Seafood Processing Plants Research Articles

Inter-facility characterization of bacteria in seafood processing plants: Exploring potential reservoirs of spoilage organisms and the resistome

A study was conducted in fish processing facilities to investigate the microbial composition, microbial metabolic potential, and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes. Whole metagenomic sequencing was used to analyze microbial communities from different processing rooms, operators and fish products. Taxonomic analyses identified the genera Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter as the most prevalent bacteria. A Principal Component Analysis revealed a distinct separation between fish product and environmental samples, as well as differences between fish product samples from companies processing either Gadidae or Salmonidae fish. Some particular bacterial genera and species were associated with specific processing rooms and operators. Metabolic analysis of metagenome assembled genomes demonstrated variations in microbiota metabolic profiles of microbiota across rooms and fish products. The study also examined the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in fish processing environments, contributing to the understanding of microbial dynamics, metabolic potential, and implications for fish spoilage.

Reduction of coastal lighting decreases seabird strandings.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is negatively impacting numerous species of nocturnally active birds. Nocturnal positive phototaxis, the movement towards ALAN, is exhibited by many marine birds and can result in stranding on land. Seabird species facing major population declines may be most at risk. Leach's Storm-Petrels (Hydrobates leucorhous) are small, threatened seabirds with an extensive breeding range in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. The Atlantic population, which represents approximately 40-48% of the global population, is declining sharply. Nocturnal positive phototaxis is considered to be a key contributing factor. The Leach's Storm-Petrel is the seabird species most often found stranded around ALAN in the North Atlantic, though there is little experimental evidence that reduction of ALAN decreases the occurrence of stranded storm-petrels. During a two-year study at a large, brightly illuminated seafood processing plant adjacent to the Leach's Storm-Petrel's largest colony, we compared the number of birds that stranded when the lights at the plant were on versus significantly reduced. We recorded survival, counted carcasses of adults and juveniles, and released any rescued individuals. Daily morning surveys revealed that reducing ALAN decreased strandings by 57.11% (95% CI: 39.29% - 83.01%) per night and night surveys revealed that reducing ALAN decreased stranding of adult birds by 11.94% (95% CI: 3.47% - 41.13%) per night. The peak stranding period occurred from 25 September to 28 October, and 94.9% of the birds found during this period were fledglings. These results provide evidence to support the implementation of widespread reduction and modification of coastal artificial light as a conservation strategy, especially during avian fledging and migration periods.

Identification of microbial communities and multi-species biofilms contamination in seafood processing environments with different hygiene conditions

Biofilms formed by spoilage and pathogenic bacteria increase microbial persistence, causing an adverse influence on the quality of seafood. The mono-species biofilms are widely reported, however, the contamination of multi-species biofilms and their matrix in food environments are still not fully understood. Here, we assessed the contamination of multi-species biofilms in three seafood processing environments with different hygiene levels by detecting bacterial number and three biofilm matrix components (carbohydrates, extracellular DNA (eDNA), and proteins). Samples comprising seven food matrix surfaces and eight food processing equipment surfaces were collected from two seafood processing plants (XY and XC) and one seafood market (CC). The results showed that the bacterial counts ranged from 1.89 to 4.91 CFU/cm2 and 5.68 to 9.15 BCE/cm2 in these surfaces by cultivation and real-time PCR, respectively. Six biofilm hotspots were identified, including four in CC and two in XY. Among the three processing environments, the amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria decreased with improved processing hygiene, while Firmicutes showed a decrease in the four most abundant phyla. The most prevalent bacteria belonged to genera Psychrobacter, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas, demonstrating the significant differences and alteration in bacterial community composition during different environments. From the biofilm hotspots, 15 isolates with strong biofilm forming ability were identified, including 7 Pseudomonas, 7 Acinetobacter, and 1 Psychrobacter. The Pseudomonas isolates exhibited the highest production of EPS components and three strong motilities, whose characteristics were positively correlated. Thus, this study verified the presence of multi-species biofilms in seafood processing environments, offering preliminary insights into the diversity of microbial communities during processing. It highlights potential contamination sources and emphasizes the importance of understanding biofilms composition to control biofilms formation in seafood processing environments.

