Sea Battle Research Articles

The digital cult of the offensive and the US military

ABSTRACT For the US, the information age seemed to advantage the offense, with technologies and campaigns of long-range, fast, and overwhelming first strike advantage. But where did the US digital cult of the offensive come from? To answer this question, I examine the development of two key US warfighting concepts – the Army’s field manual 100-5 and the 2012 Air Sea Battle. The exploration reveals a complicated relationship between civ-mil relations, an American and Army culture at a key domestic moment, and a geopolitical context which culminated to create a digital cult of the offensive in the information age.

Формирование навыков командной деятельности и их объективная количественная оценка на основе квантовых представлений

<p>Presented are mathematical and software tools providing the formation and objective quantitative assessment of teamwork skills based on quantum representations. These tools utilize the formal representations of subjects' activities through probability matrices of transitions between the performed elementary operations. Analysis of the subjects' activities is based on comparisons of these matrices for a pattern of actions under study with relevant matrices for patterns of empirical data representing various variants of the subjects' work. When evaluating the teamwork skills, these comparisons are performed according to the "Triangle Scheme", which involves comparing the coordinated actions of the subjects performed in pairs and individually. For this purpose, the quantum spectral analysis is used, which provides effective quantitative comparisons of the hidden periodicities of performing typical elementary operations and their quantities in the spectral metric. The tools for the formation and assessment of teamwork skills are implemented in the form of both a flight simulator with the separation of control channels between pilots and a modified computer game "Sea Battle", which allows to evaluate the dynamics of partners’ communication and cooperation by analyzing their moves as well as tips transmitted to each other. The presented approach to the formation and assessment of teamwork skills is quite universal and can be used in various applications areas, including the assessment and training of flight crews, operators of complex technical systems, students of various levels and other target groups.</p>

Aristotle’s Sea Battle, Excluded Middle and Bivalence

In this paper, I present a formal reconstruction of the classical argument for fatalism set forth by Aristotle in On Interpretation 9. From there, I expose two different formal solutions for avoiding the unwanted conclusion based on the traditional interpretation of Aristotle’s rejection of the Principle of Bivalence: On the one hand, Łukasiewicz's three-valued logic and, on the other hand, supervaluation semantics. I also address some criticisms made against these two proposals. To finish, I remark on some alternative interpretations of Aristotle’s intentions maintaining that the Stagirite philosopher rejected fatalism without abandoning the Principle of Bivalence.

Keterlibatan Australia dalam Perang Pasifik & Pengaruhnya terhadap Kehidupan Politik Ekonomi Australia (1941-1945)

Australia was involved in the Pacific War that occurred in 1941-1945 together with England, America and the Netherlands. The countries joined in the Allies against Japan. The occurrence of the Pacific War had effects on Australia’s political and economic life. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the Pacific War; (2) Australiain the Pacific War; (3) the effects of the Pacific War on Australia’s political and economic life. The study used Kuntowijoyo’s historical research method consisting of several stages. The first stage was to determine the research topic. The second stage was heuristics or collection of sources. The third stage was source verification or criticism. The fourth stage was interpretation or the process of interpreting the historical facts found. The last stage was historiography or history writing. The results of the study were as follows. (1) The Pacific War was the war of Japan against the Allies in the Pacific region. Japan was defeated by the Allies in the battle of the Coral Sea and then surrendered to the Allies on 14 August 1945. (2) In the Pacific War Australia was a strategic place for the American defense. Australia and America worked together against Japan, and Australia made the Solomon Islands as a bulwark to prevent Japan from ruling Australia. (3) The effect of the Pacific War on Australia’s political life resulted in a mixed political style combining British institutions and traditions with America-inspired federal structures. The effect of the Pacific War on Australia’s economic life was that agriculture was considered to have low productivity and was replaced by manufacturing industry.

