Seafood Processing Wastewater Research Articles

Naturally derived organic biochar as an alternative to commercially activated carbon in the oxygen removal of seafood processing wastewater

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe seafood processing industries are tremendously increasing in numbers which eventually discharge a large quantity of wastewater with a high range of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), directly into the aquatic environment. A high level of BOD and COD in wastewater pertains to a higher level of pollution which must be reduced to prevent hazardous impacts on ecosystems. The main objective of the research aimed to develop cost‐effective biochar and to remove BOD and COD from processing wastewater using two natural biomasses: water hyacinth and sugarcane bagasse.RESULTSNaOH‐treated and non‐treated biochar for both water hyacinth as well as sugarcane bagasse were prepared through the process of pyrolysis carried out at 600 °C with three different residence times of 30, 45 and 60 min. The wastewater was initially analyzed for BOD and COD levels. The results showed that among all the groups of biochars, the water hyacinth NaOH‐treated biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 60 min exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of reduction in BOD (86.6 ± 0.03%) and COD (94.3 ± 0.05%) at a residence time of 60 min in D2 (0.5 g (250 mL)−1). The maximum removal efficiency was observed for water hyacinth NaOH‐treated biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 60 min.CONCLUSIONThe removal efficiencies of organic load revealed that the treated biochars exhibited a better reduction of nutrients. The biochar efficiencies when compared with those of activated carbon exhibited a higher removal level. The present research can be used to reduce BOD and COD levels in wastewater treatments. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Bioremediation of seafood processing wastewater by microalgae: Nutrient removal, and biomass, lipid and protein enhancement

Bioremediation of seafood processing wastewater by microalgae: Nutrient removal, and biomass, lipid and protein enhancement

Halophilic microalga-based circular economy producing functional food by reclaiming high-salinity seafood processing sewage

The high-salinity and nutrient-rich feature of seafood processing wastewater (SPW) challenges current treatment technologies. Microalgae-based circular economies offer promising solutions to reduce environmental pollution and increase bioproducts production. In this study, we employed industrial capacity demonstrated halophilic microalga Chlorella MEM25 as a model to demonstrate a closed-loop circular bioeconomy. The approach mutually achieves clean water via the reclamation of high-salinity SPW and the production of valuable bioproducts suitable for functional food. With experimentally and computationally optimized parameters, MEM25 grows robustly in SPW-based culture and produces high amounts of essential amino-acid-rich proteins (52.89 ± 0.65%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich lipids (33.20 ± 0.59%), which are ideal ingredients for functional food. Moreover, the removal efficiency of phosphate was as high as 98.21%, further demonstrating the advantages of using microalgae to produce functional food and reclaim SPW as an eco-friendly circular model.

Characteristics of Industrial Effluents in a Coastal Province of Vietnamese Mekong Delta

The study aims to assess the quality of industrial effluent in Bac Lieu province using multivariate statistical analysis. The effluent from wastewater treatments plants were collected at 12 locations with nine parameters including pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium (N-NH4 +), chloride (Cl−), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total coliforms. Effluent quality is compared with national technical regulations on industrial wastewater and seafood processing wastewater column B (QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT and QCVN 11-MT:2015/BTNMT, respectively). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the important parameters affecting the quality of industrial wastewater effluent in the study area. The results showed that industrial wastewater effluent was high in organic matters, nutrients, microorganisms which exceeded the allowable limits of QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT and QCVN 11-MT:2015/ BTNMT. Correlation analysis showed that most industrial wastewater effluent parameters were closely correlated proving the treatment systems having problems in its operations. The results of PCA presented that pH, COD, BOD, TSS, TN, TP, N-NH4+ and total coliforms mainly affected industrial wastewater effluent. These parameters would negatively change surface water quality at the receiving water bodies. Improvement of wastewater treatment system efficiency is urgently needed to comply with discharge regulations and to protect precious surface water quality. The study’ results provide useful information for local environmental managers to enhance management strategies to reach the environment sustainable goals in the locality development.

