Seagrass Enhalus Acoroides Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis on Impact of Extraction Methods on Carotenoids Composition, Antioxidants, Antidiabetes, and Antiobesity Properties in Seagrass Enhalus acoroides: In Silico and In Vitro Study.

Enhalus acoroides, a tropical seagrass, is known for its significant contribution to marine ecosystems and its potential health benefits due to bioactive compounds. This study aims to compare the carotenoid levels in E. acoroides using green extraction via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and to evaluate the biological properties of these extracts against oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity through in silico and in vitro analyses. E. acoroides samples were collected from Manado City, Indonesia, and subjected to UAE and MAE. The extracts were analyzed using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS to identify carotenoids, including β-carotene, lutein, lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. In silico analysis was conducted to predict the compounds' bioactivity, toxicity, and drug-likeness using WAY2DRUG PASS and molecular docking with CB-Dock2. The compounds C3, C4, and C7 demonstrated notable interactions, with key metabolic proteins and microRNAs, further validating their potential therapeutic benefits. In vitro assays evaluated antioxidant activities using DPPH and FRAP assays, antidiabetic properties through α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, and antiobesity effects via lipase inhibition and MTT assay with 3T3-L1 cells. Results indicated that both UAE and MAE extracts exhibited significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities. MAE extracts showed higher carotenoid content and greater biological activity compared to UAE extracts. These findings suggest that E. acoroides, mainly when extracted using MAE, has promising potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for developing marine-based antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity agents. This study supplements existing literature by providing insights into the efficient extraction methods and the therapeutic potential of E. acoroides carotenoids.

Nitrogen fixation of different seasons and parts of seagrass Enhalus acoroides in Xincun Bay, northern South China Sea

In coastal ecosystems, the nitrogen fixation of seagrasses is crucial. However, the nitrogen fixation rates of seagrasses can vary spatially and temporally, especially in tropical regions. To investigate the nitrogen fixation rates of Enhalus acoroides, we used principal component analysis to examine the rates of nitrogen fixation in the roots, rhizome, and leaves of E. acoroides during the southwest monsoon (July) and the northeast season (October and January), respectively. The results showed that the nitrogen fixation rates in all three parts of E. acoroides were significantly higher during the southwest monsoon period compared to the northeast period. The rates of nitrogen fixation in the leaves of E. acoroides were found to be higher than in the roots and rhizomes. The difference in nitrogen fixation between the various parts of E. acoroides was highly significant (p<0.01). The nitrogen fixation activity of E. acoroides was significantly affected by temperature, as determined by principal component analysis. The spatial variations observed in different regions of E. acoroides were influenced by environmental factors in addition to the temperature-driven seasonal changes. The results suggest that temperature plays a vital role in the nitrogen fixation ability of E. acoroides.

Revealing Novel Source of Breast Cancer Inhibitors from Seagrass Enhalus acoroides: In Silico and In Vitro Studies.

Enhalus arcoides is a highly beneficial type of seagrass. Prior studies have presented proof of the bioactivity of E. acoroides, suggesting its potential to combat cancer. Therefore, this study aims to delve deeper into E. acoroides bioactive molecule profiles and their direct biological anticancer activities potentials through the combination of in-silico and in-vitro studies. This study conducted metabolite profile analysis on E. acoroides utilizing HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS analysis. Two extraction techniques, ethanol and hexane, were employed for the extraction process. Furthermore, the in-silico study was conducted using molecular docking simulations on the HER2, EGFR tyrosine kinase and HIF-1α protein receptor. Afterward, the antioxidant activity of E. acoroides metabolites was examined to ABTS, and the antiproliferative activity was tested using an MTT assay. An in-silico study revealed its ability to combat breast cancer by inhibiting the HER2/EGFR/HIF-1α pathway through molecular docking. In addition, the MTT assay demonstrated that higher dosages of metabolites from E. acoroides increased the effectiveness of toxicity against cancer cell lines. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the metabolites possess the ability to function as potent antioxidants, effectively inhibiting a series of carcinogenic mechanisms. Ultimately, this study showed a new approach to unveiling the E. acoroides metabolites' anticancer activity through inhibiting HER2/EGFR/HIF-1α receptors, with great cytotoxicity and a potent antioxidant property to prevent a carcinogenic cascade.

