Cargo Research Articles

Introduction to Cloud Gaming

Cloud Gaming can be defined as a technology that enables gamers to play video games using cloud-based servers and infrastructure, rather than relying on local hardware for processing and rendering game graphics. In cloud gaming, the games are streamed to the player's device with the help of the internet, allowing them to play high-quality games without needing to own a high-end gaming console or PC. The solution helps people to play games on their computers regardless of their own system as their gaming needs are met with the help of good enough customer service in the cloud. It also helps to overcome the problems of traditional games such as conflict and mobility. In this article, we will take a look at various aspects of Cloud Gaming System (CGS) to explain the many advantages and capabilities this concept has.

Health services consumption and barriers in the health care of persons of Roma origin in Bulgaria

Abstract Introduction Persons of Roma origin often face serious inequities concerning their state of health and their access to good quality health services. The aim of the study is to analyze the health services consumption and barriers in the health care of persons of Roma origin in Bulgaria. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted and a semi-structured face to face interview were applied in 2022. Adult citizens of Roma origin were covered as follows: residents of Knezha - a total of 59 people and households from the towns of Knezha and Kotel - 18 families (50 persons). The cities are representative of settlements of medium size with separate neighborhoods of Roma origin. Data processing was performed by SPSS v.24. Results Over two thirds of the covered persons of Roma origin do not have health insurance. In each household an average of 1.8 uninsured people was found, but in some of the families almost all of the elderly members are not insured. Due to lack of health insurance in 14% of the households were reported a refusal to provide health care by general practitioners (GPs) and specialists in out-hospital care. 82.1% of Roma women have never had a mammography and 71.4% a smear test. In 83.3% of the households required direct payment for the provision of health services, which corresponds to the high share of informal payments in health care in Bulgaria (34 % in 2023), but among the Roma population this share is significantly higher. The households have to pay for specialized out-hospital care (66.6%), GPs (22.2%), and for emergency assistance (5,6%). 44.4% of the families have used the services of emergency care in the last one year. While in one third of the families an adult member was hospitalized in 27.8% of them there is a need for hospital treatment, which is unrealized. Conclusions The Roma population in Bulgaria is characterized by an unfavorable health profile and the health services provided to the persons of Roma origin are inadequate to their needs. Key messages • Persons of Roma origin in Bulgaria often face serious inequities concerning their state of health and their access to good quality health services. • Improving the socioeconomic status of people of Roma origin will increase their opportunities for health insurance and going to improve their access to health services.

Health economics and services research in symbiosis: STREAMLINEing mental health services in Austria

Abstract Objectives The cost of mental diseases exceeds 4% of GDP in Europe. In Austria, every 5th person lives with mental ill-health (MIH). Ongoing epidemiological, demographic and societal changes increase the need for easily accessible, better integrated and good value services. In STREAMLINE, we combine, harmonize and implement the latest methods in human service mapping and economic costing to optimize future service provision and financing for MIH in Austria. Methods We comprehensively assess the availability, activity and affordability of human services targeting MIH in Vienna within the health and social care, education, labour and justice sectors based on a conceptual mind map. We identify services through extensive literature, document and web searches plus expert consultations. Services are mapped and costed according to the European PECUNIA methods: classification of the main service types using the international DESDE taxonomy of human services; development of Reference Unit Costs using the PECUNIA RUC templates with primary data; validation of the results with secondary data; compilation of a comprehensive multi-sectoral service catalogue; and synthesis for spatial and policy analyses. Results We identified 756 sources, 75% individual organisations, 5% multi-organisations and 20% existing provider lists. 84% relate to health and social care, 10% labour, and 3% education and justice sectors each. 58% deliver care to adults, 37% to children & adolescents, and 5% support carers. Further service mapping and RUCs will be presented. Discussion STREAMLINE pioneers in coordinated public mental health services and economics research at scale. Assessed levels of fragmentation call for better integration, improved transition, reduced spatial inequity and increased support for carers. Results increase the feasibility of service evaluations from a societal perspective. Planned public service atlas facilitates information and access for service users and carers. Funding: WWTF Key messages • New methods for harmonized health services and economics research allow comprehensive information for optimized future mental health service planning and financing. • Assessed levels of fragmentation highlight the need for better integration, improved transition, reduced spatial inequity and increased support for carers.

