Screen-printed Electrode Sensor Research Articles

Nanomolar detection of organic pollutant -tartrazine in food samples using zinc-metal organic framework/carbon nano fiber - composite modified screen-printed electrode

In this study, we achieved a significant breakthrough by applying a binder-free Zn-MOF@CNF composite as a modifier on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) to achieve highly sensitive and selective detection of tartrazine (TRZ). This composite, with its unique rod-like structure for Zn-MOF and a curl thread-like morphology for carbon nanofibers (CNF), demonstrated a remarkable threefold increase in the sensing current of TRZ at a lower anodic oxidation potential (0.92 V) compared to the bare SPE. The Zn-MOF@CNF/SPE also exhibited a reduced charge transfer resistance of 61.9 Ω, elevated electrochemical active surface area of 0.416 cm2, and high heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) of 9.77×10−5 cm s−1. Furthermore, it displayed a broad linear range from 0.2 μM to 1000 μM with a remarkable sensitivity of 0.136 µAµM−1cm−2 and an impressive detection limit of 54 nM. Ultimately, the developed Zn-MOF@CNF/SPE sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity amidst various structurally similar overlapping species, outstanding repeatability, reproducibility, and stability in TRZ detection. The practical applicability of Zn-MOF@CNF/SPE was validated through 97 – 100.9 % recovery results in food samples such as jelly, ice cream, soft drinks, and candies.

Simultaneous Catechol and Hydroquinone Detection with Laser Fabricated MOF-Derived Cu-CuO@C Composite Electrochemical Sensor.

The conversion of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into advanced functional materials offers a promising route for producing unique nanomaterials. MOF-derived systems have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of MOFs, such as low electrical conductivity and poor structural stability, which have hindered their real-world applications in certain cases. In this study, laser scribing was used for pyrolysis of a Cu-based MOF ([Cu4{1,4-C6H4(COO)2}3(4,4'-bipy)2]n) to synthesize a Cu-CuO@C composite on the surface of a screen-printed electrode (SPE). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for the investigation of the morphology and composition of the fabricated electrodes. The electrochemical properties of Cu-CuO@C/SPE were studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The proposed flexible electrochemical Cu-CuO@C/SPE sensor for the simultaneous detection of hydroquinone and catechol exhibited good sensitivity, broad linear range (1-500 μM), and low limits of detection (0.39 μM for HQ and 0.056 μM for CT).

Flexible screen-printed electrochemical platform to detect hydrogen peroxide for the indication of periodontal disease

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation that seriously affects oral health and quality of life for patients. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can reflect the degree of periodontitis. In this work, a flexible electrochemical H2O2 sensor was constructed by a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with a copper nanoparticle-anchored copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu NPs@Cu-MOF) and titanium carbide nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx NSs). Notably, such an SPE sensor has favorable flexibility, which is appropriate for attaching exactly onto the human body with a varied profile. Furthermore, the nanohybrid obtains excellent electrocatalytic activity owing to the high surface area of small Cu NPs, hierarchical structure of Cu-MOF, accelerating electron transfer rate of Ti3C2Tx NSs, and extraordinary synergistic effect of Cu NPs@Cu-MOF and Ti3C2Tx NSs. The sensor possesses prominent sensitivities of 254.9 μA mM-1cm-2 (0.2–26.1 μM) and a detection limit of 84.5 nM. Regarding feasibility, the developed sensor can trace H2O2 release at the cellular level. Moreover, it can distinguish between healthy people and patients with gingivitis and periodontitis by monitoring H2O2 in saliva and GCF samples. Hence, the as-designed sensing platform is promising to serve as an efficient tool for early periodontitis indication.

