.

CNPC, Sinopec Drill Ultra Deep in Search of Energy Security

_ China has spudded the country’s first ultradeep scientific exploration well exceeding 10,000-m depth as drilling began 30 May on CNPC’s Take-1 borehole in the Fuman oil field which is situated in the Taklamakan Desert of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. CNPC (China National Petroleum Corp.) operates Fuman, which produced a third of Xinjiang’s Tarim Basin oil output in 2022, and aims to drill to a design depth of 11,100 m in record time using its own automated drilling rig equipped to cope with the extreme temperatures and pressures found in Northwest China, China state media reported. In its current Five-Year Plan, China aims to develop Fuman into a field capable of producing 35.7 million BOE annually by 2025. Fuman is the country’s largest ultradeep field and Tarim’s main crude oil production block, with reserves believed to exceed 71.5 billion bbl, according to CNPC. Journey to the Center of the Earth It took the Soviet Union 20 years to drill what is so far the world’s deepest well—the Kola Superdeep Borehole—which Russia sealed off and abandoned in 1992 after having reached a depth of 12,262 m (7.5 miles). There, drillers encountered 180°C (356°F) which deformed drill bits and pipes and made rocks so malleable they resembled plastic. CNPC expects its new automated, 82-m-high, 2,000-ton rig to penetrate 11,100 m of over 10 layers of continental strata in a record 457 days, reaching rock from the Cretaceous period that formed 66 million to 145 million years ago. China may be right to call its new drilling machine “the world’s first” automated rig capable of reaching 12,000 m considering details of its functionality. NOV built the Doyon 26, nicknamed “The Beast,” for Doyon Drilling to deploy on Alaska’s North Slope (Alpine field) under a long-term contract with ConocoPhillips, according to Tony Crawford, who worked nearly 2 decades in drilling and business development for Nabors in Alaska, Russia, and Kazakhstan, and in rig manufacturing for NOV in Russia and the US. With the help of the “The Beast,” Alpine was the first North Slope field developed exclusively with horizontal well technology, accessing 50 square miles of subsurface from a single drilling pad, according to ConocoPhillips. “It looks like the Chinese have created their ‘beast,’ have automated it, and added high-pressure and high-heat equipment,” said Crawford, who now owns Inerfuel, a Houston company that promotes nanO2 combustion catalyst to reduce carbon emissions in drilling. NOV’s “The Beast” is designed for extended-reach drilling and can reach a depth of 12,192 m, but with a drilling crew on board, he said. “Nabors has a robotic rig that is fully automated, called PACE-R801, but its maximum drilling depth is about 6,500 m. Drillmec has automated control systems, but not automated pipe handling and (other) equipment. “All the wells (where Doyon 26) is drilling are low to medium pressure, 5,000 psi or less, low to medium heat (50–80°C); nothing like China,” Crawford said of the North Slope. “The formations there are super soft; imagine drilling in clay mixed with sand.”

Chemical constituents variation of seed oil of the Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb) at different harvesting time

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb, has a long history of being used as an oil-producing plant due to its high oil content of the seeds. In recent years, the seed oil of this tree has gained considerable interest as an ideal material to produce biodiesel. To optimize the harvesting time of the seed, we tracked the variation of chemical constituents of seed oil harvested in different days (from October 1, 2021 to November 30, 2021). Firstly, the chemical constituents and fatty acid profile of external wax and internal kernel oil were studied, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as structure elucidation tools. Secondly, the constituent variation of external wax and kernel oil from different harvesting time was analyzed by 1H NMR and chemometrics tool. The results showed that unsaturated fatty acids in the kernel oil accumulated during harvesting time, while the external wax was progressively oxidized to formic acid due to exposure to air. Since the kernel oil was seal off from oxygen, no oxidation process was observed in it. Considering for the quality and total weight of lipids for biodiesel manufacturing, we suggest that the optimal harvesting time for seeds of S. sebiferum should be early November, when the fruit undergo complete cracking and the seeds are initially exposure to air. This information is practically helpful for optimizing the production of biodiesel from S. sebiferum and other similar oil-producing plants.

#4446 THE CARE TRAJECTORY LEADING TO EMERGENCY DIALYSIS START: CROSSING PATIENTS’, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS’ AND NEPHROLOGISTS’ PERSPECTIVES