Analysis of Airport Operation Control Center (AOCC) Unit Services at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport

Airport Operation Control Center (AOCC) is the front line in supervising and controlling all problems and is the control center of Adi Soemarmo Solo International Airport operations in serving Airport Service Users. AOCC involves all stakeholders at the Airport by integrating the systems owned by each stakeholder so that they can operate effectively and efficiently. This study aims to determine how the AOCC unit service system is at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport and what factors can cause problems and solutions to AOCC unit service problems. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from observation and interviews, while secondary data comes from literature studies and photographs related to the problems studied. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. To test the validity of the data, triangulation techniques are used. The research time is in August - September 2023. The results of this study indicate that a good service system was found by the Airport Operation Control Center (AOCC) Unit to service users starting from coordination with all parties, namely Airlines and Ground Handling, Air Traffic Control (ATC), Apron Movement Control (AMC), Information Unit, Aviation Security, Airport Operation Landside And Terminal (AOLT), Traffic Administration Office and Central Flight Schedule Office (CFSO) and the Airport Mechanical Unit. The service system uses the ACDM (Airport Collaborative Decision Making) system, namely with collaboration between stakeholders to share information between related parties in real time and make joint decisions in a win-solution manner. Factors that can cause problems are related to coordination between one and another so that it can harm several parties. The solution to various problems is to implement ACDM (Airport Collaborative Decision Making), where related units in airport operations synergize with each other, receive and share information from each unit, make proactive and appropriate joint decisions, anticipate unexpected events and provide the best quality of service, cohesiveness and unity of vision and mission.

Determinants of health-seeking behaviour in rural district of Jasikan, Ghana: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe Ghana Health Service aims to ensure the health of all Ghanaians. Understanding the factors that influence people’s health-seeking behaviour will help the Ghana Health Service evaluate and enact policies that will enable it to achieve set targets. This research aimed to determine the factors that influence the health-seeking behaviour of the residents of Jasikan District and ascertain the importance of the well-being clinic in this context.MethodsThe study design was a community-based cross-sectional study using a mixed method of data collection. A stratified sample of 295 respondents from the five [5] sub-districts of the target population was obtained. Cramer’s V statistic was used to assess the effect size and significance of the association between categorical variables. Further, multiple binary logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of health-seeking behaviour. Health seeking behaviour was categorised as appropriate or inappropriate. The health seeking behaviour of participants was considered appropriate if they sought health care at public health facilities, private health facilities, and licensed Pharmacies/OTCMS and inappropriate when participants sough care at traditional/faith healers, engaging in self-medication, and not taking action during an illness episode.ResultsThe mean age of participants in the study was 37.49 ± 15.74 years. Females comprised the majority of study respondents (160; 56.3%). When they fell ill, 61% of respondents chose formal public health institutions as the first port of call. A significant proportion of respondents (245; 83%) preferred appropriate health-seeking behaviour, with age (p = 0.045) and health insurance status (p < 0.01) significantly influencing where respondents sought care. More than half of respondents indicated that affordable service (59.9%), readily available drugs (54.5%), and good services (52.0%) are key characteristics of respondents’ preference for service in healthcare. The educational level significantly correlated with service characteristics when people seek health care (p = 0.035). The severity of illness (9; 28.1%), perception of a facility as the best place (7; 21.9%), well-trained staff (4; 12.5%), and professionalism (3; 9.4%) influenced respondents’ choice of health care. More than half (78%) of respondents agreed with the need for a well-being clinic in a hospital. The binary logistic regression indicates that religion is a significant predictor the appropriateness of participants’ health seeking behaviour, but the overall model could not improve the overall prediction rate of the constant model.ConclusionThe health-seeking behaviour of the people of Jasikan is good. The participants’ sex, good service, affordability, and availability of medicines are critical service characteristics that influence the choice of healthcare providers. Managers of health facilities should consider these characteristics to remain competitive and drive positive health-seeking behaviour in the community. Facilities are encouraged to set up a functional well-being clinic and open it to the public.

Exploring the drivers of experience intentions to co-create value among quarantine greenhouse customers

ABSTRACT Exactly how the quarantine greenhouse creates good quality service experiences has attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners. Some scholars advocate decreasing perceived threats to increase experience intentions to co-create value. However, recent research has not examined quarantine greenhouse service, and a detailed understanding of its potential effects on the customer meal experience and their experience intentions to co-create value is needed. Consequently, this study of the effects of perceived threats on experience intentions to co-create value through post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) protective behaviors and experience relationship outcomes constructed a comprehensive framework via a literature review. A survey was carried out with respondents who had dined at one quarantine greenhouse in Amsterdam, obtaining 482 valid samples which were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of this study will also assist quarantine greenhouse management in developing and implementing market-oriented service strategies to decrease the dimensions of perceived threats, increase the dimensions of COVID-19 protective behaviors and experience relationship outcomes, and create experience intentions to co-create value. The theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed.

