Scrap Pile Research Articles

Obtaining a Multi-Factor Optimum Blend Using Scrap within the Scope of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Steel Production: Application in a Steel-Casting Company

This study tackles the challenge of optimizing scrap blends in steel production to achieve sustainability and environmental consciousness. Focusing on a steel-casting company as a case study, we develop a mathematical model that minimizes cost, emissions, and energy consumption while maximizing scrap utilization. This model considers the specific elemental composition of various scrap piles and pure elements, alongside their associated costs and environmental impacts in the production of GS52 steel in a foundry company. Through the GAMS program and further verification with Microsoft Excel, we demonstrate that the optimal blend significantly reduces raw material costs by prioritizing scrap (99.7%) over pure elements. Moreover, this optimized blend minimizes energy consumption and associated carbon emissions, thus contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly steel production process. This study offers valuable insights and a practical framework for the steel industry to adopt cost-effective and eco-conscious practices, aligning with global efforts towards sustainable manufacturing.

DOES - A multimodal dataset for supervised and unsupervised analysis of steel scrap

DOES - Dataset of European scrap classes. Today, scrap is already an important raw material for industry. Due to the transformation to green steel, the secondary raw material scrap will become increasingly important in the coming years. With DOES a free dataset is presented, which represents common non-alloyed European scrap classes. Two important points were considered in this dataset. First, scrap oxidizes under normal external conditions and the visual appearance changes, which plays an important role in visual inspections. Therefore, DOES includes scrap images of different degrees of corrosion attack. Second, images of scrap metal (mostly scrap piles) usually have no intrinsic order. For this reason, a technique to extract many overlapping rectangles from raw images was used, which can be used to train deep learning algorithms without any disadvantage. This dataset is very suitable to develop industrial applications or to research classification algorithms. The dataset was validated by experts and through machine learning models.

Feasibility study of recycled tire powder in construction blocks cement to decrease environmental pollution (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)

Today, retrieval and optimal use of exiting recourses and environmental protection is in view of seriousattention of the development in the world. Approximately 300 thousand tons of old tires in the country hascaused environmental pollution. Recycling of waste tires is completely different to which is done in our country.Unfortunately recycling scrap tires has not favorable growth in our country. Millions of tires are discarded eachyear, and the scrap piles of rubber this creates pose serious environmental problems. Rubber tires also leachhazardous materials into the environment as they decompose. This study was performed in Ahvaz metropolitan.In this study there are 9 building blocks which had different percentages of rubber powder as filling materials.Pressure test done on these blocks. The result of the stress test on the samples compared with the result of thestress test on the main samples. The comparison showed that by adding 10% of rubber powder instead of fillermaterial in the process of preparing the block, there was no change in compressive strength. Therefore this blockwill be replaced by blocks used in construction industry. At least some of the environmental hazards caused byincorrect tire were buried as were recommendation to improve.

Characterization of PM Using Multiple Site Data in a Heavily Industrialized Region of Turkey

Source apportionment has most often been applied to a time series of data collected at a single site. However, in a complex airshed where there are multiple sources, it may be helpful to collect samples from multiple sites to ensure that some of them have low contributions from specific sources such that edges can be properly defined. In this study, samples were collected at multiple sites in the Aliaga region (38°40′–38°54′N and 26°50′–27°03′E) located in western Turkey on the coast of the Aegean Sea. This area contains a number of significant air pollution sources including five scrap iron-steel processing plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs), several steel rolling mills, a petroleum refinery, a petrochemical complex, a natural gas-fired power plant, a fertilizer plant, ship breaking yards, coal storage and packaging, scrap storage and classification sites, large slag and scrap piles, heavy road traffic, very intense transportation activities including ferrous scrap trucks and busy ports used for product and raw material transportation. A total of 456 samples of PM10 at six sampling sites and 88 samples of PM2.5 at one site were collected for four seasons and the elemental composition was determined for 43 elements. The newest version of EPA PMF (V5.0) that has the capability of handling multiple site data was used for source apportionment. Eight factors were identified as iron-steel production from scrap (23.4%), re-suspended and road dust (23.3%), crustal (20.5%), marine aerosol (14.4%), biomass and wood combustion (7.2%), salvage activities (4.7%), coal combustion (3.7%) and residual oil combustion (2.8%). The pattern of source contributions and conditional probability function analysis were consistent with the locations of the known sources. Thus, the multiple site data allowed for a comprehensive identification of the primary sources of PM in this region.