Artificially constructing mixed bacteria system for bioaugmentation of nitrogen removal from saline wastewater at low temperature

To alleviate the inhibition effects of multi-stresses, a multi-bacterial bioaugmentation based on stimulating cell-to-cell interactions was applied to improve the stress potential of salt-tolerant aerobic granular sludge (AGS). Results showed that the consortium formed by a combination of salt-tolerant ammonia-nitrogen utilizing bacteria, salt-tolerant nitrite-nitrogen utilizing bacteria and salt-tolerant nitrate-nitrogen utilizing bacteria with a whole biomass ratio of 1:2:1 achieved maximum nitrogen consumption rate (μNH4+-N, μNO2--N and μNO3--N of 1.03, 0.57 and 11.62 mgN/L·h, respectively) at 35 gNaCl/L salinity and 15 °C. The flocculent consortium was aggregated by Aspergillus tubingensis mycelium pellet, which was made into a compound bacterial agent (CBA), and the comprehensive nitrogen consumption capability of CBA was further improved to 2.47–4.36-fold of single functional bacteria. 5% CBA (m/m) was introduced into the seafood processing wastewater in batches, in winter (12–16 °C), the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and total nitrogen increased from 66.89% to 52.77% of native AGS system to 79.02% and 69.97% of nascent bioaugmentation system, respectively. The analysis of key enzyme activities demonstrated that the ammonia monooxygenase and nitrate reductase activities of the bioaugmentation system were increased to 2.73-folds and 1.94-folds those of the native system. Moreover, due to an increase of 6.18 mg/gVSS and 0.11 in the secreted exopolysaccharide and tightly-bound/total extracellular polymeric substances, respectively, bioaugmentation boosted the cell bioflocculation ability by 13.53%, which enhanced the robustness. This work provided a detailed and feasible technical proposal for enhancing the biological treatment performance of saline wastewater in cold regions.

The Effect of Adding Wood Chips on The Decomposition of Sludge from Seafood Processing Wastewater Treatment System

This study evaluates the effect of various wood chips on the sludge decomposition process. Sludge from Surimi processing wastewater treatment system (AS) of Danifood factory in Danang city was mixed with local wood chips as bulking agents (BA) including Khaya senegalensis (D), Acasia (A) and sawdust (S). The weight ratio of AS/BA added to each aerobic model was 1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 for K, A and S, respectively. The results showed that variations of temperature and pH were suitable for aerobic biochemical process. K and S model reached 50 °C in three days and remained stably for next four days, whereas A reached 50 °C after ten days and remained stably for six days. The value of seed germination index from decomposed sludge was more than 80% for K and A whereas 48 - 60 % for S. It is necessary to consider the type or composition of sawdust when utilize it as a BA. In addition, the TOC and T-N of AS after decomposition met Vietnamese standard for organic fertilizer quality, so they could be used to supply nutrients to plants. This study is an important basis for the BAs selection to conduct experiments aim at AS recovery.

Studying the biochar modified by AgNO3 from coffee grounds to handle organic pollutants and microorganism in the seafood-processing wastewater

The aim of this study is to use four types of biochar modified AgNO3 from coffee grounds including CF5 (600°C/1.5h), CF6 (600°C/3h), CF7 (700°C/1.5h), and CF8 (700°C/3h) for the treatment of organic contaminants and microorganism in the seafood-processing wastewater. The results showed that the materials had the porous structure and the diameter of the pores corresponded to the crystal plane. The carbon content in the four samples reached over 90%. In addition, four samples observed the presence of Ag with the weight percentage varying from 0.06 to 0.09%. The adsorption capacities for pollutants by the four materials at different times were different. After the adsorption time, the COD value was still from 1.6 to 5.2 times higher than the limited value of the Vietnamese Standard QCVN 11:2015/MONRE - National technical regulation on the effluent of aquatic products processing industry. The three remaining parameters: TSS, ammonium (NH4+), and microorganism met the standard limit value requirement of QCVN 11:2015. The TSS contents decreased with the lowest adsorption efficiency in CF5 sample (68.87%) and the highest value in CF8 sample (99.21%); NH4+ content decreased respectively from 385.14 mg/L to 19.97; 15.55; 21.5 and 19.16 mg/L (CF5-CF8) with the efficiency over 94% after 2h adsorption. The removal capacity of coliform in CF7 sample is the highest value of 640 MPN/100 mL with the efficiency of 98.61% while the lowest one obtained in CF5 sample with 4.300 MPN/100 mL and the efficiency of 90.65%.