Information as public good and public service media in Europe: Introduction to this special issue

The right to public life has been one of the most important achievements of modernity. It was a result of long and painful civil struggles for dignity in a democratic public sphere. While de jure we are all welcome in the public sphere, de facto rapid processes of fragmentation and numerous contexts of misinformation insulate the actual chances of meaningful contribution to public life. Platform users are aggressively approached as consumers of goods and services and continuously stimulated to produce large quantities of any content, just to feed the voracious platforms. The sobering truth is that many people on the private high-tech platforms do not act like true democrats, but like private individuals who pursue very personal aims. At the same time, a private person does not have a mandate to act in the public interest of the rest of the citizens. For these reasons, we turn to information as a public good and public responsibility in this special issue. It is about media as a public service that allows democracy to keep centre stage within a polity. When citizens interact with relevant public information, they build the capacity to control their political environment, to form informed opinions and act upon them. When this basic desideratum is not structurally at the core of society, one cannot even start to consider democracy as the first course of action for the generations to come. Information as a public good is not a thing of nature, but a purposeful action. We take this stance when we approach information as a public good, rather than some residual category of market failure. The scope of this special issue is to analyse and explore the resources and institutional settings that allow information to thrive as a public good in the European contemporary informational ecosystem.

Independent operation or coordinated integration? Enhancing the system resilience of ports in dealing with congestion based on a bilateral bargaining game

Fierce competition between ports may trigger substantial issues including port congestion, further wreaking havoc on the system resilience of ports. The coordinated integration of ports becomes a feasible and indispensable strategy for mitigating competitive pressure and enhancing the system resilience. In a two-tier supply chain within trade activities between two adjacent ports, we discuss the competitive and cooperative strategy selections between ports by a bilateral bargaining game to investigate how to improve the system resilience of ports in coping with congestion. The results reveal that port cooperation has the advantage of improving throughput and the system resilience of ports by alleviating port congestion, but becomes more challenging as the advantageous port's bargaining power and competitive intensity increase. Although under the pressure of high freight rates, shipping companies are still willing to actively participate in and promote the coordinated integration of ports for a premium service provided by ports. From the overall shipping supply chain, port cooperation optimizes the entire operation of port system and promotes profits from the high system resilience, demonstrating a better environmental performance by dealing with congestion. In light of the conclusions, it is essential to vigorously establish a port-port alliance through coordinated contracts to tackle congestion and enhance resilience, thereby boosting competitiveness and ensuring profitability in the whole system of ports.

Unveiling the complexity of civil service effectiveness index: An asymmetric and ANN modeling

Unraveling the factors influencing civil service effectiveness becomes imperative in an era marked by escalating demands for efficient governance. This study attempts to meet this necessity by delving into the complex dynamics among core executive functions, mission support facilities, service delivery functions, and attributes, aiming to elucidate their collective impact on civil service effectiveness. Utilizing a unique methodological blend of Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), it delves into the relationships among core executive functions, mission support facilities, service delivery functions, and attributes within the International Civil Service Effectiveness (InCiSE) Index framework. The research uses a configurational model that optimizes CSE and assesses the relative importance of various components. The study reveals significant correlations among the variables. It indicates that all CSE indicators influence but are not equally important in triggering the effectiveness of civil service administration. Key configurations, such as integrating strategic governance with mission support functions and high-level strategy with operational execution, are critical for enhancing civil service effectiveness. It underscores the importance of prioritizing core executive functions and attributes to improve civil service administration. Theoretically, the study enriches contingency theory and contributes to the civil service and administration literature by integrating a configurational approach with machine learning insights. Practically, it provides actionable insights for governance improvement, promoting the application of innovative methodologies in public service to enhance organizational environment and civil service capacities. Original in its approach, this study fills a gap in the literature by applying a hybrid fsQCA-ANN model to explore the configurational and construct ranks influencing civil service effectiveness, offering an inclusive analysis that triangulates qualitative and quantitative data. The findings indicate that civil service effectiveness is highly complex because of its process, involvement of diverse backgrounds of civil servants, critical understanding about the key pillars of good governance and service delivery mechanism. Thus, the findings advance academic understanding and provide practical strategies for policymakers and practitioners to foster better governance through targeted interventions that enhance transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in civil service organizations.

