SD Scale Research Articles

Early-Childhood Tablet Use and Outbursts of Anger

Tablet use continues to increase in preschool-aged children. The use of mobile devices has been linked to child emotional dysregulation. However, few studies have been able to show a clear direction of association between child tablet use and the development of self-regulation skills. In addition, few studies have modeled within-person associations over time. To estimate how child tablet use contributes to expressions of anger and frustration across the ages of 3.5 to 5.5 years at the within-person level. The study team also examined the extent to which associations are bidirectional to clarify the direction of the correlations. This prospective, community-based convenience sample of 315 parents of preschool-aged children from Nova Scotia, Canada, was studied repeatedly at the ages of 3.5 (2020), 4.5 (2021), and 5.5 years (2022) during the COVID-19 pandemic. All analyses were conducted between October 5, 2023, and December 15, 2023. Parent-reported tablet use at the ages of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years. Parents reported child expressions of anger/frustration at the ages of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. The sample was equally distributed across child sex (171 were identified by parents as being born boys [54%] and 144 as girls [46%]). Most reported being Canadian (287 [91.0%]) and married (258 [82.0%]). A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed that a 1-SD increase in tablet use at 3.5 years (corresponding to 1.22 hours per day) was associated with a 22% SD scale increase in anger/frustration at age 4.5 years (standardized coefficient = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.01-0.44). A 1 SD scale increase in anger and frustration at 4.5 years was associated with a 22% SD (corresponding to 0.28 hours per day) increase in tablet use at 5.5 years (standardized coefficient = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.01-0.43). In this study, child tablet use at age 3.5 years was associated with more expressions of anger and frustration by the age of 4.5 years. Child proneness to anger/frustration at age 4.5 years was then associated with more use of tablets by age 5.5 years. These results suggest that early-childhood tablet use may contribute to a cycle that is deleterious for emotional regulation.

Analysis of Consumer Perceived Needs of Fiber Arts and Crafts in the Internet Era with Perceptual Engineering as an Orientation

Abstract Starting from the construction of the perceptual engineering model, this paper gives the research objective of consumer perceived demand for fiber art handicrafts in the Internet era and designs the corresponding perceived SD scale according to consumer perceived demand. Factor analysis, the results show that for embroidery handicrafts, more attention is placed on grad in consumer perceived needs, with a factor loading eigenvalue of 4.647, and the grade variability of embroidery handicrafts is 27.336%. The consumer perception under the cluster 1 category of handmade blankets is mainly the grade, and its percentage is the highest at 26.698%, and the influence factor of style in bamboo and grass woven products is the highest at 23.078%. The design of fiber art handicrafts oriented to perceptual engineering needs to fully explore the consumer’s perception needs in order to promote innovation and development of fiber art handicrafts.

Does the ‘Educational Alliance’ conceptualize the student - supervisor relationship when conducting a master thesis in medicine? An interview study

BackgroundCompleting a master thesis (MT) is mandatory in many undergraduate curricula in medicine but a specific educational framework to guide the supervisor-student relationship during the MT has not been published. This could be helpful to facilitate the MT process and to more effectively reach the learning objectives related to science education in medicine. An attractive model for this purpose is the ‘Educational Alliance’ (EA), which focusses on the three components ‘clarity and agreement on (a) goals, (b) tasks and (c) relationship & roles’. This study investigated factors that can either facilitate or hinder the process of MTs, and related these to the components of the EA.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 20 students and – separately – with their 20 corresponding supervisors, after the MT had been accepted. The interviews included open questions on factors facilitating or hindering the success of the MT. Audio recordings of the interviews were anonymized and transcribed, and then analysed by qualitative content analysis. Also, quantitative data were gathered on satisfaction with the MT process and the supervisory quality (using Likert-type questions).ResultsWe were able to analyse all 40 interviews, related to 20 MTs. From the transcripts, we extracted 469 comments related to the research question and categorized these into the four main categories (a) ‘Preparation’, (b) ‘Process’, (c) ‘Atmosphere’, (d) ‘Value of the MT’. Interviewees highlighted the importance of a careful preparation phase, clear expectations, a clear research plan, thorough and timely feedback, mutual agreement on timelines, and a positive working atmosphere. Each of these factors could be brought in line with the three components of the EA framework: agreement and clarity of goals, tasks, relationships & roles. Satisfaction with the MT process was rated 8.75 ± 1.22 SD (of 10) points by supervisors, and 7.80 ± 1.61 SD points by students, while supervision quality was rated + 1.51 ± 0.63 SD (scale from − 2 to + 2) by supervisors, and + 1.26 ± 0.93 SD by students.ConclusionWe propose the EA framework as a useful guidance for students, supervisors, and the university towards conducting successful MTs in medicine. Based on the findings, we provide specific recommendations for students, supervisors, and university.