Intensifying outdoor cultivation of oleaginous microalgae in photobioreactors for simultaneous wastewater bioremediation and low-cost production of renewable biodiesel feedstocks

Oleaginous microalgae are gaining increasing attention for simultaneous wastewater bioremediation and biofuel feedstock production. In this study, four oleaginous species of microalgae including Chlamydomonas sp. WWP, Scenedesmus sp. HP56, Haematococcus sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., were screened for their growth and lipid production at 30, 35, and 40 °C, under light intensity at 3, 4, and 5 klux. Among the strains screened, Haematococcus sp. grew best and gave comparable high growth at 30 °C and 35 °C (0.7–0.8 g/L) indicating its thermotolerant characteristic, and the optimal light intensity was found at 4 klux. Haematococcus sp. also grew well using unsterile secondary effluent from the seafood processing plant and produced high biomass (0.53–0.57 g/L) and lipids (0.17–0.19 g/L), especially in the column photobioreactor (CP). The repeated-batch outdoor cultivation mode showed that CP equipped with four-blade baffles was most efficient for the production of biomass (0.40–0.63 g/L) and lipids (0.15–0.30 g/L) during 4 cycles. The microalga also removed total nitrogen and total phosphorus from secondary effluent by 70.59% and 94.97%, respectively. The fatty acid compositions in microalgal lipids were C16-C18, especially palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid, which show superior fuel properties, suggesting their promising use as biodiesel feedstocks. These strategies may have a significant impact not only on bioremediation of industrial effluent but also low-cost production of microalgae-based biodiesel feedstocks.

Minimizing Skill Gaps through Training in Seafood Processing and Export units in Odisha: Theory & Verification

The majority of the economy in coastal areas comes from commercial fishing, which is then processed and exported. However, the workforce in seafood processing lacks knowledge and expertise. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to investigate employee skill gaps and the effects of training in the aforementioned workplaces. This study delves into the factors influencing skill gap analysis and training program concerns in the seafood processing sector. It looks into the efficacy of training initiatives and pinpoints areas where workers' skill levels need to be improved. Using structural equation modeling, or SEM, a model is created and empirically tested to achieve the predetermined goals. 520 employees from various Odisha seafood processing and exporting units provided responses. The results provide important information for skill development programs and organizational enhancements by highlighting noteworthy insights into the pre-knowledge levels, demographic traits, and training needs of workers. The findings show that although training programs are generally effective, they can still be improved. The findings show that while training programs are generally beneficial, there is room for improvement, especially when it comes to improving knowledge and skills and keeping up with technological advancements. The analysis of skill gaps elucidates the disparities existing between the intended and actual skill levels, underscoring the necessity of focused interventions aimed at closing these gaps. The study analyzes survey data obtained from employees of seafood processing plants using descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, regression and SEM (structural equation modeling) followed by factor analysis.

Heterogeneity in shadow prices of water pollutants: A study of the seafood processing industry in Vietnam

Water pollution poses a critical challenge, especially in fast-growing regions, with profound implications for human well-being. Marginal abatement cost (MAC) estimation is crucial for designing efficient water pollution control policies. This study applied the directional distance function to estimate MACs for three water pollutants (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Suspended Solids) within Vietnam's seafood processing industry. Additionally, the paper conducted a regression analysis to investigate the determinants of these MACs, utilizing primary data from 116 seafood processing plants in the Mekong River Delta. The median MACs for Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Suspended Solids were 2451 US$/ton, 3983 US$/ton, and 5519 US$/ton, respectively. The results revealed substantial MAC heterogeneity. Capital-intensive firms, less labor-intensive entities, those with a more complex ownership structure, entities not situated along the seashore or riverside, export-oriented firms, and those demonstrating higher compliance exhibited consistently lower MACs for the three water pollutants. These findings challenge the efficiency of uniform standards or environmental fees in controlling pollution, suggesting that a tradable permit system could offer a more cost-saving alternative.