Some observations and insights on BOS refining

Selected IMPHOS heats, have been used to make observations on decarburising and dephosphorising performance, scrap melting and slag foaming characteristics during BOS refining. If it is assumed that decarburisation takes place solely in the slag/metal emulsion then maximum metal residence time in the emulsion is just under 9 seconds and at peak decarburisation time, the maximum amount of metal in the emulsion is ∼50% of the total metal content in the converter. To evaluate the effects of changes in slag component chemistry on phosphorus refining it is necessary to account for changes in slag weight, which can change substantially throughout a heat and be significantly different heat-to-heat. Dephosphorising performance depends on the thermodynamic stability of slag phases that are able to take up phosphorus and the distribution of phosphorus between these thermodynamically stable phases. The application of proprietary thermodynamic models such as MTDATA and FACTSage has helped to clarify such events. Skull build-up on the scrap pile is at a maximum when the bulk bath temperature is ∼1460°C. At this time, the solid scrap and skull component of the bulk bath makes-up just over 60% of all the metal charged to the converter. All scrap and skull is melted out at a bulk bath temperature of ∼1610°C. The stability of the foamy slag/metal emulsion changes over the period of the blow. Slag height increases with an increase in FeO(tot)wt-% and decreases with a decrease in decarburisation rate and the collapse of the foamy slag.

Characterization of Radiological Hazardous Effects of Metal Scraps in Turkey

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to determine the radiological hazard level of various commercial scrap piles in Turkey. Samples were taken from metal scrap yards near the city of Istanbul, Turkey. In this study, radioactivity measurements were carried out on these samples. The activities of Ra226, Th232, K40, and Pb210 were determined in the laboratory by gamma-ray spectrometry. The highest Ra226, Th232, K40, and Pb210 activities were found to be 8,735, 465, 524, and 1,264 Bq kg-1, respectively, in residues of technologically enhanced, naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM) scraps. Radiation doses due to gamma exposure and radon emanation from residues were determined. Site-specific test results were determined to be less than the exemption limits for external radiation. According to these results, external radiation doses were less than 300 μSv/year for workers. The main factors due to radon inhalation were based on measured effective radium content, mass, and areal exhalation r...

Modelling of steel scrap movement

Uneven movement of steel scrap during electric arc furnace melting causes operational problems, such as cave-ins. To understand the phenomenon, a small-scale apparatus has been built to simulate the flow of scrap that may be interlocked. It was found that flow starts at the point where the suspended length of the pile bottom reaches the average scrap size. The force balance in a suspended scrap pile has been analyzed to estimate the effective cohesion of interlocking. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the scrap flow.

Computational fluid-dynamics simulation of postcombustion in the electric-arc furnace

To obtain insight on the characteristics of postcombustion (PC) inside an electric-arc furnace (EAF), a three-dimensional computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) model was developed. Simulations of the process, including the PC reactions, radiation heat transfer, and de-PC reactions have been conducted. Dissociation reactions of the PC products were also considered in the PC model. The predicted temperatures are realistic because of the inclusion of radiation and the dissociation of CO2. Based on gas/liquid and gas/solid interfacial reaction kinetics, a de-PC reaction model was developed and successfully integrated into the CFD model to simulate the reactions between O2/CO2 and carbon in the liquid metal, the electrodes, and the scrap. It was found that the de-PC reactions decrease the net heat generated by reactions in the furnace and decrease the PC ratio. The rate of oxidation of the electrodes was also calculated. Radiation was found to be the main heat-transfer mechanism from hot combustion gas to the metal and furnace wall. Under a flat-bath condition, the heat-transfer efficiency is very poor, most of the heat generated by PC is transferred to the furnace wall. When a low-temperature scrap pile exists in the furnace, the heat-transfer efficiency is improved significantly. Air ingress from the slag door significantly decreased the PC ratio and the heat-transfer efficiency.