Research on Biological Fluidized Bed System Treatment Performance and Nitrogen Removal Process for Seafood Processing Wastewater with Different Operation Conditions

In this study, the biological fluidized bed system was used to treat seafood processing wastewater. The sludge was collected from the secondary sedimentation tank of a municipal wastewater treatment plant and acclimated for 200 days before the experiment. The treatment efficiencies of simulated seafood processing wastewater by biological fluidized bed system with different sludge concentrations, different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and different bio-carriers were studied. The results showed that the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus increased with the increasing sludge concentration and by extending hydraulic retention time, and the higher removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus could be obtained with the higher specific surface area of the bio-carrier. The nitrogen removal process analysis showed that the nitrification and denitrification activity of sludge could be changed with different operation conditions resulting in different nitrogen removal efficiency in the biological fluidized bed system. This was mainly because the change tendency of the ammonia nitrogen oxidizing process, nitrite oxidizing process, nitrite reduction process and nitrate reduction process was different with different operation conditions in a high salinity environment. Theoretically, the difference of the inhibitory effect of a high-salt environment on different nitrification and denitrification processes could be used to realize shortcut nitrification denitrification by controlling a certain operation condition.

Investigation and optimization of anaerobic system for treatment of seafood processing wastewater

Investigation and optimization of anaerobic system for treatment of seafood processing wastewater

Bioaugmentation of seafood processing wastewater enhances the removal of inorganic nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand

Global fish consumption is expected to reach 194 million tonnes by 2026 (FAO, 2017). As a result, careful consideration must be given to the environmental impacts of aquaculture expansion, including potential pollution of receiving waters with effluent from the growth and processing of fish products. The main aim of this study was to improve fish processing wastewater treatment by reducing the dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration and chemical oxygen demand using bioaugmentation, through the application of newly isolated halotolerant, protease-producing bacteria. Five halotolerant bacteria strains were isolated and identified as Marinirhabdus sp., Vibrio sp., Alteromonas sp., Alteromonas macleodii, and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus based on 16S rRNA sequence phylogenetic analysis. Marinirhabdus sp. and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus showed significantly higher efficiencies of COD and nitrate, nitrite and ammonium removal compared with the non-bioaugmented control. The COD and nitrogen concentration in fish wastewater treated with Marinirhabdus sp. and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus were 93 mg L−1, 95 mg L−1, and 66.7 mg L−1, 53.3 mg L−1, respectively, with a decrease in total nitrogen synchronous with the degradation of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. This work demonstrated that wastewater bioaugmentation represents an effective treatment for saline, fish processing wastewater, and could be used as a robust method for the removal of organic matter and nitrogen in saline fish wastewater.

A study to use activated sludge anaerobic combining aerobic for treatment of high salt seafood processing wastewater

A study to use activated sludge anaerobic combining aerobic for treatment of high salt seafood processing wastewater

Membrane photo-bioreactor coupled with heterogeneous Fenton fluidized bed for high salinity wastewater treatment: Pollutant removal, photosynthetic bacteria harvest and membrane anti-fouling analysis

In this study, efficient photosynthetic bacteria (PSB)-GO/PVDF membrane photo-bioreactor (MPBR) combined with heterogeneous Fenton fluidized bed was built and successfully applied for treatment of actual refractory seafood-processing wastewater with extremely high salinity. As effective pre-treatment, heterogeneous Fenton was designed for removing non-biodegradable organics and reducing iron-sludge discharge. In MPBR, GO/PVDF membrane fabricated by chemical grafting GO nanosheets was first used for salt-tolerated PSB harvest. Compared with original PVDF membrane, GO/PVDF membrane exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity, better permeability (4.4 times) and attractive flux recover rate (94%), which was attributed to remarkable reduction in hydrophobic proteins amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, COD and NH3-N removal efficiency of MPBR with GO/PVDF membrane were kept about 95 and 98%, respectively, and average biomass productivity reached as high as 105 mg/L·d. This study provides a promising and economical way to build efficient MBR combined with new materials for high salinity hazardous wastewater treatment.