Surrogate-assisted optimization for anti-ship missile body configuration considering high-velocity water touching

As a crucial weapon in the sea battle, anti-ship missiles generally employ a sea-skimming penetration strategy to reduce the probability of being detected by the target radar, which greatly increases the risk of touching water caused by sensor errors or random sea conditions. To alleviate the large impact load by high-velocity water touching, a novel anti-ship missile body configuration is proposed in this paper, which is inspired by the idea of hydroplaning. A parametric geometry model is first developed to modify the configuration of the anti-ship missile body. Subsequently, a structured arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian based Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) model is established to analyze the kinematics parameters of the missile body during the hydroplaning process. A missile body configuration optimization problem is then formulated to minimize the impact load considering several constraints, e.g., horizontal velocity loss, pitch angle after touching water, and inside capacity for payload. Due to the time-consuming FSI simulation, a Kriging-assisted constrained differential evolution method is utilized to optimize the missile body configuration for reducing the impact load. During the optimization process, radial basis function and Kriging are combined with evolutionary operators to lead the search to the vicinity of the optimum rapidly. The result shows that the proposed missile body configuration can reduce the impact load by 18.8% compared with the ordinary configuration. Additionally, the optimized configuration can further yield a 17.4% impact load decrease subject to all the constraints and avoid structural damage by the high-velocity water touching, which demonstrates the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed anti-ship missile body configuration and corresponding optimization framework for reducing the impact load.

To the Uttermost Ends of the Earth: The Epic Hunt for the South’s Most Feared Ship – and the Greatest Sea Battle of the Civil War by Phil Keith with Tom Clavin (review)

To the Uttermost Ends of the Earth: The Epic Hunt for the South’s Most Feared Ship – and the Greatest Sea Battle of the Civil War by Phil Keith with Tom Clavin (review)

Temporal Truth and Bivalence: an Anachronistic Formal Approach to Aristotle’s De Interpretatione 9

Regarding the famous Sea Battle Argument, which Aristotle presents in De Interpretatione 9, there has never been a general agreement not only about its correctness but also, and mainly, about what the argument really is. According to the most natural reading of the chapter, the argument appeals to a temporal concept of truth and concludes that not every statement is always either true or false. However, many of Aristotle’s followers and commentators have not adopted this reading. I believe that it has faced so much resistance for reasons of hermeneutic charity: denying the law of universal bivalence seems to be overly disruptive to logical orthodoxy – the kind of logical orthodoxy represented by what we now call classical propositional logic, much of which Aristotle clearly supports in many texts. I intend to show that the logical-semantic theses that the traditional reading finds in De Interpretatione 9 are much more conservative than they may seem to be at first glance. First, I will show that they complement, and do not contradict in any way, the orthodox definitions of the concepts of truth and statement that Aristotle advances in other texts. Second, by resorting in an anachronistic vein to concepts and methods peculiar to contemporary logic, I will show that a trivalent modal semantics conforming to those theses can be built for a standard formal language of the classical propositional calculus. It is remarkable that reasonable concepts of logical truth and logical consequence that may be defined on the basis of this trivalent modal semantics are coextensive with their orthodox counterparts, the concepts of tautology and tautological consequence of classical bivalent and extensional semantics.

The Influence of Strategic-Based View and Strategic Orientation on the Organizational Performance of the Indonesian Navy in Maintaining the Regional Security Stability in South China Sea Mediated by Strategic Coordinating Management

The main objective of this study is to analyze the strategic resources based view and strategic orientation of the organizational performance of the Indonesian Navy in maintaining the regional security stability in South China Sea mediated by strategic coordinating management. The sample in this study were the personnel of the Operations Staff and the Intelligence Staff of the Indonesian Navy Headquarters, the First Fleet Command Jakarta, The First Sea Battle Task Force, and Ranai Naval Base, as well as officers crew of the First Fleet Command’s Indonesian Warships. The first to occupy positions in the field of operational planning and carrying out operational tasks in the field were 231 people. The data obtained was analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with the SPSS program version 22.0 and Smart PLS version 3. The finding of this study show that the direct strategic resources based view, strategic orientation and strategic coordinating management hypotheses affect the organizational performance. The result of the study also shows that there is a correlation between strategic resources based view and strategic orientation towardsstrategic coordinating management. Meanwhile,the result of the indirect hypothesis also claims that strategic resource-based view and strategic orientation affect the organizational performance mediated by strategic coordinating management. The Strategic Resources Based View positively shows that the Tangible Assets of the Indonesian Navy are still able to support operational units in the Natuna Sea and the Intangible Assets of the Indonesian Navy, Competence, Credibility and Capabilities of the Indonesian Navy soldiers in protecting the waters of the Natuna Sea and the Indonesian Navy's Capability is still capable of maintaining state’s sovereignty in Natuna Sea which is also the main task of the Indonesian Navy.