Status assessment and solutions to improve the efficiency of the aerobic process in seafood wastewater treatment: Case study in Da Nang fisheries service industrial park

This research presents the current status and solutions to improve the efficiency of the aerobic process in seafood wastewater treatment in the Da Nang fisheries service industrial park. The assessment included: (1) After pre-treatment, wastewater from seafood processing plants has a high concentration of organic matter and nutrients. The concentration of nutrients by N-NH4 + in the influence of biological reactors fluctuates over a large range from 106.5-475.3mg/l with a low ratio of BOD5/N-NH4 + (1.85-5.17). The ratio of C/N in the influence of the aerobic reactors is lower than 5, which causes the process’s instability. Therefore, it is fairly difficult to maintain the quality of treated water to meet discharge standards. (2) The environmental conditions of the aerobic process in biological reactors are not guaranteed. The concentration of operational activated sludge is 2-3 times higher than the recommended value. The aerobic process is operated with a low organic loading rate of 0.049-0.152gBOD5/gMLVSS.day; 0.073-0.183gCOD/g MLVSS.day; (3) In order to reach organic matter and nutrient values that satisfy column B-QCVN 11-MT:2015/BTNM, some suggestions are: (i) Adjusting the operating MLVSS concentration of 2.5-3.5g/l combined with ensuring environmental conditions of aerobic process in biological reactors; (ii) Operating parameters: HRT ≥ 8h; F/M: 0.25-0.35gCOD/gMLVSS.day (or 0.86-1.04gCOD/m3.day).

Socio-Economic View of Fisheries Processing Sector Employees: Black Sea Region-Türkiye

In this study, the socio-economic status of the employees who work in the seafood processing plants operating in the Black Sea region provinces was examined in order to reveal the social and economic data. 37 enterprises, which have a production permit from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, are located in 7 provinces in the Black Sea region, where 18 provinces are located. It has been studied with 532 interviewers in 28 companies that are actively operating, with a participation of 24 questions each. 19 of the enterprises work for fish and fish products (cold and frozen storage), 4 are for snails, and 5 are for fish meal and oil processing plants. 63.9% of the employees are male. When we look at the distribution of the employees’ age groups, the rate of 31-40 years was the highest with a percentage of 36.64%. Regarding the education levels, it is seen that secondary school graduates constitute the highest rate with a percentage of 38.91%. It has been detected that 99.62% of the employees have social security, and all of them take advantage of the social security institution. For the marital status, it is determined that 73.50% of the employees are married. Studies on the seafood sector, which is important in the world and in our country, reveal important data.

Limon ve Portakal Kabuğu Ekstraktları Içeren Yenilebilir Film Kaplamaların Kalamar (Loligo vulgaris) Halkaları ve Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) filetolarında Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi ve Raf Ömrü Üzerine Etkisi

The aim of this study is to produce edible films with antimicrobial properties by using the discarded fruit peels (orange and lemon) as extracts and to determine the effect on shelf life of rainbow trout fillets and squid rings. For this purpose, antimicrobial edible films were performed the orange and lemon peels extracts by using xanthan, locust bean and carrageenan gums. Rainbow trout fillets (Oncorhynchus mykiss 1792) and squid rings (Loligo vulgaris 1798) were covered with this antimicrobial edible films from discarded fruit peels to extend the shelf-life of these products. As a result, total mesophilic bacteria count (TMC) of squid rings (CS) exceeded the microbiological limit of the consumption on day 6, whereas TMC of squid rings covered with limon peel+locust bean (LLS) and limon peel+carrageenan (LKS) did not exceed this limit on day 8. This study gave rise to not only can be produced of functional products from the fishery products but also the fruit peels residues can also be evaluated for this purpose. The results of this study can be evaluated by seafood and fruit juice processing plants as well as food producers.