Analysis of Relations Organic Carbon in Sediment with Growth Rate of Seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii

This study aims to determine and analyze the relationship of organic carbon in sediments with the growth rate of seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii. This research was conducted on Langkai Island, Makassar City, with three points, namely near the coast, in the middle and near the coral reefs. The research phase began with marking the seagrass E. acoroides and T. hemprichii in the field, then measuring the growth rate of the seagrass, followed by a sieving process to determine the texture of the sediment, and burning to determine the organic carbon content of the sediment. The results showed that differences in sediment organic carbon showed a weak correaltion and insignificant. The differences in the growth rates of seagrass E. acoroides and T. hemprichii based on point were not significant. The relationship between organic carbon and sediment texture has a weak correlation and insignificant. Similarly, the effect of organic carbon on the growth rate of seagrass E. acoroides and T. hemprichii also showed a weak correlation and insignificant.

Plant growth and development of tropical seagrass determined rhizodeposition and its related microbial community

In the recent study, we investigated the seasonal variations in root exudation and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of seagrass Enhalus acoroides in the South China Sea. We found that the quantity and quality of root exudates varied seasonally, with higher exudation rates and more bioavailable dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the seedling and vegetative stages in spring and summer. Using Illumina NovaSeq sequencing, we analyzed bacterial and fungal communities and discovered that microbial diversity and composition were influenced by root exudate characteristics s and seagrass biomass, which were strongly dependent on seagrass growth stages. Certain bacterial groups, such as Ruegeria, Sulfurovum, Photobacterium, and Ralstonia were closely associated with root exudation and may contribute to sulfur cycling, nitrogen fixation, and carbon remineralization, which were important for plant early development. Similarly, specific fungal taxa, including Astraeus, Alternaria, Rocella, and Tomentella, were enriched in spring and summer and showed growth-promoting abilities. Overall, our study suggests that seagrass secretes different compounds in its exudates at various developmental stages, shaping the rhizosphere microbial assemblages.

Pectins from the sea grass Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle: Structure, biological activity and ability to form nanoparticles

Two pectins from the seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle were isolated for the first time. Their structures and biological activities were investigated. NMR spectroscopy showed one of them to consist exclusively from the repeating →4-α-d-GalpUA→ residue (Ea1), while the other had a much more complex structure that also included 1→3-linked α-d-GalpUA residues, 1→4-linked β-apiose residues and small amounts of galactose and rhamnose (Ea2). The pectin Ea1 showed noticeable dose-dependent immunostimulatory activity, the Ea2 fraction was less effective. Both pectins were used to create pectin-chitosan nanoparticles for the first time, and the influence of pectin/chitosan mass ratio on their size and zeta potential was investigated. Ea1 particles were slightly smaller than Ea2 particles (77 ± 16 nm vs 101 ± 12 nm) and less negatively charged (−23 mV vs −39 mV). Assessment of their thermodynamic parameters showed that only the second pectin could form nanoparticles at room temperature.

ANALISIS KADAR KARBOHIDRAT PADA TEH CELUP BERBAHAN DASAR DAUN LAMUN (Enhalus acoroides)