Detection of COVID-19 Using Screen Printed Electrode based Biosensor

Corona virus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease, now this COVID-19 pandemic got spread all over the world which causes illness in the respiratory system in humans, it can spread widely in a short time. In this paper the concept of wireless sensor network (WSN) for Internet of things (IoT) is allocated to the healthcare and detection system for COVID-19 is used to design the biomedical sensors with microcontrollers which are used to collect the data, biosensor based low-cost sensitive portable devices for COVID-19 testing kit which is based on Screen printed electrode sensor (SPEs), this is the complete model of health professionals are observe patients information at the ThingSpeak with help of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth module, professionals workload is minimizing to reducing the possibility of the infected COVID-19 condition. the performance of this work is the data is monitored by the patient’s status, the output of these sensors is communicated via wireless sensing node and acquiring for same data has to be send to the remote wireless monitor for the observed patients status via IoT, If in case of any emergency patients can also control the conditions. The stage of infection disease patients can also monitor system data is to inform the medical professionals at the time being finished. Hence the optimistic results show that the biomedical sensors and SPEs are in beneficial process for identification of COVID-19 so it can be situating the results on ThingSpeak and Bluetooth module, The clinical centers to help conditions behind its conformation with additional biomedical sensors.

Performance Analysis of Optimized Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing

The screen-printed electrode (SPE) sensor is widelyemployedin food analysis, environmental health monitoring, disease detection, toxin detectionandother applications.As it is crucial for the SPE sensor to have an outstanding performance, this study examined the effects of manipulatingthe working electrode(WE)radius, gap spacing between electrodes, and counter electrode (CE) width on the performance of an SPE sensor.Finite element simulation on various geometrical dimensions was done prior to screen-printed electrode SPE sensor’s fabrication at Jabil Circuits Sdn Bhd.The electrodes performance is measured throughcyclic voltammetry (CV)using a potentiostat at an optimum scan rate of0.01 V/s andavoltammetry potential window range of -0.2 to 0.8 Vin 0.01 MPhosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution.It is discovered that adjusting the WE area and the gap separation between the electrodes had the most impact on sensor performance compared to varying the CE width. In both simulation and CV measurements, WE with the highestradius of 0.9 mmwith aneffectivearea of 2.54 mm2, and the smallestgap spacing of 0.7 mm has shown the highest current density of 0.04 A/mm2(simulation) and 0.3 μA/mm2(experiment) which can be translated as the highest sensitivity for the SPE sensor.Further CV measurement in nicotine sensing application has proven that the SPE sensor can effectively detect the nicotine oxidation indicating itspromising potential as a biosensor. Combination of optimum SPE dimension together with suitableelectrode modificationprocessservesas the basis for an effective and sensitive SPE sensor for various biosensing applications.

Electrochemical Metallization Process on Screen-Printed Electrode for Creatinine Monitoring Application

The formation and dissolution of the conductive paths in an electrochemical metallization (ECM) system is greatly influenced by the mobility of metal ions in the electrolyte, which can be utilized for the sensor application. Here, we report a demonstration of the ECM on the commercially available screen-printed electrode (SPE) strip, which is then utilized for monitoring the concentration of creatinine in an aqueous mixture. Prior to that, the working electrode was modified by drop casting an organic pentamer, 1,4-bis[2-(5-thiophene-2-yl)-1-benzothiopene]-2,5-dioctyloxybenzene (BOBzBT <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ). The electrostatic interaction between the BOBzBT <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> radical cations and the creatinine molecules causes the resistance change in the electrochemical cell, influencing the variation of the ECM-induced pinched hysteresis loop. Consequently, the changes were recorded and the calibration curve was obtained. Compared to the unmodified SPE, the BOBzBT <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -modified SPE demonstrated good performance in monitoring the concentration of creatinine. The sensor demonstrated 60 s response time with a sensitivity of 8.18 A dL g <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> for a linear detection range of 0.7–1.1 mg/dL. The selectivity and reproducibility of the modified sensor was also demonstrated. The setup’s simple fabrication procedures could open the way for the development of an ECM-based SPE sensor for creatinine monitoring.

