Sea Of Fire Research Articles

MENYINGKAP CINTA KASIH ALLAH PASCA TRAGEDI SITUBONDO 10 OKTOBER 1996 DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEKS NABI YOЁL 2:23-27

This research examines the efforts to capture God's love after the tragedy of the Situbondo riots, East Java, on October 10, 1996. The people of Situbondo and even the whole of Indonesia were shocked by the destruction and burning of 24 churches in the Situbondo area. The destruction and burning of churches in Situbondo began with the trial of Mohammad Soleh (Muslim). Soleh was a young man accused of spreading heresy and insulting the Islamic teachings of K.H. As'sad Syamsul Arifin, who is highly respected by the people of Situbondo. The court verdict that was too light for the masses caused Situbondo to become a sea of fire. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study. The theoretical framework used is the story of the Prophet Joel in his letter (Yl 2:23-27) about God's love for the Israelites after experiencing various disasters and other supporting sources. The results showed that the value of love was realized through the initiative of the Christian community (both Catholics and Protestants) by building dialogue between the two camps, both the majority group (Islam) and the minority group so as to create a tolerant situation between the two and thus, the relationship that had been tenuous could be restored.

Green islands in a sea of fire: the role of fire refugia in the forests of Alberta

Alberta wildfires vary greatly in severity, resulting in a mosaic of burnt, partially burnt, and unburnt forest. These unburnt patches (refugia) within the fire perimeter are critical for the survival of organisms during the fire and the regeneration process. We examined the literature to identify how the fire regimes and landscape features found in Alberta affect the creation and persistence of refugia, the role of refugia for the flora and fauna of Alberta, how climate change is likely to affect refugia, how humans may alter the creation and effectiveness of refugia, and management implications moving forward. Refugia can vary in scale from small areas of unburnt soil or boulders (centimetres to a few metres), to large stands of unburnt trees (many hectares) with different taxa using these refugia across all the spatial scales. Species reliant on habitat connectivity or old growth forest also benefit from refugia as they can use them as stepping-stones between intact habitats or as a lifeboat to recolonize from. The factors influencing what areas remain unburnt are complex and poorly understood but are likely tied to topography, aspect, proximity to waterbodies, weather changes (precipitation and wind direction), time of day during burning, and vegetation type. Areas with the right combination of topography, aspect, and proximity to water have cooler microclimates and higher moisture than the surrounding areas and may remain unburnt throughout multiple fire events, making them persistent refugia. Other areas may remain unburnt by a chance result of weather changes or having the fire pass through at night, making them random refugia. Many of the features that make persistent refugia unlikely to burn (cooler microclimate and higher moisture) will also buffer the effects of climate change. As a result, it is essential we manage the landscape in such a way as to protect areas that act as persistent refugia from industrial activities. In addition, we must restore fire in the landscape to maintain the mosaic of forest caused by mixed-severity fire, especially in the face of climate change, which is projected to increase the severity and frequency of wildfires in Alberta.

GREAT MOSQUE BANDUNG AS A LANDMARK OF BANDUNG CITY

ABSTRACT : The city of Bandung is the capital of West Java Province, Bandung City also known as the historic City of Bandung is a witness of historic events from Bandung to the sea of fire until the Asian-African Conference (KAA). The city of Bandung also has historical landmarks of the Dutch colonial era including Gedung Merdeka, Gedung Sate, Savoy Homan Hotel, Pasar Baru, and the Great Mosque of Bandung. Because of the many historic buildings in the city of Bandung, Bandung City is the destination of tourist destinations, both local and foreign tourists, Bandung is also known as Parijs Van Java. The nickname was given because the city of Bandung is located on a plateau surrounded by mountains so that the air or temperature in Bandung is very cool as in Europe. Speaking of historical buildings in this writing, the author will take the title of the Great Mosque as a Landmark of Bandung. The Great Mosque of Bandung Established in the 19th century and is one of the historical buildings in the City of Bandung the Great Mosque Several times experienced transformation of forms or renovations from 1810 - 2001. Bandung Grand Mosque is located in the city square of Bandung or in the center of the city is strategically located making the Bandung Great Mosque a religious tourist attraction in the city of Bandung. Keywords : Mosque, Landmark, Bandung, Colonial, Dutch, Architecture

“Sea of Fire”: A Buddhist Pedagogy of Dying and Black Encounters across Two Waves

This article presents a preliminary sketch of a broader investigation into encounters between “engaged Buddhism” and Black liberation theology in the United States from 1965–1968, motivated by the eventual goal of articulating a different approach toward a politics of death, or what scholars now call “necropolitics,” at this interface. Focusing on a world-transformative dialogue between Thich Nhat Hanh and Martin Luther King, Jr., this study begins with Hanh's vindications of the practice of self-immolation during the imperialist wars in Viet Nam, as mediated through his pedagogy of “engaged Buddhism” and its epistemological and historical elaboration in the West. Decisive to King's momentous shift toward both anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist political commitments, formally enunciated in his 1967 speech “Beyond Vietnam,” I interrogate how this encounter develops and globalizes a distinctive epistemology of death, justice, and nonviolence—one that absolutely cannot be accessed without an avowal or faith in something beyond those ontologies assumed by the limits of modern secularism or any formation of civil society. Ultimately, my goal is to bring this earlier formulation to bear on contemporary discourses of bio- or necropolitics that predominantly revolve around either terroristic martyrdom or the limits of white ontology precipitating Black “social death.”