Dead Ends, Red Water, and Scrap Piles

The ideas presented in this article contradict some firmly entrenched notions in the water industry. Observations made by the author cast doubt on the infallibility of a negative Langelier index as an indication of the occurrence of red water. Complaints of red water (and perhaps corrosion rates) were reduced when the calcium carbonate precipitation potential‐hydroxide parameter exceeded 1.0.

Set-up of a bottle sorting and recycling plant

An initial operation in Paris has made it possible to gauge the effectiveness of a selective pick-up of non-returnable bottles according to the following criteria: willingness of the people of Paris, the danger of breakage when collecting in special containers and the technical and economic aspects of the implementation of an industrial-scale sorting machine. In view of the positive results of this experiment, the following system has been installed: • • Containers have been placed on the public walkway, the drop of bottles being at the most 1 m. • • The bottles are transported to a plant with an annual capacity of 35,000 tons of glass or 20 million bottles. • • Following a first hand-sorting process, the bottles are washed and sorted in an automatic sorter. Currently two sizes of each of three categories of wine bottles are recovered. Rejected bottles are sent to the scrap pile and shipped as cullett to glass factories to be melted down. This design constitute a complete system which enables us to recover not only glass but bottles which are intact and thus represent a higher level of energy savings.

Preperitoneal approach in the repair of inguinal hernias

T HE SEARCH for the elusive solution to the problem of inguinal hernia has stimulated surgeons since the days of Sir Astley Cooper [I ] to devise new and more effective technics for the permanent repair of this anatomic defect. The scholarly studies of McVay and Anson [2,3] in the early 1940’s has undoubtedly exerted a most powerful influence on the thinking of the surgical community in this matter. Their compelling logic in insisting upon the use of the transversus layers and Cooper’s ligament in the repair of posterior inguinal wall defects cannot be denied. Volumes have been written by hosts of surgeons attesting to the efficacy of this method since McVay’s initial report on the clinical application of the anatomic study by himself and Anson. Happily, it is now the rare surgeon who persists in suturing the conjoined tendon to the inguinal ligament to repair a direct hernia. The respectably low recurrence rate after inguinal herniorrhaphy when the transversus layers and Cooper’s ligament have been utilized has unfortunately led to some degree of complacency in calculating this problem. The high incidence of small indirect hernia, effectively treated by high ligation of the sac and minimal repair of the posterior inguinal wall, has contributed to the general feeling of well-being. The patient with recurrence is too often relegated to the scrap pile of causes such as poor tissues, faulty suture material, or the “elsewhere” surgeon. Recurrence rates are in fact hard to measure since the patient may actually be unaware of a small recurrent hernia, he may not report a recurrent hernia of any size, or he may seek another surgeon. Thus, both the cause and incidence of recurrent hernia remain something of a mystery. Cheatle [P] in 1920 and Henry [5] in 1936 separately reported an approach to the inguinal canal for the cure of hernia that was different from the conventional anterior approach. Both described an incision above the inguinal canal approaching the posterior inguinal wall in the preperitoneal plane. Nyhus and Harkins [6] have reported their experience with over 800 hernia repairs utilizing their own version of the Cheatle-Henry approach. More recently, Dyson and Pierce [7] have reported 192 hernia repairs using a similar route. Nyhus [8] has clearly and convincingly redescribed inguinal anatomy based on his experience in the dissection of fresh cadavers, placing particular emphasis on the anatomy of the posterior inguinal wall. His clinical application, utilizing the information gained from his dissections, and his highly respectable recurrence rates deserve our serious consideration. His anatomic reappraisal of the posterior inguinal wall vividly describes hernial defects from the preperitoneal view, and although the structures which he uses for repair are fundamentally the same structures which are used in the McVay approach from the front, they take on a curiously logical appearance. This paper is not intended to redescribe all inguinal anatomy, but in order to focus attention on the posterior inguinal wall it is necessary to point again to this layer as it relates to preperitoneal inguinal herniorrhaphy. Vital to the dis-