Challenges and Security Risks in the Red Sea: Impact of Houthi Attacks on Maritime Traffic

This study examines the significant impact of Houthi insurgent activities on maritime traffic within the strategic Red Sea and Suez Canal routes, essential conduits for global trade. It explores the correlation between regional instability, exemplified by Houthi actions from 19 November 2023 to 5 February 2024, and changes in maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency. This study seeks to answer a critical question in transport geography: how does regional instability, exemplified by Houthi insurgent activities, affect the maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency of the Red Sea and Suez Canal? Using descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis, and geospatial methods, this research highlights recent trends in maritime traffic and incidents, revealing spatial and geopolitical challenges in this crucial trade route. The findings indicate a notable decline in maritime activity in the Gulf of Aden and Suez Canal due to security concerns from Houthi attacks, prompting a significant shift to alternative routes, particularly around the Cape of Good Hope. This shift underscores the broader implications of regional instability on global trade and the importance of maintaining an uninterrupted maritime flow. This study also emphasizes the economic ramifications, such as increased operational costs and freight rates due to longer transit times and enhanced security measures. This research concludes with a call for improved maritime security protocols and international cooperation to protect these strategic maritime pathways. It contributes to the discourse on transport geography by quantifying the direct impacts of regional conflicts on maritime logistics and proposing strategies for future resilience, highlighting the interconnected nature of global trade and security and the need for collective action against evolving geopolitical challenges.

Public Relations Marketing Strategy in Building Brand Awareness Using Product Bundling

Digital media as a marketing platform today results in increased business competition to capture market share. This research aims to analyze whether using PR marketing strategies, specifically bundled products, can increase brand awareness. The study is descriptive qualitative research, utilizing primary data collected through observation and interviews. The sample consists of 20 respondents, including staff, Anak Panah Kopi employees, and public members in Salatiga. The results concluded that the public relations marketing activities by Anak Panah Kopi to increase brand awareness can be seen in the push and pull strategies. Push strategy uses an interpersonal approach to customers by prioritizing good service. While implementing the pull strategy, Anak Panah Kopi innovates products, provides discounts and bundling promos, collaborates with several influencers, and conducts marketing campaigns by displaying exciting content on Instagram social media to market its products.

Exploring information demand in the maritime industry: a Google Trends approach

ABSTRACT The fundamental impetus for this research is the documented wide use of Google and the ensuing applications of Google Trends in behavioural economics. Expanding the existing literature, we focus on addressing the question of whether information demand from individual investors can reflect a freight rates sentiment. This is achieved by analysing Google queries referring to investment in maritime stocks and other related markets. These searches comprise essentially a blend of information and intuition. More specifically, we examine whether the most frequently searched term and topic referred to Baltic Dry Index (BDI) can serve as a reliable and valid positive or negative sentiment market proxies. We find a negative impact on freight rates, capital markets, and the number of available dry bulk fleet, providing evidence aligned with the risk-averse investor theory. We unveil bidirectional interactions between our sentiment index and the two out of three examined maritime markets, supporting the rejection of the efficient market hypothesis. Our study also verifies the similar effects of information demand and media-produced sentiment indexes on the corresponding market. We succeed in confirming sentiment’s predictability out-of-sample for BDI. Beyond the academic value, our findings suggest a manner of enhancing the accuracy of freight rates predictions for practitioners.

Connecting Urban Mobility and Gender Roles: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Good transport infrastructure and services improve the well-being of all groups of the population, including women, men, children, the elderly and people with disabilities. However, they are often incorrectly considered ‘gender-neutral’. Mobility is socially determined by gender roles related to reproduction, production and community. This research investigates the cohesive relationship of urban transportation, including mobility, gender and care, by studying the case of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). The differences between women’s and men’s participation in transportation are identified and connected to gender-role activities. The findings show a clear relationship between urban mobility and gender roles. There is clear evidence of women’s trade-off between travelling less than men and carrying more unpaid work in the family, which is more pronounced for married women who live with their families. Differences in women’s traffic experiences compared to men’s reveal the disadvantages that women face in traffic. The findings of this research will assist the HCMC transport sector and project executive agencies in designing gender-inclusive projects. The dissemination of this research will draw attention to the gender dimension of transport and encourage gender mainstreaming across the transport sector to promote and support equality and women’s empowerment.