Comparative genome identification of accessory genes associated with strong biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilms on the seafood processing plant surfaces are a potential source of seafood contamination and subsequent food poisoning. Strains differ in their ability to form biofilm, but little is known about the genetic characteristics responsible for biofilm development. In this study, pangenome and comparative genome analysis of V. parahaemolyticus strains reveals genetic attributes and gene repertoire that contribute to robust biofilm formation. The study identified 136 accessory genes that were exclusively present in strong biofilm forming strains and these were functionally assigned to the Gene Ontology (GO) pathways of cellulose biosynthesis, rhamnose metabolic and catabolic processes, UDP-glucose processes and O antigen biosynthesis (p < 0.05). Strategies of CRISPR-Cas defence and MSHA pilus-led attachment were implicated via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation. Higher levels of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) were inferred to confer more putatively novel properties on biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, cellulose biosynthesis, a neglected potential virulence factor, was identified as being acquired from within the order Vibrionales. The cellulose synthase operons in V. parahaemolyticus were examined for their prevalence (22/138, 15.94 %) and were found to consist of the genes bcsG, bcsE, bcsQ, bcsA, bcsB, bcsZ, bcsC. This study provides insights into robust biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus at the genomic level and facilitates: identification of key attributes for robust biofilm formation, elucidation of biofilm formation mechanisms and development of potential targets for novel control strategies of persistent V. parahaemolyticus.

Metal pollution and potential human health risk assessment in major seafood items (fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods)

Global seafood consumers are increasingly concerned about and prefer safe, high-quality, and hazard-free seafood products. This study investigated various Pakistani processing plants supplying the international market and explored commercially important seafood species (fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods) for metal content, contamination, and potential health risks. The results showed that the metal concentrations differed significantly among species. The metals loads were as Fe > Cu > Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cd > Hg. Contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and metal pollution index (MPI), verified negligible contamination of seafood. As assessed by the estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, hazard index, and carcinogenic risk, the potential human health risks associated with the contaminated seafood were lower than the perceived threat. In conclusion, seafood processing plants export products that meet international food safety standards and are safe for consumers worldwide.

Technoeconomic Assessment of Biopolymer Production from Crustacean Waste with the UK as a Case Study

Marine pollution has increased in recent decades, largely due to the proliferation of seafood processing plants and the improper disposal of their associated waste streams. The waste streams consist mainly of shells that are composed of chitin, which is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide biopolymer in nature. Recognizing the value of chitin, the potential for the valorization of crustacean waste for chitin production was explored. In this regard, biogenic crab waste was subjected to chemical-only, enzymatic–chemical, and microbial treatments for chitin production. The results were employed as inputs for process simulation as a precursor to undertaking performance assessments. This study subsequently showed that the net present values (NPVs) of the chemical-only, enzyme–chemical, and microbial chitin production pathways were GBP 118.63 million, GBP 115.67 million, and GBP 132.34 million, respectively, indicating that the microbial chitin production pathway constituted the most appropriate technology for future investment. Employing a cost–benefit (CB) analysis, the CB ratios for the chemical-only, enzymatic–chemical, and microbial approaches were determined to be 7.31, 0.45, and 0.23, respectively. These results reinforced the dominant status of the microbial approach for chitin production from crab waste as the preferred valorization strategy. This study was able to provide information regarding the implications of executing alternative scenarios for crustacean waste.

Isolation of hydroxyapatite from Atlantic salmon processing waste using a protease and lipase mixture

An endoprotease and a lipase were used together for enzymatic treatment of waste salmon frames to produce hydroxyapatite. This environmentally friendly treatment uses mild conditions readily employable in seafood processing plants.

An Approach for Energy and Cost Savings for a Seafood Processing Plant

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates an average of 140, 300, and 589 kWh of electrical energy consumed to process fishmeal, fish, and shrimp, respectively, without adding the costs associated with freezing the finished product. Current research focuses on implementing an Energy Management System (EnMS) in a seafood processing plant that supports energy savings at low cost. This article presents, as a contribution from the qualitative point of view, the non-need for external financing to implement the EnMS under the ISO 50001 standard and the identification of the Energy Performance Indicators (EnPIs) of the case study plant. The energy awareness of the workers is evident when analyzing the results of the surveys carried out before and after the implementation of the EnMS. As part of the research, an Automated Reporting System (ARS) is developed; the performance enables energy information to be concentrated in a single file under a standard format approved by the energy commission and sent systematically. From a quantitative point of view, there is a 13.2% reduction in the total electricity consumption of the plant and a decrease in the cost of electricity needed per ton produced, from 9.40 USD to 7.30 USD. The emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to electricity consumption decreases by 13.78%.