Background: Seagrass is the only flowering plant (angiosperm) that has true root and leaf rhizomes that live submerged in the sea. There are 60 species of seagrass scattered in the world's coastal waters, one type of seagrass that can be used by humans is the seagrass Enhalus acoroides. The economic advantage of Enhalus acoroides leaves can be used as a food ingredient because it has a complete and relatively high nutritional content. Enhalus acoroides leaves can be used as raw material for herbal teas. Herbal teas have a high carbohydrate content, for example in Camellia sinensis tea of ​​0.286%, carbohydrates are one of the chemicals that are needed by the human body. Methods: This study was a descriptive study to determine the value of carbohydrate content in seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) leaf teabags. The research was carried out in March 2022. Sampling of seagrass leaves was carried out in Suli Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku Regency. The stage of making seagrass teabags was carried out at the Basic Biology Laboratory of FKIP Pattimura University. And the analysis of carbohydrate content was carried out at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon with the type of experimental research. Results: Based on the observations that have been made, the results showed that the carbohydrate content of TL U1 was 5.148%, TL U2 was 5.211%l, TL U3 was 5.165%. With an average carbohydrate of 5.174%. Conclusion: Seagrass leaf teabags (Enhalus acoroides) have a high carbohydrate content and can be a new product that is rich in nutrients.

Combined effects of temperature and burial on seed germination and seedling growth rates of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides

As tropical seagrass meadows decline throughout the tropics, propagule transplantation is being used as an effective restoration method. This technique promotes genetic diversity in the restored seagrass meadows. Although many environmental factors, especially temperature and burial, can influence the success of seed/seedling transplantation success, little is known about these effects on transplanted tropical seagrass propagules. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 92-day laboratory incubation experiment to test the effects of representive temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C) and burial status (with and without burial) on germination and seedling growth of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides. Results showed that germination rate was 3-fold higher in the treatment without burial (75%) than in the treatment with burial (25%). The germination success rate in the 30 °C treatment was about two times higher than that of the 20 °C treatment. When burial and temperature were tested in combination, germination success was highest in the 30 °C without burial treatment while the lowest rates were obtained in the 20 °C and burial treatment. Further, the temperature of 30 °C benefited leaf and root growth as well. These results illustrate that burial decreased E. acoroides germination, while high temperature enhanced both germination and seedling growth. Thus, transplantation of E. acoroides propagules for tropical seagrass restoration should be conducted when seawater temperature is warm, and the seeds should be fixed on the sediment surface rather than buried.

Enhalus acoroides efficiently alleviate ocean acidification by shifting modes of inorganic carbon uptake and increasing photosynthesis when pH drops

Ocean acidification (OA) is causing increasing ecological damage, so it is worthwhile to find efficient and environmentally friendly ways to mitigate OA. The mechanism of inorganic carbon (Ci) absorption and the ability to mitigate OA of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides were investigated in this study. At 2.2 mM Ci concentration, its CO2 fixation efficiency increased to 81.89 t CO2/year/Ha under pH 6.5 from 27.59 t CO2/year/Ha at pH 8.2, and even reached 88.11 t CO2/year/Ha at pH 6.5 with unlimited Ci availability, made possible by three pathways for Ci utilization, which included absorbing CO2 directly, transforming HCO3− into CO2 through extracellular carbonic anhydrase, and absorbing HCO3− directly by anion-exchange protein then transforming it to CO2 through intracellular carbonic anhydrase, as verified by inhibitor addition experiments. The carbon fixation rate increased with decreasing pH, suggesting a greater CO2 absorbing capacity for E. acoroides under acidic conditions, which further demonstrates the possibility of mitigating OA and increasing carbon fixation through conserving and restoring E. acoroides meadows. Due to the strong carbon absorption capacity of E. acoroides, it is very important to strengthen the artificial restoration of E. acoroides seagrass meadows in the environmental management of the coastline.

Flowering and fruiting of Tape Seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle from the Andaman Islands: observations from inflorescence buds to dehiscent fruits

Seagrass phenophases are crucial in understanding their reproductive biology but are seldom documented. We studied flowering and fruiting phenophases of Enhalus acoroides from a mixed-species intertidal seagrass meadow in Ritchie’s archipelago, Andaman Islands, India. The estimated mean densities of pistillate and staminate flowers were 16.0 ± 12.0/ m2 and 12.7 ± 7.3/ m2, respectively. We observed the bloom of free-floating male flowers (961.7 ± 360.4/ m2) during the spring low tides (at mean sea surface temperature ~30°C). Seagrass cover, shoot density, and canopy height of E. acoroides, along with flowering densities, showed a zonal variation within the sampled meadow. We report the first-time observations of several phenophases of E. acoroides, such as female inflorescence buds, male inflorescence, a bloom of released male flowers, pollination, and fertilized flowers from the Indian waters. We also report the prevailing threats to seagrass meadows, such as meadow scarring done by boat anchorage in the Andaman Islands.