Enhanced power generation in a single-chamber dynamic membrane microbial fuel cell using a nonstructural air-breathing activated carbon fiber felt cathode

A single-chamber dynamic membrane microbial fuel cell (SC-DM-MFC) that uses an activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF) non-structural air-breathing cathode was designed for enhanced power production. The effect of COD loading rate (based on glucose substrate) on power production by SC-DM-MFC was studied. In order to investigate the impact of natural breeze on the performance of SC-DM-MFC via increased air flow, the effect of cathode fanning was studied. The maximum power density increased with an increase in the loading rate from 0.6 to 2.0 gCOD L−1 d−1 and fanning the cathode improved the power density from 2023 mW m−3 to 4653 mW m−3. This increase is attributed to the unique nonstructural design of the cathode that allows both sides of ACFF to reduce oxygen in ambient air. Furthermore, the performance of SC-DM-MFC and a dual-chamber dynamic membrane microbial fuel cell (DC-DM-MFC) was compared. In the comparison test, seafood-processing wastewater was used as a substrate because of its high conductivity, biodegradable properties, and rich nutrient content that make it suitable for the growth of electrogenic bacteria. The results show that it is feasible to generate power in DM-MFCs using seafood wastewater and that SC-DM-MFC performs significantly better than DC-DM-MFC. Enhanced power production can be achieved by using an air-breathing ACFF cathode with nonstructural properties.

Simultaneous nutrient removal and biomass/lipid production by Chlorella sp. in seafood processing wastewater

Microalgae cultivation in wastewater has received increasing attention in recent years due to its many advantages. In this work, microalgae were cultured in seafood processing wastewater (SPW) for algal biomass and lipid production as well as nutrient removal. The biomass yield of Chlorella sp. achieved in the batch cultivation was 896 mg L−1, indicating that SPW contains a certain amount of nutrients which can be used for the growth of microalgae. However, the maximum specific growth rate of Chlorella sp. cultured in SPW throughout the whole cultivation period was only 0.040 d−1, suggesting that the growth of algal cells was inhibited during the culture process. High concentration of unionized ammonia in the SPW was found to be a factor inhibiting the growth of Chlorella sp. Aerated SPW (ASPW) and diluted SPW (DSPW) proved to be better culture media than SPW without pretreatment. The maximum specific growth rates of Chlorella sp. cultured in ASPW and DSPW during the culture interval were 0.156 and 0.091 d−1, respectively. Aeration pretreatment of SPW reduced the amount of toxic unionized ammonia, while most of the nutrients were retained in the wastewater. Therefore, higher biomass productivity (77.7 mg L−1 d−1) and higher lipid productivity (20.4 mg L−1 d−1) of microalgae were achieved in ASPW. Additionally, improved nutrient removal rates from ASPW were also achieved due to the faster growth of microalgae. The average nutrient removal rates in ASPW during the whole cultivation period were 4.98 and 1.91 mg L−1 d−1 for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively.

Biogas Production from Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 Biomass Cultivated on Biogas Effluent of Seafood Processing Wastewater

The cultivation of Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 on biogas effluent of seafood processing wastewater was investigated. Chlorella sp. biomass was used for biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion with seafood processing. Chlorella sp. biomass cultivated on 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% of biogas effluent was 0.184, 0.121, 0.061, 0.048, 0.039, and 0.032 g/L, respectively. The highest growth of Chlorella sp. biomass was 0.184 g/L from 50% biogas effluent. Methane yield from anaerobic co-digestion of seafood processing wastewater with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% v/v Chlorella sp. biomass was 131, 152, 173, 188 and 193 ml CH4/gVS, respectively. Methane yield from Chlorella sp. biomass was 44 ml CH4/gVS. Methane yield from seafood processing wastewater was 18 ml CH4/gVS. 10 times of methane yield was improve in anaerobic co-digestion seafood processing wastewater with Chlorella sp. biomass at 40 and 50 % v/v. Anaerobic co-digestion seafood processing wastewater with Chlorella sp. biomass has great potential for biogas production.

Treatment of seafood processing wastewater using upflow microbial fuel cell for power generation and identification of bacterial community in anodic biofilm

Tubular upflow microbial fuel cell (MFC) utilizing sea food processing wastewater was evaluated for wastewater treatment efficiency and power generation. At an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.6 g d−1, the MFC accomplished total and soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 83 and 95%, respectively. A maximum power density of 105 mW m−2 (2.21 W m−3) was achieved at an OLR of 2.57 g d−1. The predominant bacterial communities of anode biofilm were identified as RB1A (LC035455), RB1B (LC035456), RB1C (LC035457) and RB1E (LC035458). All the four strains belonged to genera Stenotrophomonas. The results of the study reaffirms that the seafood processing wastewater can be treated in an upflow MFC for simultaneous power generation and wastewater treatment.