Biofilm formation, sodium hypochlorite susceptibility and genetic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine oriented pathogen; and biofilm formation enables its survival and persistence on seafood processing plant, complicating the hygienic practice. The objectives of this study are to assess the ability of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from seafood related environments to form biofilms, to determine the effective sodium hypochlorite concentrations required to inactivate planktonic and biofilm cells, and to evaluate the genetic diversity required for strong biofilm formation. Among nine isolates, PFR30J09 and PFR34B02 isolates were identified as strong biofilm forming strains, with biofilm cell counts of 7.20, 7.08 log10 CFU/cm2, respectively, on stainless steel coupons after incubation at 25 °C. Free available chlorine of 1176 mg/L and 4704 mg/L was required to eliminate biofilm cells of 1.74–2.28 log10 CFU/cm2 and > 7 log10 CFU/cm2, respectively, whereas 63 mg/L for planktonic cells, indicating the ineffectiveness of sodium hypochlorite in eliminating V. parahaemolyticus biofilm cells at recommended concentration in the food industry. These strong biofilm-forming isolates produced more polysaccharides and were less susceptible to sodium hypochlorite, implying a possible correlation between polysaccharide production and sodium hypochlorite susceptibility. Genetic diversity in mshA, mshC and mshD contributed to the observed variation in biofilm formation between isolates. This study identified strong biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus strains of new multilocus sequence typing (MLST) types, showed a relationship between polysaccharide production and sodium hypochlorite resistance.

Enhanced production of astaxanthin and co-bioproducts from microalga Haematococcus sp. integrated with valorization of industrial wastewater under two-stage LED light illumination strategy

Microalgal-based biochemicals and biofuels integrated with phycoremediation of industrial wastewater can potentially increase the profitability and sustainability of the food–water–energy–environment nexus. A key challenge in the high-density cultivation of microalgae is to provide light of efficient wavelengths in photobioreactors. In this study, specific narrow bands of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their intensities were manipulated to enhance astaxanthin and co-bioproduct production by the microalga Haematococcus sp. Among the strategies tested, the two-stage LED light illumination involving red LED for 5 days and then blue LED for the next 5 days, with a continuous light intensity of 40 μ mol m −2 s −1 , was shown to be the most efficient in improving the performance of Haematococcus sp. These conditions led to the highest astaxanthin production, of 2.55 mg/L, which was 1.22- to 2.07-fold higher than that by one-stage cultivation, with no significant effect on pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and lipid production. Using a two-stage strategy integrated with the valorization of seafood processing effluent, Haematococcus sp. grew well in the secondary effluent from a seafood processing plant, giving 1.33 g/L of biomass, with 3.39 mg/L of astaxanthin, 14.3 mg/L of chlorophylls, 6.22 mg/L of carotenoids, and 0.41 g/L of lipids. The produced astaxanthin can be used as a sustainable source of bioactive ingredients with desirable antioxidative properties, giving ABTS activity of 5.24 mg of TE/g of astaxanthin, DPPH activity of 2.04 mg of GAE/g of astaxanthin, and PFRAP activity of 0.87 mg of GAE/g of astaxanthin. Meanwhile, lipids contain long-chain fatty acids (C16–C18> 96%) and their biodiesel characteristics were also satisfactory when compared to those required by international biodiesel standards, indicating the potential for use as biodiesel feedstock. Our results suggested that the integration process was cost effective and environmentally friendly for microalgal-based wastewater treatment and a microalgal-based multiproduct biorefinery. • Two-stage cultivation using red–blue LEDs was effective for astaxanthin production. • Industrial effluent was valorized into valuable products and effectively treated. • Microalgae also produce lipids with high potential as biodiesel feedstocks. • This integrated process would contribute to the sustainability of biofuel production.