Effect of high light and desiccation on photosystem II in the seedlings and mature plants of tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides during low tide

Effect of high light and desiccation on photosystem II in the seedlings and mature plants of tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides during low tide

Seagrass Connectivity Based on Oceanographic Condition in The Marine Protected Area of Biawak Islands, Indramayu

Seagrasses are an essential component of the coastal environment with provide many ecosystem services beneficial to humans. Understanding the pattern of dispersal of segrasses is important for conservation management. The aimed of this research was to analyze the seed dispersal of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides in the Marine Protected Area of Biawak Islands, Indramayu, based on hydrodynamic modelling. Oceanographic data were downloaded from several open acces website and location of seagrasses based one insitu observation. Then, oceanographic parameters and seed traits were used to develop the particle trajectory model. Our analysis showed that the seafloor’s depth around the islands varied, ranging from 8 m to 48 m. The seed dispersal was strongly influenced by alternating tidal currents (reversing current). The particle trajectory showed that most of the seeds would be transported outward away from each source in the islands, and they settled in deeper areas further from the coast of the islands. This result indicates that the seagrass population in Biawak Islands might depend predominantly on vegetative recruitment, which is slow. This may be related to the low seagrass canopy cover in Biawak Islands.

Gradient of microbial communities around seagrass roots was mediated by sediment grain size

AbstractAlthough research on plant rhizosphere is extensive, studies focusing on rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and outer rhizosphere of seagrass remain rare. Here, we present a detailed characterization across root‐associated microbiomes of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides at two locations (Xincun Bay and Li'an Harbor in Hainan, South China) with different sediment properties. The metabolic activity and composition of microbial communities within the rhizoplane (R), rhizosphere (SR), and outer rhizosphere (OR) compartments were compared using the Biolog‐Eco method and high‐throughput sequencing, respectively. These results showed R sediment had the highest metabolic ability in utilizing carbon substrates, followed by SR and OR in both locations, which indicated higher or more diverse carbon resources in sediment in proximity to the roots. With respect to bacterial diversity, our study showed that the OR region supported the highest biodiversity (α indices), followed by SR and R communities, which revealed the strongest selective effect of rhizoplane niche. With respect to community composition, three root‐associated communities at Xincun Bay were characterized by a decreasing trend in relative abundance of Sulfurovum and Sulfurimonas (sulfide oxidizers belonging to Episilonproteobacteria) from R to OR, which revealed their better adaption to lower oxygen concentrations and lower available carbon conditions. Vibrio and Photobacterium assigned to Gammaproteobacteria were highly enriched in rhizoplane compared with SR and OR at Li'an Harbor, which may play an important role in nutrient cycling around the seagrass roots. On the other hand, the gradient of bacterial community structure and metabolic capability created by seagrass roots was more obvious at Li'an Harbor than that at Xincun Bay, which may be related to sediment grain size.

Analysis of mercury (Hg) content and chlorophyll content of seagrass Enhalus acoroides in Cidaun and Sindangbarang waters, Cianjur regency, West Java Province, Indonesia

Seagrass is a type of vegetation that can live and develop well in coastal areas and is a habitat for several marine animals, such as sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish, and sea urchins. Seagrass is an organism that is susceptible to pollution of the coastal environment, such as mercury (Hg), so it impacts the chlorophyll content of seagrass leaves. This study aims to determine the content of heavy metal Hg and its relationship with the chlorophyll content of seagrass Enhalus acoroides in the waters of Cidaun and Sindangbarang in Cianjur District, West Java Province. The study was conducted in May 2020, and laboratory analysis was conducted in June 2020. Samples were taken at two stations, namely Sindangbarang Beach and Cidaun Beach. The results showed the heavy metal Hg content in roots&gt; rhizoma&gt; seagrass leaves. The content of heavy metals and seagrass chlorophyll has a negative correlation where the Hg metal correlates (r = - 0.97) and indicates that the higher the content of heavy metals will reduce the seagrass chlorophyll content.