Research and development of automation subroutine for forecasting the number and load of cargo vehicles depending on the stochastic formation of dangerous goods collection centers

The issues of forecasting the load of vehicles, route networks, formation of collection centers for cargo flows, including dangerous goods, in territorial planning systems determine the need for transition from deterministic models to dynamic models with the possibility of taking into account the influence of the external environment. Existing information transportation systems in the sphere of work with dangerous goods are based on deterministic models and allow to study the problems of forecasting changes to a limited extent. Models of routing networks construction on cargo vehicles are limitedly applicable when there is a task of dangerous goods transportation taking into account the presence of a distributed system of accumulation centers both in the city and, for example, within a large transport hub, seaport with different terminals. The paper presents routing models adapted to the conditions of dangerous goods transportation. Determining transport efficiency and the main costs of transport enterprises is the scheme of traffic flows, fixed in the territorial scheme. The task of the study is to develop a separate automation toolkit for decision making on the number and type of specialized transport (depending on the load capacity) to work with dangerous goods and large-sized objects within the existing flow scheme. On the basis of the research of the group of companies the conclusion is presented that today the task of choosing the optimal amount of transport by carriers is solved, as a rule, not systematically, but by operative construction of a set of routes, and does not involve primary analysis of the territory and parameters of accumulation sites. The presented study considers a new approach to the analysis of the system of transportation of hazardous waste, associated large cargoes, in terms of assessing the necessary list of universal structured input data, which are primary principled and characterize the complexity of work in the selected facility, terminal. To solve the problem of forecasting the load of vehicles is offered developed a new automation subprogram based on the organization of client-server access to data, and implemented in the internal programming language “1C. Management of motor transport” (version ММT 8.2). The presented automation subprogram provides data connectivity on volumes of dangerous goods cargo flows, cargo flow collection centers, available data on vehicles and planned data on removal schedules. Work of the subprogram provides integration of work with other databases of transport companies and allows to carry out modeling of various variants of placement of centers of collection of dangerous goods, centers of cargo flows with high accuracy. The obtained results allow to determine the required number of vehicles, their load taking into account different types and technical capabilities, as well as to determine the required number of vehicle trips in the serviced area taking into account the dynamic influence of the external environment. The presented methodology of working with data, performed in a separate automation subprogram, presented routing models, adapted to the transportation of dangerous goods, can be applied to various transport systems, including sea cargo ports and terminals, which determines the universality of the presented approach.

Probabilistic reduction and constructionalization: a usage-based diachronic account of the diffusion and conventionalization of the Spanish la de &lt;noun&gt; que construction

Probabilistic reduction and constructionalization: a usage-based diachronic account of the diffusion and conventionalization of the Spanish <i>la de</i> &lt;noun&gt; <i>que</i> construction

Meeting Men Where they are: Motivators and Barriers to Accessing Health Services through a Men's Mobile Wellness Clinic, October 2019 to March 2020, Blantyre, Malawi.

In Malawi approximately, 88.3% people living with HIV are aware of their HIV status. Significant gaps are among men aged 15-34 years; only 72% know their HIV status. To reach men, Jhpiego, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH), implemented the Men's Mobile Wellness Clinic (MMWC) at workplace settings in Blantyre, Malawi between October 2019 and March 2020. We conducted a descriptive qualitative study to understand motivators and barriers to MMWC service uptake by employees and employers. Primary data was drawn from in-depth telephone interviews from four study populations: employers who accepted or declined to host the MMWC at their worksite, and employees who accessed or did not access the services. We performed a thematic analysis using Nvivo 12 software to identify patterns and themes across the dataset. Main reasons given for using the service among male employees were a desire to know their health status, availability of free health services at the workplace, and good quality services offered by MMWC staff, and support from their supervisor. Men who did not access services stated reasons such as work-clinic scheduling conflicts, lack of adequate promotion of the service, and miscommunication on the criteria about who should attend the MMWC. Employers who accepted to host the MMWC stated convenience and employee's rights to know their health status. Those who declined either stated that employees did not want the services or COVID-19 preventive measures by the MOH between October 2019 and March 2020 restricted participation. This study underscores the potential utility of MMWC services including HIV testing among men. The desire to know their health status, availability of free MMWC services at the workplace, good quality services offered by MMWC staff, and the endorsement of MMWC by supervisors were main motivators to access the MMWC services. Sensitizing supervisors and employees about the benefits of the MMWC services, strengthening demand creation, and clarifying eligibility are important to facilitate MMWC uptake among men in Malawi.