Háa-Þóra og Þorgerður Hölgabrúður

The Icelandic game of Háa-Þóra (Tall Þóra) is alluded to in a late seventeenth-century source, and a reasonably detailed description of it survives in the eighteenth-century Niðurraðan. A man is dressed up to represent an immensely tall woman, carrying a pole with a woman’s headdress and scarf. This “Tall Þóra” is referred to as a goð in Niðurraðan, a word which refers to pagan gods and idols of pagan gods. Þóra joins the party of revellers as quietly as possible, but once she is in position, a great ruckus ensues as Þóra attacks the guests and in particular the lead singer. Eventually Þóra retreats from the party with her clothes in disarray. Medieval Icelandic sources record a goddess or ogress with similarities to HáaÞóra, namely Þorgerðr Hǫlgabrúðr. (a) She is noted for her tallness in the First Grammatical Treatise and in Njáls saga. (b) In the Gesta Danorum she is seemingly referred to as Thora. (c) Njáls saga mentions an idol of Þorgerðr having a headdress. (d) The Great Saga of Óláfr Tryggvason tells of a female troll who surreptitiously enters a game played by the king’s men. She behaves violently until she is eventually defeated and forced to retreat by an unnamed man, presumably the king himself. This female troll introduces herself as a friend of Hákon jarl and a recipient of his gifts – she is presumably Þorgerðr Hǫlgabrúðr. The game of Háa-Þóra might be based on an idea similar to this scene in the saga, as a re-enactment of the defeat of a pagan spirit. A poem in Eddic metre, Þóruljóð, was recorded from oral tradition in the seventeenth century. The Þóra of the poem seems to be the same character as the Háa-Þóra of the game. In the poem, Þóra is a tall and frightening woman who arrives at a Yule feast at the farm of a chieftain, Þorkell. Þorkell welcomes Þóra to his high seat and provides her with a headdress and a cloak. Eventually, Þóra gives Þorkell a sail that she has created and tells him that it will bring him good fortune (“hamingja”) as he sails into battle. This story is reminiscent of the relationship between Hákon jarl and Þorgerðr Hǫlgabrúðr as described in Jómsvíkinga saga. Hákon gives Þorgerðr gifts, including a human sacrifice, and Þorgerðr rewards him by intervening in his favour during a sea battle where she controls the wind. The similarities between Háa-Þóra, Þóra of Þóruljóð and Þorgerðr Hǫlgabrúðr are enough to suggest that the three figures have a common origin.

АНАЛІЗ НАЯВНИХ МЕТОДИК ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВЕДЕННЯ НАДВОДНИМИ КОРАБЛЯМИ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ ЗІ ЗНИЩЕННЯ НАДВОДНИХ КОРАБЛІВ ПРОТИВНИКА

The article analyzes the existing methods for assessing the effectiveness of surface ships’ combat operations to destroy enemy surface ships in the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, namely, the widely known among naval specialists methodology of Matviychuk F.O. and the temporary methodology for calculations in planning operations (combat operations) using cruise missiles, developed by the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in 2020. However, the above-mentioned methods allow to obtain the results of the study of the constituent stages of naval combat statically (or discretely), but do not consider its development in dynamics and do not fully take into account the probabilistic nature of events. To simplify and make these methods and individual mathematical calculations closer to the process of combat confrontation in a real sea battle, several restrictions are imposed on them, that is, the limits of application are indicated in the form of hypotheses and assumptions. The article considers modern methods used by the armed forces of NATO member countries: the Relative Combat Power Analysis method, the model Correlation of Forces and the distribution of troops by tasks. It was noted that the processes inherent in the models relate to individual specific operational situations, so they cannot give a detailed and universal picture of the need for forces. These processes are helpful in narrowly defined contexts, mainly for planning land operations. The study determines that the Planning Considerations Method RCPA is used in planning of maritime operations in NATO countries. It is found that using this method, less attention is focused on mathematical ratios of forces and more on the subjective comparison of friendly and hostile tangible and intangible factors, identifying relevant information that must be considered when action plans will be being developed.