Epifauna Pada Ekosistem Lamun Di Kawasan Pantai Sumberkima dan Pantai Karang Sewu, Bali

The seagrass field in the Sumberkima and Karang Sewu Beach are two of the habitats that support epifauna life. Epifaunas benefit the seagrass field by using it as a habitat, food supply source, and shelter from predators. This research aim to understand the epifauna density in the seagrass ecosystem, its correlation with seagrass density, and their condition in the Sumberkima and Karang Sewu Beach. This research was conducted in January – March 2020, which used the purposive randomize sampling method. Results show that Karang Sewu Beach only has the seagrass Enhalus acoroides, while three species, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii dan Cymodocea rotundata where found in Sumberkima Beach. Epifauna density in Sumberkima range between 933.33 ind/m3 – 2400.00 ind/m3. Meanwhile, epifauna density in Karang Sewu range between 1311.11 ind/m3 – 2544.44 ind/m3. The epifauna that is mostly encountered is Smaragdia rangiana. Correlation analysis result using the Pearson Product Moment shows a positive correlation between epifauna and seagrass density, r = 0.55, which means that there is enough relation between both variables. The epifauna community has a variety value of 1.60 – 2.19 in Sumberkima, and 1.26 – 2.14 in Karang Sewu, which both count as moderate. The uniformity values 0.74 – 0.96 in Sumberkima and 0.65 – 0.85 in Karang Sewu, which both count as high. Dominance value range from 0.14 – 0.28 in Sumberkima and 0.17 – 0.42 in Karang Sewu, which count as low. Overall, the epifauna community is classified as moderate, where if there is a change in the environment, the community will quickly change too.

Segmentation of seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) using deep learning mask R-CNN algorithm

Seagrass is an Angiosperms that live in shallow marine waters and estuaries. The method commonly used to identify seagrass is Seagrass-Watch which is done by sampling seagrass or by carrying a seagrass identification book. Technological developments in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 made it possible to identify seagrass automatically. This research aims to apply the deep learning algorithm to detect seagrass recorded by underwater cameras. Enhalus acoroides seagrass species identification was carried out using a deep learning method with the mask region convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNN) algorithm. The steps in the research procedure include collecting, labeling, training, testing models, and calculating the seagrass area. This study used 6000 epochs and got a measure of value generated by the model of ± 1.2. The Precision value, namely the model’s ability to correctly classify objects, reached 98.19% and the model’s ability to find all positive objects, based on system testing was able to perform recall is 95.04% and the F1 Score value of 96.58%. The results showed that the MASK R-CNN algorithm could detect and segment seagrass Enhalus acoroides.

Segmentation of Enhalus acoroides seagrass from underwater images using the Mask R-CNN method

Seagrass is a Spermatophyta plant that has many roles, including as a primary producer in the food chain in the waters. Monitoring of seagrass meadows and conditions needs to be done in order to achieve a healthy marine ecosystem. The steps taken in monitoring seagrass are by detecting and segmenting it. The purpose of the study is to implement and get information about the performance of the Mask R-CNN algorithm in detecting and segmenting the Enhalus acoroides. The dataset consists of 500 Enhalus acoroides images that had gone through a color correction and labelling process. The training process was performed with the configuration of 0.001 learning rate, batch size of 4 and some image augmentation was used to avoid overfitting. The optimum weight value was obtained after conducting the learning process with 100 epochs. A confusion matrix was used to evaluate detection performance, and linear regression was used to evaluate the segmentation produced by the model. The model evaluation results showed an accuracy value of 0.9246, a precision value of 0.9507, a recall value of 0.9712 and a correlation coefficient value of 0.8771. The value indicates that the model can detect and segment the seagrass Enhalus acoroides well and accurately.