Rare earth dysprosium nickelate nanospheres for the selective electrochemical detection of antipsychotic drug perphenazine in biological samples

Currently, perphenazine (PPZ) is widely used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia, namely, a mental illness that reasons strong or improper emotions, loss of interest in life, and disturbed or abnormal thinking. In addition, the PPZ is exploited to control acute nausea and vomiting in adults, and it acts by reducing unusual excitement in the brain. Accordingly, we report a novel dysprosium nickelate (DyNiO3)-modified electrodes were used to detect PPZ. The DyNiO3 nanospheres were synthesized via the coprecipitation method. The excellent electron transport behavior and electrocatalytic activity of DyNiO3-modified screen-printed electrode (SPCE) were used in the electro-oxidation of PPZ. The constructed DyNiO3-500°C/SPCE sensor has a broad linear range and a low detection limit of 0.04–761.6 μM and 0.006 μM, respectively. The resultant-modified sensor demonstrates appreciable reproducibility, selectivity, repeatability, cyclic, and storage stability toward PPZ detection. The practicability of the reported fabricated electrode was investigated in human biological samples (urine and serum) spiked with PPZ, and the correlated recoveries were acceptable.

Direct Mercury Detection in Landfill Leachate Using a Novel AuNP-Biopolymer Carbon Screen-Printed Electrode Sensor.

A novel Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-biopolymer coated carbon screen-printed electrode (SPE) sensor was developed through the co-electrodeposition of Au and chitosan for mercury (Hg) ion detection. This new sensor showed successful Hg2+ detection in landfill leachate using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with an optimized condition: a deposition potential of −0.6 V, deposition time of 200 s, amplitude of 25 mV, frequency of 60 Hz, and square wave step voltage of 4 mV. A noticeable peak was observed at +0.58 V associated with the stripping current of the Hg ion. The sensor exhibited a good sensitivity of ~0.09 μA/μg (~0.02 μA/nM) and a linear response over the concentration range of 10 to 100 ppb (50–500 nM). The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.69 ppb, which is significantly lower than the safety limit defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The sensor had an excellent selective response to Hg2+ in landfill leachate against other interfering cations (e.g., Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+). Fifteen successive measurements with a stable peak current and a lower relative standard deviation (RSD = 5.1%) were recorded continuously using the AuNP-biopolymer-coated carbon SPE sensor, which showed excellent stability, sensitivity and reproducibility and consistent performance in detecting the Hg2+ ion. It also exhibited a good reliability and performance in measuring heavy metals in landfill leachate.

Electrochemical Detection of Three Monohydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Electroreduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen‐printed Electrode

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor for detection of three monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH−PAHs) was fabricated by electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (E‐rGO) on screen‐printed electrode (SPE). The E‐rGO film presents typical wrinkled structure with porous and cavity‐like nanostructure, providing large surface area, effective π‐electron system and high electrical conductivity. The developed E‐rGO/SPE sensor exhibits outstanding sensing performance for the target OH−PAHs, 2‐hydroxynaphthalene, 3‐hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1‐hydroxypyrene, within a linear range varying from 50–800 nM, 50–1150 nM, and 100–1000 nM, and with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10.1 nM, 15.3 nM, and 20.4 nM (S/N=3), respectively. The electrochemical sensor possesses excellent stability, acceptable reproducibility, and good anti‐interference ability. Additionally, the proposed sensor can be applied to the analysis of OH−PAHs in the urine samples with recoveries of 98.1–105.9 %.

Disposable paper-based electrochemical sensor using thiol-terminated poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) for the label-free detection of C-reactive protein.

A paper-based electrochemical sensor is described that is based on the use of thiol-terminated poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC-SH) that was self-assembled on a gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). The SPE sensor was used for label-free detection of C-reactive protein (CRP). Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were first electrodeposited on the SPCE, followed by the self-assembly of PMPC-SH on gold. The electrochemical response of the modified SPE to CRP was measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). If the CRP on the paper device is contacted with Ca (II) ions, the current (measured by using hexacyanoferrate as the electrochemical probe) decreases. The signal drops in the 5 to 5000ng·mL-1 CRP concentration range, and the lower detection limit (at 3 SD/slope) is 1.6ng·mL-1. The use of a PMPC-modified surface also reduces the nonspecific adsorption of proteins. The sensor is not interfered by bilirubin, myoglobin and albumin. It was successfully applied to CRP detection in certified human serum. This sensor is applicable as an attractive protocol for an inexpensive, highly sensitive, and disposable material for electrochemical detection of CRP. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of highly sensitive and disposable paper-based electrochemical sensor using thiol-terminated poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) in the presence of Ca2+ for the label-free C-reactive protein detection. The current was measured by differential pulse voltammetry.