User Experience Design of Web-Based BPKAD Asset Mapping using Kansei Engineering

User Experience (UX) is an integral part of software development, one of which is web-based mapping. Several factors that affect that UX is acceptable to users include visual aesthetics, ease of menu hierarchy, component layout and display coloring. There are several things that are not implied in UX development, namely the psychological factor of the user in which there is emotion and feeling. This research is located at BPKAD Palembang City which has purposing to 1) Analyzing user psychological factors in terms of feelings and emotions in designing web-based UX for the Palembang City BPKAD Regional Asset Mapping, 2) Interpreting user psychological factors into web-based design elements of the Palembang City BPKAD Regional Asset Mapping. The research stages include determining Kansei Word; Structuring SD Scale; Collecting and Validating Web-Based Mapping Specimen; Category and Item Design Classification; Participant Data Evaluation; Data Analysis and Defining Design Elements. The final result is 5 emotion concepts, these are dynamic & well-organized concept, refreshing concept, spacious concept, professional concept and nautical-look concept. The DEs generated from PLS analysis for dynamic & well-organized concepts are 27 DEs, refreshing concept is 15 DEs, spacious concept is 17 DEs, professional concept is 18 DEs and nautical-look concept is 18 DEs.

Comparative Study on Dyed Fabrics of Tea and Tea Stem Based on Kansei Engineering

(1) Objective: This paper conducts a comparative study on the perceptual value of fabrics dyed with tea leaves and tea stems and explores the changes and differences in the Kansei image of the dyed fabrics to provide practical guidance for the product design dyed of tea leaves and tea stems based on the experimental results. (2) Methods: firstly, an effective dyeing method was selected through literature research to dye the samples. Secondly, Kansei words were collected and screened out, and the SD scale was established for a perceptual experiment. Thirdly, a factor analysis was performed on the quantified perceptual evaluation data to compare the changes in the fabric perceptual value before and after dyeing. A T-test and cluster analysis were used to study the difference between them. Finally, according to the fabric perceptual experience results, the product design was put into practice. (3) Conclusion: the perceptual value of all the fabrics dyed with Oolong tea leaves and tea stems were improved. Except for silk chiffon and Tencel, there was no significant difference between tea stems dyeing and tea leaves dyeing in other fabrics, which shows that tea stems dyeing has great perceptual value and reuse value.

P095 Epigenetic clocks have the potential to predict future grip strength in males but not females