‘See/How I Convey My Shame Out of Thine Eyes’: Breathing Dramatic Life into an Ancient Proverb in William Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra, III.xi.51-4

On 2nd September, 31 B.C., the Battle of Actium, one of the most consequential sea battles in Western history, also proved to be a turning point in world history. Octavian’s victory over his former triumvir Antony and Cleopatra consolidated Augustan rule, reinforced Roman dominion over the East, and ushered in an epoch of Roman imperial rule for the next five-hundred years. According to Sir Thomas North’s translation of Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes (1579), Shakespeare’s principal source for this Roman tragedy, the critical moment of the battle came when Cleopatra and her ships took flight and Antony, blind, besotted, and uxorious, followed suit and shamefully abandoned his men: Howbeit the battell was yet of even hand, and the victorie doubtfull, being indifferent to both: when sodainely they saw the three score shippes of Cleopatra busie about their yard masts, and hoysing [hoisting] saile to flie … There Antonius shewed plainely, that he had not onely lost the corage and hart of an Emperor, but also of a valiant man, and that he was not his owne man: (proving that true which an old man spake in myrth, that the soule of a lover lived in another body, and not in his owne) he was so caried away with the vaine love of this woman, as if he had bene glued unto her, and that she could not have removed without moving of him also. For when he saw Cleopatraes shippe under saile, he forgot, forsook, and betrayed them that fought for him, and imbarked upon a galley with five bankes of owers, to follow her that had already begon to overthrow him, and would in the end be his utter destruction.1

Tinjauan Aspek Kepemimpinan dan Manfaat Pertempuran Laut Karang Tahun 1942 Bagi TNI Angkatan Laut

This article aims to analyze the leadership aspect in a case study of the 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea between the Allied Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. The focus of this article is on the leaders of the two sides in leading the Coral Sea battle. To approach this problem, the theoretical reference of situational, transformational, and military leadership styles is used which is the basis for analyzing aspects of leadership. The data were collected based on literature studies of books, and journals related to the Coral Sea battle in terms of leadership and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the Japanese side has a leader who has experience and leadership who has a transformational concept, namely Admiral Yamamoto. In addition, Rear Admiral Fletcher's breakthrough concept of the Allied fighting strategy was part of a transformational leadership style, one aspect of which was to go beyond self-interest by prioritizing organization. The leadership style, whether situational, transformational, or military, can be applied to all ranks of Indonesian Navy soldiers in carrying out daily tasks and carrying out operational tasks in the area of operation.

The Gambler’s Fallacy

I offer a conceptual study of Aristotle’s Sea Battle Paradox and propose that analysis of the paradox, as well as of its various solutions, can help to shed light on the psychology behind and the structure of the gambler’s fallacy. I compare Aristotle’s response to the paradox with Kierkegaard’s subsequent response in his chapter of Philosophical Fragments “Is the Past More Necessary than the Future?” I argue that proponents of each solution lead us to a different diagnosis of the gambler’s preoccupation with predetermination and future determination.

Визуальная репрезентация морской тематики в художественной культуре России ХVIII–XIX вв.

Тhe meaning of visual representation includes perception of information through the visual image. This form of information delivery to the general public was known in pagan cultures and asserted itself in Christianity. Since the late 20th century the concept of visualization united in itself not only religious and artistic images, but also the vision of mass culture. The performed research places emphasis on the establishment and the development of visual representation in Russia’s art culture of the ХVIII-XIX centuries. During the reign of Peter the Great, in a succession of state reforms and due to the influence of samples of European art, a transformation of national art culture occured. In this context, maritime art is viewed as one of the visual representation forms. The seascape, as a separate genre of painting, originates in the Dutch landscape. The first marinas were brought by Peter the 1st to decorate palaces and country residences. The victory in the Battle of Chesme (1770) and the joining of Crimea to the Russian Empire prompted Catherine the 2nd to invite J. P. Hackert to perpetuate the glory of Russian weapons. The artist became the first marine painter on Russian soil and performed a series of twelve paintings. The flourishing of the national seascape in Russia took place in the 19th century. The first who took the post of artist at the Ministry of the Sea was I.K. Aivazovsky. Since then the seascape acquired special significance and perpetuates the sea victories of Russia. A subtle metaphysical meaning is present in some romantic landscapes by I.K. Aivazovsky. Sea battle paintings acquired clear realistic features in the painting of A.P. Bogolyubov. The artists are concerned not only with the image of the sea, but also with the architecture of the ship, which forms a separate painting genre: the ship portrait genre. The image of the ship in the paintings of the XIX-XX centuries combines the lines of scripture and poetry, focusing the attention of the viewer on a deep semantic reading of the landscape.