Rate and Efficiency of Organic Carbon Assimiliation by Aquacultured Juvenile Sandfish Holothuria scabra

Diet assimilation rate is crucial to the growth and survival of Holothuria scabra juveniles during culture. To understand the assimilation rate and efficiency we assess organic carbon assimilation, which is closely related to the growth and source of variations in diet. We conducted a two-factor experiment, i.e., juvenile origin (cultured and wild H. scabra juveniles), and diet treatment (one control with no additional diet, and three additional diets, i.e., rice bran, dried cow manure, and seagrass Enhalus acoroides extract). We monitored the amounts of each diet that the juveniles consumed and the fecal pellets they egested. The diet, sediment, body walls, and organic carbon content of the fecal pellets were measured using an elemental analyzer combined with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Exponential growth was seen in the juveniles fed with rice bran, which had a fecal pellet egestion of 0.12–0.21 gC/d. Stable isotope analysis showed that the contribution of the diet proportion to the growth of the sandfish did not exceed 30%. The range of the assimilation rate was 35.3–62.4 gC/d. The average assimilation efficiency of organic carbon was 43.6 ± 27.7% (max 57.9%). Considering the assimilation rate and efficiency, we suggest a feeding interval of once every two days or twice per week at a rate of 3–5% of the total H. scabra biomass for a juvenile culture system.

Ecological Conditions of Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus f.) Royle, 1839 and The Influencing Factors at Sari Ringgung Beach, Pesawaran District, Lampung

This research was conducted from May to June 2020, located at Sari Ringgung Beach, Pesawaran District, Lampung Province. This study aims to assess the ecological conditions of Enhalus acoroides seagrass and to analyze the relationship between Enhalus acoroides ecosystem and water quality. Determination of observation points using purposive sampling method. Data on seagrass conditions and measurement of water quality parameters were carried out using a quadratic transect measuring 50 cm x 50 cm. The relationship between seagrass density and coverage with water quality parameters was tested using principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the type of seagrass vegetation at Sari Ringgung beach was single with the type of seagrass Enhalus acoroides. The highest average density value of Enhalus acoroides was at station 3 with a range of 76 individuals / m2 and the lowest density was at station 1 with a range of 36 individuals / m2. Meanwhile, the highest average value of Enhalus acoroides cover was at station 3 with a range of 48.48% / m2 and the lowest was at station 1 with 25.0% / m2. Seagrass density and cover have a positive correlation with phosphate, temperature, depth, brightness, and current and negatively correlated with parameters TDS, TSS, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and nitrate.

The antibacterial activity of seagrass Enhalus acoroides against Staphylococcus aureus

Enhalus acoroides is a type of seagrass found in the waters surrounding the Morotai Islands but has not been economically exploited. Enhalus acoroides can be used to treat ulcers, acne medications, and cosmetics, among other things, due to their antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections. Staphylococcus aureus can infect any tissue in the body, causing damage to skin tissue. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of E. acoroides against S. aureus and characterize the group of bioactive compounds found in the E. acoroides extract. This study took place between September and October of 2018. Enhalus acoroides samples were collected from the waters surrounding Morotai island. Extraction of E. acoroides in maceration using methanol and n-hexane solvents and qualitative identification of bioactive compounds including alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. The results indicated that the yield of E. acoroidesn-hexane extract was 0.35 percent and Methanol extract was 5.91 percent. Methanol extract E. acoroides (5.9 mm in diameter)1000 ppm is more antibacterial than n-hexane extract E. acoroides (5.6 mm in diameter). The Methanol extract of E. acoroides contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids, whereas the n-hexane extract of E. acoroides contains steroids and flavonoids.