Abstract Background/Aims Sarcopenia and muscle ageing are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality for the individual and significant costs to healthcare budgets. However, if we can identify those at particular risk of muscle decline it may be possible to intervene, prevent further deterioration and improve the musculoskeletal health of the ageing population. DNA methylation accumulates across the lifecourse and provides the basis for biological clocks, generating a measure of age acceleration (i.e. that an individual is biologically older or younger than their chronological age would suggest). An example is the GrimAge clock which was designed to estimate remaining longevity and thus may potentially represent a novel risk marker for muscle deterioration. We aimed to investigate whether there is an association between methylation-measured age acceleration and future grip strength in a group of community-dwelling older adults. Methods This study is based within the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. At baseline, participants attended research visits where health-related questionnaires were completed and blood samples were collected. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and DNA methylation at CpG sites was measured using the Infinium Human Methylation Beadchip arrays (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) (450k, n = 99 and 850k, n = 326). After pre-processing, GrimAge epigenetic age acceleration was measured, using the array-specific publicly available algorithms, and standardised to an SD scale. Grip strength was ascertained using the JAMAR dynamometer at baseline and follow-up. Linear regression was used to examine GrimAge acceleration in relation to grip strength at baseline and follow-up in unadjusted models and those adjusted for age, height and BMI. Results A total of 425 participants (213 males and 212 females) were included in our analyses. The mean age at baseline was 64.1 years (SD 2.6) for males and 65.9 years (SD 2.7) for females. The median follow-up time was 11.6 years (IQR 11.0-12.4) and mean GrimAge at baseline was 58.4 years (SD 5.6). Higher GrimAge acceleration was significantly associated with lower grip strength at baseline (β= -1.43kg [95% CI: -2.39,-0.47] per SD greater age acceleration in univariate model, p < 0.01) in unadjusted and adjusted models and at follow-up (β= -1.25kg [-2.24,-0.26] per SD, p < 0.02). No significant associations were observed in females. Conclusion Our results suggest that greater GrimAge acceleration, as a measure of biological age acceleration, is significantly associated with lower grip strength after approximately a decade of follow-up. However, this association was only observed in males and not in females. The GrimAge clock was designed using methylation surrogates of age-related plasma proteins and smoking pack years, and it may be that the variation in these was more marked in our male population compared to females. Further work is required to investigate and replicate the above association. Disclosure N.R. Fuggle: None. L. Westbury: None. F. Reswan: None. N. Graham: None. N. Kitaba: None. K.A. Ward: None. K.A. Ward: None. N. Harvey: None. J. Holloway: None. E. Dennison: None. C. Cooper: None.

Research on Color Perception Experience of Kiang Wu Hospital (Macao SAR, China) Building Exterior Based on SD Scale

Research on Color Perception Experience of Kiang Wu Hospital (Macao SAR, China) Building Exterior Based on SD Scale

Kansei Engineering in Designing Web-Based e-Commerce UMKM Product

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a part of the development of a system in addition to the usability factor. Several methods were developed in HCI to produce a User Interface design that persuasively attracts the user’s interest. One of these methods was Kansei Engineering which involved psychological factors and user emotions in the stage. The study focused on developing the e-commerce User Interface for UMKM products which based on how to maximize the service and quality of e-Commerce because so far the development of the web-based UMKM e-Commerce product user interface has not paid attention to psychological factors. The Research followed Kansei Engineering Type 1 (KEPack) with the stages: (1) Research Initiation, (2) Collecting Kansei Words (KW), (3) Translating KW into SD scale, (4) Collecting Specimens, (5) Classifying Item / Category Specimens, (6) Evaluating Questionnaire Participants’ Data, (7) Multivariate Statistical Analysis, (8) Translating Statistical Data into Design Elements, (9) Creating Guideline Matrix Kansei Engineering. This study involved 40 participants, 20 Kansei Words, and ten specimens of UMKM e-Commerce products. The final result is the Kansei e-Commerce matrix guideline for web-based UMKM products, which had two main concepts, they were complexity consisting of formal, natural and simple emotion factors; and Uniqueness consisting of Comfortable, Soft, and Unique which consists of 8 main parts which divided into 65 design elements. The contribution of this Research in the informatics area is to provide recommendations for the appearance of web-based UMKM e-Commerce products based on the psychological factors of the user through the Kansei Engineering Stages.

Subjective responses between real impact sound and rubber ball im-pact sound

By the recent COVID-19 situation, people stay more time in their home and abatements on noise between neighbouring units are increasing. Heavy/soft impact sound is one of the major noise sources in high-rise apartment buildings. Standardized heavy/soft impact source is known for having the most similar physical and subjective characteristics with real impact sound such as a child running, jumping and an adult walking. The single number quantity on the rubber ball was standardized. A classification scheme for rubber ball impact sound needs to be standardized. Several studies on subjective responses were conducted on rubber ball impact sound in various situations. In this study, subjective responses on the rubber impact sound and real impact sound were compared. The subjective experiment was conducted in the listening chamber which is furnished similarly to the typical living room of Korean apartment buildings. In the experiment, rubber ball impact sounds recorded in the real apartment building and real impact sound recorded in the mock-up building were presented through a sub-woofer and multi-channel loudspeaker system. Subjective responses were collected with an 11 points SD scale.