The battle of the Coral Sea: Australia’s response to the Belt & Road Initiative in the Pacific

ABSTRACT Australia has not been alone in declining the opportunity to take part in China's Belt & Road Initiative (BRI). Instead, this article contends, Australia launched its own infrastructure initiative in the Pacific that has attempted to reduce the attractiveness of the BRI to the region. The article focuses on Australia’s intervention in the Coral Sea Cable System, an action which vastly reduced the role of Chinese firms such as Huawei in building telecommunications infrastructure in the Pacific. Informed by a postcolonial perspective, we explain Australia’s stance on the BRI in terms of its intimate but at-times problematic relations with Asia and the Pacific. This was reflected in Australia’s unwillingness to acknowledge the legitimacy of the BRI as a foreign policy initiative, in its invocation of the ‘rules-based order’ to justify its intervention in the cable project, and in the design of its regional infrastructure program, which bore some uncanny resemblances to what Australian policymakers have depicted as the worst aspects of the BRI itself.

Wondering about the future

Will it rain tomorrow? Will there be a sea battle tomorrow? Will my death be painful? Wondering about the future plays a central role in our cognitive lives. It is integral to our inquiries, our planning, our hopes, and our fears. The aim of this paper is to consider various accounts of future contingents and the implications that they have for wondering about the future. I argue that reflecting on the nature of wondering about the future supports an Ockhamist account of future contingents according to which many of them are true. Alternative accounts which maintain that no future contingents are true, either by claiming that they are all false or by claiming that they are neither true nor false, face difficulties concerning why it is appropriate to wonder about them. Reflecting on wondering in general, and wondering about the future in particular, suggests that in wondering how the future will go, we implicitly assume that there is a determinate fact of the matter. After presenting an attractive account of interrogative attitudes that has been recently proposed by Jane Friedman and outlining some norms governing wondering, I argue that all accounts of future contingents except Ockhamism face difficulties concerning why it is appropriate to wonder about them.

Future Contingency and Classical Indeterminism

A position that has been called ‘classical indeterminism’ has recently been developed in order to model vagueness: this approach appeals to an object-language ‘determinately’ operator, the semantics of which are defined in such a way as to preserve the principle of bivalence. I suggest that a prominent argument against this strategy, which I call the Field–Williamson argument, fails. The classical indeterminist position in its general form was anticipated by the Aristotelian commentators in their discussions of Aristotle’s famous ‘sea battle’ passage concerning future contingency. But I maintain that, ironically enough, the strategy is less happily applied in this case, where a version of the Field–Williamson argument succeeds.

Those Things Which the Coachmen Do: Boethius’s Answer to A. N. Prior on Future Contingents