Prevalence of biofilm forming Salmonella in different seafood contact surfaces of fishing boats, fish landing centres, fish markets and seafood processing plants

The prevalence of biofilm forming Salmonella on different seafood contact surfaces was investigated. Out of 384 swab samples, 16.14 % and 1 % were confirmed biochemically and molecularly as Salmonella respectively. One out of four isolates was from the boat deck, and three were from the seafood processing plant. Salmonella was more prevalent in January, June, and September months. Different assays investigated the biofilm forming ability of isolates. Two out of four isolates have shown strong biofilms, and the others were moderate biofilm formers by microtitre plate assay. In the CRA assay, three isolates showed ‘rdar’ morphotype, and one showed ‘bdar’ morphotype. All isolates were positive for gcpA gene (~1700 bp), a critical gene found in Salmonella biofilms. The microbial load of Salmonella biofilms on different contact surfaces were determined, stainless steel and HDPE were found prone to biofilms. With this, a suitable mechanism shall be formulated to control the biofilms of Salmonella.

Socio-Economic View of Fisheries Processing Sector Employees: Black Sea Region-Türkiye

In this study, the socio-economic status of the employees who work in the seafood processing plants operating in the Black Sea region provinces was examined in order to reveal the social and economic data. 37 enterprises, which have a production permit from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, are located in 7 provinces in the Black Sea region, where 18 provinces are located. It has been studied with 532 interviewers in 28 companies that are actively operating, with a participation of 24 questions each. 19 of the enterprises work for fish and fish products, 4 are for snails, and 5 are for fish flour and oil processing plants. 63.9% of the employees are male. When we look at the distribution of the employees’ age groups, the rate of 31-40 years was the highest with a percentage of 36.64%. Regarding the education levels, it is seen that the secondary school graduates constitute the highest rate with a percentage of 38.91%. It has been detected that 99.62% of the employees have social security, and all of them take advantage of the social security institution. For the marital status, it is determined that 73.50% of the employees are married.

BIOREMEDIATION OF SEAFOOD PROCESSING PLANT EFFLUENT: COLLECTION AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENT

Microorganism bioremediation of seafood processing plant wastewater is a viable alternative to the traditional effluent treatment technique of recovery and removal. Five seafood processing plants in and around Veraval were sampled for waste water. This water was transported to lab in controlled condition and were analysed for eutrophic component present and BOD, COD value evaluation. Soil samples from the same places were collected for bacterial isolation. From them over 40 bacterial strains were collected from five different seafood processing industry soil samples near Veraval.

Effect of antibiotics and sanitizers on Salmonella biofilms associated with seafood contact surfaces

This study investigates the effect of antibiotics and sanitizers on biofilm forming Salmonella isolated from different seafood contact surfaces. Four Salmonella were isolated from 384 swab samples collected from various contact surfaces of fishing boats, fish landing centres and seafood processing plants. One out of four isolates was from the fishing boat (FB I -1) other three isolates were from the seafood processing plant (FPPII -4, FPPII- 5, FPPI-3). The ability of Salmonella to form biofilms on different contact surfaces (HDPE, stainless steel, wood, glass, tiles) was tested with the microbial load on different incubation days, and a higher count was observed on day five. The effect of sanitizer viz., sodium hypochlorite (20, 50, 100, 200 mg/l) and iodophor (2, 5, 10 mg/l) on the biofilm formed on different seafood contact surfaces were investigated. A reduction of 2–3 log was observed on surfaces of HDPE and stainless steel when they were treated with a minimum of 5 mg/l of iodophor or 20 mg/l of sodium hypochlorite after a contact time of 5 min. Antibiotic resistance of biofilm forming Salmonella was tested for different classes of antibiotics (penicillin, ß-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, aminoglycosides, phenol drugs, sulfonamides, cephalosporin). All four isolates showed intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, a quinolone drug. Only one isolate FB I -1 (fishing boat deck) expressed resistance to more drugs, viz., ßlactams (AMC, AMP, penicillin G), macrolides (AZM) and nitrofurantoin (NIT). These findings shall help the seafood processors to mitigate the formation of Salmonella biofilms on various seafood contact surfaces with different sanitizers and the antibiotic resistance of biofilm forming Salmonella shall give knowledge on human clinical treatments. With this study, we shall recommend the regulatory authorities control the contamination level of fish handling areas.