Understanding the effect of fatigue on the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive function ability among cognitively impaired older adults

AbstractBackgroundFatigue is associated with neuroinflammation of the brain, one of the signatures of neurodegenerative disorders across preclinical and clinical stages. Substantial research evidence demonstrates a bidirectional link between Alzheimer’s neuropathology and poor sleep. Whether neuroinflammation mediates the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive decline remains to be determined. In this pilot study, we examined whether fatigue impacts the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive function ability.MethodWe prospectively recruited adults aged 55‐90 years with mild cognitive impairment to evaluate their symptoms of Fatigue, Sleep, and Cognitive Function Abilities (CFA), using the NIH PROMIS Fatigue short form (v1.0), Sleep Disturbances (SD, v2.0) and Sleep‐related Impairment short form (SRI v2.0), as well as the NIH Neuro‐QOL Cognitive Function Abilities short form (v1.0). The Poor‐sleep group was defined as a T‐score of >50 on either SD or SRI scale. Depression was defined as a Geriatric Depression Scale score of 5 or greater and was a study exclusion criterion.ResultTwenty‐seven patients enrolled in the study, including 14 women and 13 men. The mean age was 67.37+/‐ 9.00 years. The Poor‐sleep group had significantly lower CFA compared to the Good‐sleep group (b=‐6.28, p=0.019). Greater Fatigue scores were significantly associated with lower Cognitive Function Abilities scores (r=.49, p=0.010). These results remained significant after controlling for age. Further, total scale SRI score was significantly associated with total scale Fatigue score (r=.72, p<0.001).ConclusionBoth fatigue and sleep disturbances were significantly associated with low CFA independently, along with a significant correlation between fatigue and poor sleep. The mechanisms by which fatigue and sleep disturbances contribute to cognitive test performance need to be elucidated in future research.

주거공간의 색채계획에 대한 노인거주자의 심리 · 생리 반응 : 노인의 우울특성에 따른 비교연구

The purpose of this study is to propose the desirable color scheme of living room in relation to the depressive symptoms of the elderly residents. The elderly are more likely to progress depressive symptoms due to physical, psychological, and economic changes. This study is to clarify the relationship between color planning and depression so as to find out effective color design scheme on the improvement of depressions. 87 elderly residents over 65 years participated the experiments and they were classified into two groups: group A portrayed under 14 points, normal, and group B portrayed over 15 points, slight, moderate, or serious depression, as to the results of the KGDS. Their psychological and physiological responses to the nine images of the residential space - one achromatic color combination, warm and cool analogous color combinations and complementary color combinations of 50% and 100% ratio of faced wall - were analyzed and compared. The psychological response was measured by SD scale composed of the six pairs of adjectives, and the physiological response by the EEG alpha wave asymmetry of the prefrontal cortex. Psychological responses of group A has shown positive feedback to the R-YR (100), while group B has shown the R-G (100). Physiologically group A responded positively to the R-YR (100), and group B responded positively to the PB-Y (100). Group A seemed to prefer warm analogous color combination psychologically and physiologically. Group B seemed to prefer the complementary color combination rather than the analogous color combination.