Those Things Which the Coachmen Do: Boethius’s Answer to A. N. Prior on Future Contingents Max Cresswell An extreme version of the view that the past is necessary while the future is not is held by Arthur Prior (1914–1969), whose claim is that in the case of the future there may be no present fact of the matter about whether a proposition is going to be true or false. In particular, future contingents—statements still open to human choice or mere chance— are neither true nor false. The view that future contingents do not have exactly one of two truth values played an important part in the development of Prior’s tense logic. We find it in Formal Logic, Time and Modality, Past, Present and Future, and in many of the articles collected in Papers on Time and Tense and Papers in Logic and Ethics.1 While Prior’s views on many things certainly changed over the years, his work on determinism can easily be seen as presenting a unified doctrine. Prior takes it as obvious that future contingents lack a truth value, and that it is the job of tense logic to provide an articulation of this position. It is convenient to address his reasons by looking at two claims, both of which he endorses. The first is that the future truth or falsity of such statements is incompatible with a world in which humans are capable of free action; and the second is that it compromises God’s omniscience. Prior is not alone in his assumption that free will is incompatible with future truth or falsity. Many scholars have taken chapter 9 of Aristotle’s On Interpretation in this way.2 This chapter is known to philosophers because of Aristotle’s example of tomorrow’s sea battle: [End Page 309] Moreover, if it is true to say that something is white and large, both have to hold of it, and if true that they will hold tomorrow, they will have to hold tomorrow; and if it neither will be nor will not be the case tomorrow, then there is no ‘as chance has it’. Take a sea-battle: it would have neither to happen nor not to happen. 3 Not everyone took Prior’s view of Aristotle, and this is where Boethius becomes significant. In his second commentary on On Interpretation Boethius considers Aristotle’s argument: “For Aristotle does not say that both are neither true nor false, but, of course, that each of them is either true or false—not, however, definitely, as with those having to do with past matters or those having to do with present matters.”4 The passage undoubtedly causes problems of interpretation. Boethius probably means that Aristotle is saying that from the necessity of the fact that any statement must be either true or false it does not follow that it must be true, or that it must be false. This of course does not yet provide an argument against the claim that truth values for future contingents lead to determinism. For that we need to move to The Consolation of Philosophy: For we see many things with our eyes while they are in doing, as those things which the coachmen do while they drive and turn their coaches and in like manner other things. Now doth necessity compel any of these things to be done in this sort? No. For in vain should art labour if all things were moved by compulsion. Wherefore, as these things are without necessity when they are in doing, so likewise they are to come without necessity before they be done. And consequently there are some things to come whose event is free from all necessity. For I suppose no man will say that those things which are done now were not to come before they were done. Wherefore these things even being foreseen come freely to effect. For as the [End Page 310] knowledge of things present causeth no necessity in things which are in doing, so neither the foreknowledge in things to come. 5 What Boethius is telling us is that whether or not an action is free does not depend...

A Study on the Designation of the Happo Sea Battle Field

임진왜란 당시인 1592년 5월 7일(음력) 전라좌수사 이순신이 경상도 해역으로 출전하여 승리한 전투 중 하나가 합포해전(合浦海戰)이다. 합포해전이 있었던 장소가 현재 지명으로 어디인지에 대해 여러 이론이 있다. 일찍이 이순신을 연구한 이은상과 이형석 등이 합포(合浦)를 현재의 창원시 마산합포구 산호동 일원으로 비정(比 定)한 바 있다. 이후 근자에 일부 이순신 연구가들이 합포는 창원시 마산합포구가 아니고 창원시 진해구 원포동에있는 학개(鶴浦)라는 주장을 펴고 있다. 그동안 해전지 비정을 위한 연구는 지리학이나 지명학자들이 아닌 군사학이나 일반 역사학을 전공한 사람들이 주도하였다. 합포해전지에 대해서도 지명학적인 관점에서 고찰하고 비정한 사례는 찾기가 쉽지 않다. 그리고 해전지 비정을 위해서는 현장답사를 통한 검증이 필수적인데 이를 간과하고 문헌 기록만으로 결론을 내는 경우가 많았다. 이런 우를 범하지 않기 위하여 본 논문에서는 지명학적 관점에서합포의 내력과 지명의 변천과정을 자세히 살펴보고 고지도를 바탕으로 탐색하는 작업을 하였다. 그리고 이순신이 선조에게 보고한 장계 초록인 『임진장초』의 내용을 바탕으로, 합포해전 당일의 상황을 재현하기 위하여 요트를 타고 임진왜란 당시 판옥선의 속도로 항행하면서 현장 실측 검증을 두 차례 실시하였다. 그 결과 합포해전지는현재의 창원시 마산합포구, 마산회원구, 성산구 사이의 마산만 일대임을 밝혀냈다

Robert C. Stern, Scratch One Flattop: The First Carrier Air Campaign and the Battle of the Coral Sea (Lisle A. Rose)

Robert C. Stern, Scratch One Flattop: The First Carrier Air Campaign and the Battle of the Coral Sea (Lisle A. Rose)