Pengaruh Cita Rasa dan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Pada PT.XYZ Depok

XYZ (Company name disguised at the request of the company) is a well-established bakery industry in Indonesia. In running its business, of course, the company not only provides quality products and taste, but also provides good service quality because it can increase customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of taste and service quality on customer satisfaction of PT. XYZ Depok. The research method used is quantitative statistics. The population of this study is consumers who buy PT. XYZ Depok. Data collection methods with interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. Data processing using SPSS 25 with multiple linear regression analysis technique. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that taste had a significant effect on customer satisfaction and service quality also had a significant effect on customer satisfaction at PT. XYZ Depok, then the taste and quality of customers simultaneously have a significant effect on customer satisfaction at PT. XYZ Depok.

ARF1 compartments direct cargo flow via maturation into recycling endosomes.

Cellular membrane homoeostasis is maintained via a tightly regulated membrane and cargo flow between organelles of the endocytic and secretory pathways. Adaptor protein complexes (APs), which are recruited to membranes by the small GTPase ARF1, facilitate cargo selection and incorporation into trafficking intermediates. According to the classical model, small vesicles would facilitate bi-directional long-range transport between the Golgi, endosomes and plasma membrane. Here we revisit the intracellular organization of the vesicular transport machinery using a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, live-cell high temporal (fast confocal) or spatial (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy as well as correlative light and electron microscopy. We characterize tubulo-vesicular ARF1 compartments that harbour clathrin and different APs. Our findings reveal two functionally different classes of ARF1 compartments, each decorated by a different combination of APs. Perinuclear ARF1 compartments facilitate Golgi export of secretory cargo, while peripheral ARF1 compartments are involved in endocytic recycling downstream of early endosomes. Contrary to the classical model of long-range vesicle shuttling, we observe that ARF1 compartments shed ARF1 and mature into recycling endosomes. This maturation process is impaired in the absence of AP-1 and results in trafficking defects. Collectively, these data highlight a crucial role for ARF1 compartments in post-Golgi sorting.

Theoretical aspects of the intangible assets system in the process of enterprises strategic management: definition, characteristics, classifications

The article studies theoretical aspects of the intangible assets system in the process of enterprises strategic management. In particular, it highlights the points of view of Russian and foreign scientists regarding the definition of the intangible assets concept. The author’s definition of intangible assets as a set of a company’s resources and assets, which do not have a physical form, are used in the process of creating goods (services) for a long period of time (more than a year), are involved in the creation of values that provide a company a competitive advantage in the market and meet the requirements of identifiability (an object separation from other resources), the presence of future profits from their use, and direct or indirect control by a company. The basic criteria of intangible assets are identifiability, control over them, and the presence of future profits from their use. Despite the variety of available approaches in foreign literature to the intangible assets classification, in our opinion, the classification, which includes human, customer, and structural assets (capital), is fundamental. The article concludes that foreign authors shift their research focus from organizational (structural) intangible assets, such as corporate culture, organizational structure, and brand, to consumer and attitudinal (customer) ones, such as the level of customer satisfaction and loyalty and relationships value. The methodological approaches analysis to intangible assets assessment, the issues of their creation, modeling, and use by companies is a direction for further research.

Analisis Return on Investment (ROI) Digital pada UMKM: Sebuah Pendekatan Metodologis

As productive economic enterprises owned by individuals or individual business entities, MSMEs are faced with the reality where digital technology is developing increasingly rapidly, which forces them to immediately carry out digital transformation to achieve business growth and sustainability. Investments in digital technology, from digital marketing to the use of e-commerce platforms, have become important to maintain the competitiveness of MSMEs in an increasingly competitive market. In carrying out digital transformation, MSMEs need to measure and assess the performance of digital investments by comparing the profits obtained from the investment against the costs incurred in the process of digitizing their business. This is the main challenge faced by MSMEs in measuring the effectiveness of their digital investments. This is where the concept of Return on Investment (ROI) becomes very relevant. In this research, it was found that calculating digital ROI requires careful planning and continuous evaluation so that MSMEs can make the right decisions regarding the technology they invest in, both short-term and long-term calculations. Increasing ROI requires a strategic approach that involves reducing costs, increasing revenue, monitoring performance, and utilizing technology and automation that is appropriate to the business being run, through a combination of digitalization strategies, product innovation, good customer service, operational efficiency, and creative marketing. By optimizing every element in investment, it is ensured that every rupiah invested provides maximum returns. By implementing these strategies, MSMEs can increase their competitiveness in the market, strengthen relationships with customers, to increase the competitiveness and sustainability of their business.