A Study on the Image and Visual Preference for the Beautiful Forest Scenery types in Korea

This study intends to evaluate visual preference and image for 10 types of forest sceneries which have own distinct characteristics without overlapping each other among 22 types of beautiful forest sceneries based on Korea National Parks. Z scale and paired comparison methods were used to analyze visual preference for forest scenery, and SD scale method was also adopted to assess visual image for forest scenery. Experiments were conducted with 3 different university students groups. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the evaluation results of Z scale (N=70) and paired comparison (N=64) methods show similar visual preference for different types of forest scenery. 'Scenery inside forests' and 'valley and rock' sceneries have the highest level of preference, and 'panorama of ridges', 'ridge of curious rock peaks', and 'waterfall and cliff' also have relatively higher preference level than others. However, 'community of dead trees' has the lowest preference in forest sceneries. Second, the factor analysis outputs of the image scores for beautiful forest scenery types by SD scale (N=66) show 3 factors of 'mysterious charm', 'colorful sense', and 'vividness/variety'. Examined the variables of forest scenery types for each factor, the image of 'mysterious charm' is based on the sceneries of mountain ridges, the image of 'colorful sense' is focused on the sceneries of color-expressed sense of the season, and the image of 'vividness/variety' is based on the sceneries of waterscape and curious rock peaks.

구조방정식을 이용한 문화예술의 거리의 가로경관 이미지 분석

PURPOSES : Daejeon is basically divided into an old downtown and a new downtown, and the recent relocation of the Chungcheongnam-do Provincial Government of Republic of Korea from the old downtown and the opening of governmental buildings in the new downtown as well have made this new downtown only densely populated with industrial and business facilities. Such changes in the downtowns have promoted the conditions of the new downtown while, consequently, dragging down the old downtown. Out of concern for those unbalanced developments of the two downtowns, Daejeon is now carrying out several city projects to revive the old downtown. In the light of that, as a part of the project to promote the old downtown, this study aims to conduct an evaluation on landscape of the culture and arts street in Daeheungdong which was built upon those ideas of a theme street project by Daejeon. METHODS : Based on the findings from the questionnaire not only on the components that would design the streetscape of the culture and arts street but also on the public satisfaction with the streetscape, the study defined how those changes in the components affect emotional factors of the pedestrians. In order to achieve the research goal, the study made changes in D/H ratio of the street structural components as well as the roadside trees. In terms of the questionnaire method, the study used the SD scale, and proceeded with its investigation through the frequency analysis, the principal component analysis (the factor analysis) and the structural equation model. RESULTS : According to the results from the factor analysis and the regression analysis, of those three factors, such as the openness, the comfortable sensation and the safety, the openness followed by the comfortable sensation and the safety was determined to have the most positive influence on the total satisfaction. The structural model analysis reported that the D/H and the structural components of the roadside trees and planting have a positive effect on the emotional image, and this emotional image also appeared to be positively related to the total satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS : This study looked into how the changes in the street structural components of the culture and arts street in Daeheungdong would affect the satisfaction with the streetscape, and finally confirmed that the D/H and the planting are what would have a positive effect on this satisfaction. What has been learned from this study will be the basic data to figure out how to promote and improve the culture and arts street in Daeheung-dong as this data will also help designing and developing of those specialized streets in other regions.

숲의 주요 수종에 따른 이미지의 규명

We have researched the image of different forest species by asking those who use these forests how they feel when enjoying them for their various purposes. We surveyed five different forest areas, these were a pine forest a korean pine forest a cypress forest a broad leafed forest and a mixed forest. We asked 806 people how these forests made them feel and what they thought was the image of these forests. We offered them a choice of 18 pairs of adjectives to describe how they felt. We used the SD Scale and discovered 4 different factors. A feeling of comfort and freshness and a feeling of order and space. There was also a feeling of intimacy with nature. Each forest gave out its own feeling and image. comfort and freshness was felt by those in the pine forest, the korean pine forest, the broad leafed forest and the mixed forest. A Feeling of order and space was felt in the korean pine forest. Intimacy was felt in the pine forest, broad leafed forest and the mixed forest.