Turning It Up to Eleven: Belligerent Rhetoric in North Korea's Propaganda

ABSTRACT: After contextualizing North Korea's capacity for belligerent rhetoric directed toward the United States and its northeast Asian allies, the author examines the contention that rhetoric from Pyongyang represents a conflict escalation risk or even a casus belli. The results of statistical tests indicate a negative correlation between Pyongyang's rhetoric and international diplomatic initiatives, but no correlation between North Korea's verbal hostility and its provocations. Advances in North Korea's nuclear weapon and missile programs mark a qualitative change in the threat to the United States, South Korea, and Japan. Pyongyang's ability to fit a miniaturized nuclear warhead on a missile or rocket and deliver the payload is unproven, but many analysts argue that the capability is highly likely. (1) This capability alone represents a risk to geopolitical stability in northeast Asia as the region's powers, including the United States, will struggle to calibrate their responses to North Korea's provocations. Additionally, before, during, and after missile and nuclear tests in 2016, North Korea employed belligerent rhetoric--in English for international influence--that increased tension on the Korean peninsula particularly and in northeast Asia generally. These locutions--threats to annihilate American bases overseas, turn Seoul into a sea of fire, and execute preemptive nuclear attacks against perceived adversaries--are well-known. Bellicose rhetoric has long been part of North Korea's international communication, but the combination of menacing words and capabilities to actuate the corresponding threats is new for long-range or nuclear attacks. In this vein, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov remarked after the first set of nuclear and missile tests in 2016 that Pyongyang's bellicose rhetoric creates a legitimate casus belli for threatened states. (2) The same week, American intelligence agencies issued an assessment: Threatening rhetoric from Pyongyang... suggests North Korea is preparing for a surprise military strike. (3) This statement acknowledges a connection between North Korea's hostile rhetoric and the country's actions. These interpretations of North Korean statements may appear alarmist, but they are simply variations of analyses that Pyongyang's rhetoric could lead to miscalculation by actors on and around the Korean peninsula and consequently escalation to war. Such claims appear frequently in media reports, government declarations, and messages from the international community, especially during and after periods of North Korean provocation. These statements assume North Korea's inflammatory rhetoric means something; however, if the rhetoric fits no behavioral pattern, then other countries' populations, media, and governments should discount the insults, threats, and crisis-mongering emanating from Pyongyang. Consequently, these aggressive locutions would not function as sources for miscalculation and even less as a casus belli. In short, is North Korea's belligerent rhetoric cheap talk or a meaningful signal of tangible events affecting tension on the Korean peninsula and in northeast Asia? After examining the background of North Korea's recent progress toward capabilities threatening the United States, South Korea, and Japan, this article describes the mixed results of a study comparing Pyongyang's belligerent rhetoric to events involving North Korea and major actors in northeast Asia and discusses the policy implications of these findings. (4) North Korea's Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs North Korea's conventional arms are inferior to those of its adversaries--the United States, South Korea, and Japan. The consensus is North Korea would rapidly lose a conventional war against any combination of these alliance partners, and consequently, the Pyongyang regime would fall quickly. Traditionally, North Korea has relied on two strategic asymmetries to reduce this gap: a garrison-state sociopolitical organization, with an armed force disproportionately large in comparison to the state population and constructed to endure major attrition and therefore dissuade attack and artillery deployed along the demilitarized zone allowing for quick, widespread, economically devastating destruction of Seoul and environs. …

Naval Narratives of Re-enactment: In Which We Serve and Sea of Fire

This essay examines two narrative examples of the Royal Navy and naval combat on screen, exploring their resemblances in the re-enactment of naval history and their portrayal of the past through consistent representational strategies. In Which We Serve (Noel Coward and David Lean, 1942) and Sea of Fire (Ian Duncan, 2007) use deliberate and self-conscious recreations of the past to authenticate their interpretations of British naval history, and evince comparably conservative stances towards the Royal Navy and perceptions of its traditions. The similarity of their narratives, which describe the events leading up to the loss of two Navy destroyers, helps to reveal and reinforce the tonal, structural, and stylistic parallels in their depictions. The correspondence in their portrayal of naval combat and the institution of the Royal Navy illustrates the consistencies of representation which characterize the naval war film as a distinctive, definable narrative form. Above all, their commitment to the recreation and re-enactment of identifiable historical events underpins their importance in the representation and commemoration of the national, naval past. It is this aspect of both productions which is significant in the exploration of the role of visual representations to construct, affirm, and broadcast pervasive and persuasive versions of popular history.

Viet-Nam: The Lotus in the Sea of Fire, Rural Pacification in Vietnam, Viet-Nam: Politics and Public Administration and Hô Chi Minh

Viet-Nam: The Lotus in the Sea of Fire, Rural Pacification in Vietnam, Viet-Nam: Politics and Public Administration and Hô Chi Minh

Book Review: The Lotus in the Sea of Fire: Vietnam, the Buddhist Story

Book Review: The Lotus in the Sea of Fire: Vietnam, the Buddhist Story