Influences of liquid, solid, and gas media circulation in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) as a post treatment alternative of aerobic system in seafood industry

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor was used to treat the effluent from an industrial UASB reactor receiving seafood processing wastewater. Operation in liquid circulation (LQ) was compared with the addition of granular activated carbon (LQ+GAC) and the introduction of biogas to partially replace the liquid recirculation flow (LQr+GAC+G). In all treatments, COD was removed to well under the secondary effluent standard of 120mg/L. HRT did not cause much difference in performance but GAC addition provided superior performance in membrane fouling control. Fouling rate, the transmembrane pressure developed over time in mbar/d, was reduced by 90%, 93%, and 87% in LQ+GAC, and the additional of 54%, 55%, and 90% with biogas circulation at HRT 4, 6, and 8h, respectively. Minimal substitution of liquid with biogas in circulation with GAC was effective and less energy intensive. SEM image showed that GAC and partial biogas supply could shift the fouling behavior.

Providencia thailandensis sp. nov., isolated from seafood processing wastewater

The bacterial strain C1112(T) was isolated from seafood processing wastewater collected from a treatment pond of the seafood factory in Songkhla Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated sequences from the 16S rRNA gene and five housekeeping genes, fusA, lepA, leuS, gyrB and ileS respectively showed that the strain C1112(T) belonged to the genus Providencia, and share 91.75% similarity with P. stuartii DSM 4539(T). DNA-DNA hybridization between the strain C1112(T) and P. stuartii KCTC 2568(T) was 48.1% relatedness. Moreover, some results from biochemical properties indicated that the strain C1112(T) was distinguished from the phylogenetically closest relatives. The major fatty acids of the strain C1112(T) were C16:0, iso-C15:0, C14:0 and C17:0 cyclo and the DNA G+C content was 41 mol%. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic considerations, it should be classified as a novel species of the genus Providencia for which the name Providencia thailandensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C1112(T) (= KCTC 23281(T) =NBRC 106720(T)).

Enterobacter siamensis sp. nov., a transglutaminase-producing bacterium isolated from seafood processing wastewater in Thailand

A novel strain of Enterobacter, C2361(T), a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium with the capability to produce transglutaminase, was isolated from seafood processing wastewater collected from a treatment pond of a seafood factory in Songkhla Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics, including chemotaxonomic characteristics, showed that the strain was a member of the genus Enterobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain C2361(T) and Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047(T) and Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens LMG 2683(T) were 97.5 and 97.5%, respectively. Strain C2361(T) showed a low DNA-DNA relatedness with the above-mentioned species. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:0cyclo and C14:0. The DNA G+C content was 53.0 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence gathered in this study, it should be classified as a novel species of the genus Enterobacter for which the name Enterobacter siamensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C2361(T) (= KCTC 23282(T) = NBRC 107138(T)).

고율 혐기성 공정과 아질산-아탈질을 연계한 수산물가공폐수의 질소제거

Objectives: Organic matter and nitrogen were removed using the EGSB process, a high-rate anaerobic process, in combination with a nitritation-denitritation process, in order to ensure the stable treatment of seafood processing wastewater. Methods: The upflow velocity of an EGGS reactor was operated at 10 m/hr for maximal organics removal efficiency. For removal of nitrogen from seafood processing wastewater a nitritation-denitriation process was applied Results: The efficiency of the EGSB process showed that it has an 80% or more organic matter (CODcr) removal efficiency with an HRT of six hours or more at influent loadings of 17.34 kgCOD/<TEX>$m^3$</TEX>/day or less. The methane product for TCODcr removal was 0.23-0.38 <TEX>$m^3CH_4$</TEX>/kgCODrem., which was similar to the theoretical generation of STP-state methane, 0.35 <TEX>$m^3CH_4$</TEX>/kgTCODrem. In the nitritation-denitritation process, the nitritation conversion rate to <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX>-N concentration was 82% to 87%, 72% to 81% and 64% to 69% when HRT was 24 hr, 21 hr and 18 hr, respectively. In the denitritation process, the ratio of SCOD consumption to NOx-N removal ranged from 2.347 to 2.587. It was 2.472 on average. Conclusions: The optimal HRT for stable processing of seafood processing wastewater is six hours or more. The ratio of nitrite to total NOx-N was 82% to 96%, which indicates that nitrite accounts for the largest portion of the product.