하천의 물리적 구조에 따른 하천경관의 선호도 및 시각적 이미지 비교 연구

본 연구의 목적은 다양한 생태적 특성이 나타난 하천구간에 대한 경관의 선호도 및 시각적 이미지 형성에 영향을 주는 물리적 구조 특성을 실증적으로 밝혀내는 것이다. 하천의 물리적 구조 평가를 위해 LAWA기법을 활용하여 하천의 생태성을 평가하고, SD평가법을 통해 하천경관의 시각적 이미지를 조사하여 연구대상지의 물리적 구조 특성에 따른 시각적 이미지 차이를 비교 고찰하였다. 그 결과 생태성이 양호한 구간이 결여된 구간보다 조화롭고 아름다우며 자연적이고 깨끗한 이미지를 형성한다고 밝혀졌으며, 이러한 시각적 이미지에 큰 영향을 주는 물리적 구조는 하천식생 및 횡단형태, 인공구조물의 유무로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 하천복원시 훼손대상지의 생태적 기능과 경관미 향상을 위해 고려해야할 하천의 물리적 구조를 예측하고 제안하는데 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to investigate characteristics of hydromorpological structures that affect landscape preference and visual characteristics on the sections of the designated streams where have dynamic ecological characteristics. We evaluated the ecological status of the streams utilizing LAWA to assess hydromorpological structures of streams. We also investigated preference and visual characteristics of stream landscapes through Semantic Differential Scale(SD scale). The differences of visual images according to the characteristics of hydromorpological structures in the sites were analyzed by descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA, and t-test. As a result, this study showed that sections represented as "good" ecological status are shown to be harmonious, beautiful, natural, and clean comparing to sections represented as "poor" ecological status. The hydromorpological structures that have significant impacts on the visual characteristics are considered as riparian vegetation, cross-sectional shape, and the artificial structures. Results of this study can help guide the stream restoration of the damaged stream to improving ecological function and positive landscape.

수로교 경관선호도 및 이미지 특성 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape preference and landscape images of the Agricultural Aqueduct Bridges(AAB) by several different criteria. Semantic Differential Scale(SD scale) with landscape adjectives and landscape preference are used to estimate the alternatives of the AAB. The statistic methods such as descriptive analysis, t-test, factor analysis and regression, cluster analysis, are operated. The landscape preference of the alternatives is generally positive, 3.977 out of 7.000. The gate type is the most preferred, but the road-along type is the worst, by the location types. The simple repair type is the worst preferred, but total remodeling is the most, by the repair types. The characteristics of the AAB are analyzed and 4 factors of visual landscape are contracted; interest, orderliness, naturality and spatiality. Cumulative factor loading of these factors is about 65%, which is quite high. The higher and bigger AAB's are preferred, and the advanced finishing materials are also preferred, such as aluminum or wood panels. The long span is also preferred and the high repair cost would be preferred. But in this study, the cost-benefit analysis is not included, so it is recommended to research further, considering the cost variable with the visual factors.

THE INVESTIGATION ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL OF APPEARANCE DESIGN OF HAIR SALON

A hair salon plays significant role in the life of a woman today. In this paper, the class relationship between the appearance design of a hair salon and easiness to enter it for young women has been analyzed by use of Rough sets and Multivariate analysis. At first, eight image terms and thirty-nine design elements (; cognitive parts) related to easiness of entering were extracted by the interview of evaluation grid method. Then, sample photographs of hair salons were evaluated with five steps of SD scale in regard to an attitude and nine image terms. From the result, image terms, that were refined, relaxed, and good-sense, strongly related to easiness of entering were obtained by multiple regression analysis in the first half.In the latter half, design elements contributing to easiness of entering through three images were extracted by Rough sets and considered by Analysis method of decision rules that we have proposed. From these analysis results, the class relationship from an attitude to design elements that were expressed by the table was clarified. The class relationship was suggestive of evaluation structure of a woman to a hair salon. Therefore, it was reasonable to think that a new design concept could be made by a little changing the evaluation structure used as design knowledge. Then, a hair salon design easy to enter was proposed with a new design concept made by the method from the result.