Abstract Background and Aims Emergency dialysis start (EDS) is an important issue to understand and tackle in CKD care. Late referral, absent previous nephrology care and higher comorbidity scores have been associated with EDS. However, how those quantitative risk factors happen and contribute to EDS remains unexplored. We conducted a qualitative study in France to identify and describe the mechanisms that shape the trajectories that lead to EDS, using patients, GPs and nephrologists perspectives. Method Three groups of participants were recruited in Brittany, north-west France: Patients who started dialysis in emergency between 2017 and 2019, GPs and nephrologists. Maximum variation sampling approach was used based on patients’ socio-economic profiles and GPs’ and nephrologists’ years and settings of practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2017 and 2020. A crossed thematic analysis between the 3 groups of transcripts was performed, informing how EDS trajectories come to be. Results Twenty patients, 12 GPs and 18 nephrologists were interviewed. Five main themes were identified: 1) Learning about dialysis, 2) Dialysis and nephrology care representations: a) an unacceptable biographical disruption, b) a dreadful invasive machinery, c) a straw that breaks the camel's back, 3) The gap between the “illness” perceived and the “disease” treated, 4) Slipping through the primary care prevention net, 5) the unavoidable unpredictability of CKD course. Conclusion This study shows how quantitative risk factors of EDS such as low or absent previous nephrology care are, in part, the results of an interplay between patients’ constructed representations of dialysis, relation with the medical sphere and CKD physiopathology. The results suggests a need for evaluation of kidney replacement therapy education programs and reinforcement of psychological care. Finally, results also support ambitious mass prevention campaign focused on kidney health to counter the persistent negative representation of dialysis and seal off prevention cracks younger patients slip through.

The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy by Jonathan Singerton

Reviewed by: The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy by Jonathan Singerton Eric Grube Jonathan Singerton, The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 2022. 366 pp. Jonathan Singerton's The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy accomplishes a revolutionary feat: centering agents and actors from Habsburg lands within the transoceanic processes and upheavals that marked the early revolutionary Atlantic. Singerton argues that Habsburg inhabitants were neither diametrically opposed to the ideals and movements of the revolutionary era nor hermetically sealed off from them. He thus overturns any teleological assumptions that this dynasty—which would wage war against Revolutionary France and would come to embody post-Napoleonic conservatism—rejected outright the American revolutionary project and the fledgling United States. Instead, Singerton argues that merchants, trade representatives, diplomats, [End Page 111] bureaucrats, royals, soldiers, and everyday subjects were integral to the story of the new republic's foundation. Singerton also successfully identifies, narrates, and interprets the bi- and even multilateral dynamics at play, showing how American revolutionaries shaped Habsburg imperial calculations, capital speculations, and material transactions. Singerton succeeds in his main goal of reorienting our sense of who, what, and where constitutes Atlantic history, but he also succeeds in a much more nuanced way: taking what might lend itself to a "traditional," top-down story of high-stakes diplomacy and presenting it from economic and cultural perspectives. Singerton's economic and cultural emphases shed light on the multifaceted sinews stitching together international with intercontinental connections and domestic with foreign affairs across the two sides of the Atlantic. Each chapter examines the topic from a particular optic, ranging from Habsburg intellectual and religious discourses concerning the Americas before the revolution to legal histories of neutrality and neutral shipping that turned the Austrian Netherlands into a wartime commercial nexus. The military stories on offer explore epistolary evidence of eager volunteers from Habsburg Europe seeking to place themselves under Benjamin Franklin's command, while Singerton also presents convincing data concerning commodity exchange between American ports and the Habsburg entrepôts of Ostend, Trieste, and Livorno. His work also rightfully places cultural history front and center, diving deeply into the intricacies of statecraft protocols and etiquette, the perceived breach of which could have had monumental ramifications. His focus on regional histories reveals fascinating tensions between bureaucrats in the Austrian Netherlands and ministers in the metropole of Vienna. What's more, he uncovers the complex international elements at play, as many of these conversations and networks played out via Tuscan networks (among others) in Paris. The resulting book is a tour de force, one that showcases the plurality of ways in which Habsburg inhabitants not just flirted with American revolutionary ideas and overtures but often actively sought to capitalize on new opportunities for mercantile gain and diplomatic prestige. Regardless of a given reader's research focus or interest, one can find in Singerton's work a multitude of fresh ways to conceptualize Habsburg and Atlantic histories. While The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy certainly soars, there are a few ways in which Singerton could have elevated the work to new heights. At times he seems at risk of overplaying his hand regarding the roles of Habsburg inhabitants in the early revolutionary Atlantic. The [End Page 112] extent to which the trade bubble at Ostend burst when the American War of Independence concluded, when other ports again became viable nodes of exchange, could suggest this U.S.-Habsburg trade was neither sustainable nor as desired as is suggested. Indeed, the monograph seems to have a tone of "opportunities lost" by the failure to solidify diplomatic recognition and formal trade agreements between the Habsburg realms and the United States until the nineteenth century. But perhaps in context, these agents saw a rejection of such options as their best strategies for advancement. It would also be interesting to read more about how internal fissures and distinctions within Habsburg holdings—territorial, legal, administrative, and customary—influenced the American Revolution or were in turn influenced by the American Revolution. Singerton addresses these in detail regarding the Austrian Netherlands and Vienna, plus the intra-imperial jockeying for trade between agents in Ostend and Trieste. And he excels...