Nickel nanoparticle–chitosan-reduced graphene oxide-modified screen-printed electrodes for enzyme-free glucose sensing in portable microfluidic devices

A facile one-step strategy is reported to synthesize nanocomposites of chitosan-reduced graphene oxide–nickel nanoparticles (CS-RGO–NiNPs) onto a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The synthesis is initiated by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions and formation of self-assembled nanocomposite precursors of negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) and positively charged CS and nickel cations (Ni2+). The intrinsic mechanism of co-depositions from the nanocomposite precursor solution under cathodic potentials is based on simultaneous depositions of CS at high localized pH and in situ reduced hydrophobic RGO from GO as well as cathodically reduced metal precursors into nanoparticles. There is no need for any pre- or post-reduction of GO due to the in situ electrochemical reduction and the removal of oxygenated functionalities, which lead to an increase in hydrophobicity of RGO and successive deposition on the electrode surface. The as-prepared CS-RGO–NiNPs-modified SPE sensor exhibited outstanding performance for enzymeless glucose (Glc) sensing in alkaline media with high sensitivity (318.4µAmM−1cm−2), wide linear range (up to 9mM), low detection limit (4.1µM), acceptable selectivity against common interferents in physiological fluids, and excellent stability. A microfluidic device was fabricated incorporating the SPE sensor for real-time Glc detection in human urine samples; the results obtained were comparable to those obtained using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with an electrochemical detector. The excellent sensing performance, operational characteristics, ease of fabrication, and low cost bode well for this electrochemical microfluidic device to be developed as a point-of-care healthcare monitoring unit.

Electrochemical Characterization of and Stripping Voltammetry at Screen Printed Electrodes Modified with Different Brands of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Bismuth Films

A screen-printed electrode sensor has been fabricated by modifying the carbon ink surface with different brands of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and bismuth film (BiF) for the determination of traces of lead, cadmium and zinc ions by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The MWCNTs, from three different sources, were functionalized and dispersed in Nafion (MWCNT-Nafion) solution and placed on screen printed electrodes (MWCNT-Nafion/SPE); bismuth films were then prepared by ex-situ plating of bismuth onto the MWCNT-Nafion/SPE electrodes. The electrochemical characteristics of BiF/MWCNT-Nafion/SPE/ were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and showed differences; the charge transfer resistance tends to decrease with negative applied potentials. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the square-wave peak current signal is linear in the nmol L−1 range. The lowest limit of detection found for the separate determination of lead, cadmium and zinc were 0.7 nmol L−1, 1.5 nmol L−1, and 11.1 nmol L−1, respectively, with a 120 s deposition time.

Cadmium determination in natural water samples with an automatic multisyringe flow injection system coupled to a flow-through screen printed electrode

Heavy metals, as cadmium, attract a rising attention in environmental studies due to their increasing release by human activities and acute toxicity. In situ analytical methods are needed to minimize current uncertainties caused by the transport and conservation of samples. Here, we present the completely automatic determination of Cd in natural waters using a newly developed screen printed electrode sensor (SPE), inserted in a homemade purpose-built flow cell coupled to a Multi-Syringe Flow Injection Analysis system (MSFIA). The working electrode of SPEs was constituted by a carbon film modified with Nafion. Cd was plated on an in situ bismuth film and determined using Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Different chemical conditions of deposition and stripping were studied. A sample/acetic buffer mixture was found to be a well suited medium to form the Bi film and perform the analysis. Cd was quantified via calibration by on line standard additions. The limit of detection was found to be 0.79μgL−1, well below the limit stipulated by the European directive (5μgL−1). Good sample throughput (14h−1) and low consumption of reagent and sample (1.3mL) were also obtained in line with previous works in Cd flow analysis.