A Cross-Cultural Study of Vehicle Front Mask Design Using Kansei Engineering Approach

This paper reports a kansei engineering study of vehicle front mask design conducted in Japan, UK, and US. The objective is to compare three different countries in terms of kansei meaning and kansei construction as well. The subjects in three countries evaluated 24 passenger-car front masks on the 5-point SD scale. The 24 front mask pictures were presented on computer screen. The experimental results of three groups were analyzed through Factor Analysis and Hayashi's Quantification Theory Type I and compared the similarity and difference in kansei evaluation among subjects from three countries. Three factors are extracted from the set of SD scales in describing vehicle front masks: Factor 1 “Value” with words such as “deluxe“, Factor 2 “Performance” with words such as “sporty”, and Factor 3 “Tradition” with words such as “classic” or “simple“. For feelings associated with the three factors, the overall shape of the whole mask, front grill shape and type, and headlight patterns have the broadest influence. No significant cross-cultural difference was identified in the perception of vehicle front masks.

女性の服装評価に及ぼす比較水準の影響

This study was designed to examine whether or not social comparison effect, comparative appraisals, was observed on clothing evaluation. Fifteen female clothing assigned to each of subdued-showy, casual-dressy, light-heavy, or individualistic-ordinary dimension were selected among 50 clothing through Thurstone's judgment method. The 15 clothing included in subdued-showy dimension were divided into 5 categories : “moderately subdued”, . “slightly subdued”, “neutral”, “slightly showy”, “moderately showy”, according to the degree of the subduedness-showyness. The clothing in the other, dimensions were also done, as were subdued-showy dimension .Out of the 5 categories, nine clothing assigned to 3 categories in the absence of 2 categories assigned to “moderately” or “slightly” for each dimension was shown as photographs to female college students who were not subjected to the evaluation for the 15 clothing in the 5 categories. The 9 clothing fallen within 3 categories were evaluated in 7 grades, using SD scale of each dimension.Mean values of each clothing evaluated in the 9 clothing of 3 categories were compared with those of each clothing done in the 15 clothing of 5 categories. The results suggested the mean values of “moderately” category clothing evaluated in the absence of “slightly” categories tended to shift to the “slightly”, whereas the values of “slightly” category clothing done in the absence of “moderately” categories tended to shift to the “moderately”.These revealed that comparative appraisals influenced clothing evaluation.

Primipara's maternal Identity & Self Confidence for Caring the Baby During the Immediate Postpartum Period

In this study the levels and influencing characteristics of maternal identity and self confidence for caring the baby were identified during the immediate postpartum period. 114 primiparous women who delivered vaginally normal baby participated in the survey from August 1 to October 31, 1996. SD scale was to measure maternal identity which consisted of 11 items for mother and 6 items for baby. Likert scale was to measure self confidence for caring the baby (38 items). Cronbach's alphas for evaluating internal consistency as follows : .86 for maternal identity and .96 for self confidence scale for caring the baby.The study showed these results : 1. Mean score of maternal identity(82.03 : 52.65 for mother, 29.38 for baby) was considered relatively low.2. Mean score of self confidence for caring the baby(113.91) was considered relatively low.3. There were significant influencing characteristics of primiparous to maternal identity : age(total ; F=3.53, p=.0329, for mother ; F=2.60, p=.0719, for baby ; F=3.12, p=.0481), prenatal infant care preparation(total ; t=2.31, p=.0306, for mother ; F=2.62, p=.0160), knowledge about infant care during the hospitalization(for baby ; F=3.94, p=.02222), colostrum feeding(total ; t=1.95, p=.0541, for baby ; t=2.71, p=.0080), frequency of breast feeding during the hospitalization(for baby ; F=3.91, p=.0228)and feeding type after discharge(for baby ; F=3.18, p=.0456).4. There were significant influencing characteristics of primiparous to self confidence for caring the baby : routine husband support(F=6.09, p=.0031), prenatal infant care preparation(t=2.04, p=.0574), knowledge about infant care during the hospitalization(F=3.15, p=.0467), education of breast feeding during the hospitalization(t=-1.79, p=.0850).5. Correlation between maternal identity and self confidence for caring the baby was r=.37608(p=.0001).This study implies that special education programs for primipara are needed. For the future, this study suggest that maternal role variables need to be monitored through the home visiting follow up. Also intervention programs related to prenatal care, discharge education, home visiting follow up need to be developed and then evaluated their effectiveness.