How Glidden can help keep your equipment out of industry's costliest scrap pile

How Glidden can help keep your equipment out of industry's costliest scrap pile

From Scrap Pile to Puppet Theater

From Scrap Pile to Puppet Theater

BOOKS REVIEWED

Book reviewed in this article:Everyday Occupations, 2nd ed., by Mildred A. Davey, Elizabeth M. Smith, Theodore R. MyersLife Adjustment Text Notebooks, by R. Floyd Cromwell and Morgan D. ParmenterCandid Career Books, ed. by Sarah SplaverBiology Careers Chart‐ManualYour Career, by Ed Cunningham and Leonard ReedA Handbook for College Teachers, ed. by Bernice Brown CronkhiteNew Hampshire Public Schools Guidance Services HandbookMeasurement in Today's Schools, 2nd ed., by Clay C. RossTheory of Mental Tests, by Harold GulliksenThe Principles of Scientific Research, by Paul FreedmanPersonality and Psychotherapy, by John Dollard and Neal E. MillerA Comparison of Diagnostic and Functional Casework Concepts: Report of the Family Service Association of America Committee to Study Basic Concepts in Casework Practice, ed. by Cora KasiusWe Over Forty—America's Human Scrap Pile, by Conard Miller GilbertEasy Does It: The Story of Mac, by Hugh Reilly

Non-Bacterial Pneumonias

In recent years, evidence has accumulated of the successful application of present knowledge and of new developments in the field of diagnostic bacteriology and virology by the disentanglement with fair regularity of successive new entities from the ”scrap pile” commonly referred to as ”virus pneumonia,” ”interstitial pneumonia,” ”atypical pneumonia,” or ”non-bacterial pneumonia.” Many factors are responsible for the disentanglement and recognition of successive etiologic entities from the complex. The process has been facilitated, a) by the ready availability and common employment of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents for treatment, thereby eliminating effectively most bacterial agents; b) by the increasingly frequent use of roentgenography for the study of any case of suspected pneumonia; c) by the realization in hospital practice that the need is for more, rather than less, precise bacteriologic diagnosis because of the specificity of antibacterial agents and the possibility through adaptation of the appearance of resistant bacteria; and d) by the development and application of new diagnostic laboratory methods. This review of the non-bacterial pneumonias emphasizes: 1) The importance of the non-bacterial pneumonias as a component in the complex of pulmonary infection designated clinically and pathologically as pneumonia is of recent recognition. From five to 70 per cent of all pneumonias are non-bacterial. 2) The causative agents are known to include a wide variety of microbiologie agents and their products such as viruses, rickettsia, fungi, protozoa, toxins, and allergens. 3) The more usual pathological, roentgenological, and clinical pictures are essentially the same for this wide range of etiologic entities, but variable differences occur between successive cases of the same entity and of different entities. 4) Separation into etiological entities must be accomplished by laboratory studies. 5) The facilities available in many diagnostic laboratories are inadequate to cope with the problem of the isolation and specific identification of viruses. For this approach, a specialized laboratory, and, more particularly, specialized personnel are needed. Since the approach is simple and, in essence, that which is applied for the diagnosis of a bacterial disease, attempts should be made to establish a specific diagnosis by isolation of the virus from materials or tissues derived from the patient and by its identification or, when that is not possible, to establish the diagnosis in retrospect by assessing the patient's serum for specific antibodies. 6) The general recognition that such widely different biological agents as viruses, fungi, protozoa, and allergens may be the causative agents of non-bacterial pneumonia should stimulate the efforts of both the laboratorian and the clinician to direct their efforts toward making a specific diagnosis before antibiotic therapy is undertaken and not to be satisfied by nonspecific antibiotic ”shot-gun” therapy.

Present practise in the design and manufacture of high-tension insulators

As considerable time or a severe condition is necessary to show up serious insulator defects, the favorable line conditions on the earlier lines permitted the use of inferior material and designs. The apparently satisfactory operation of inferior insulators together with the large production necessary did much to retard improvement in the insulators, for improvement was practically impossible unless same could be accomplished without materially increasing the cost. The desire to increase production and improve the material necessitated radical changes in the manufacture and equipment, so that the well equipped plant today is far different from the ordinary pottery which it resembled a few years ago. The rapid development in the transmission field has materially changed conditions, and rendered much apparatus obsolete, the early insulator being no exception. As causes of losses have become evident, means have been found to eliminate the serious effects of same. The recognition of the increased value of reliability together with the study of operating conditions has materially changed the insulator situation, so that the material going to the scrap pile today is more suitable for line work than the best product a few years ago. The loss from porosity has been reduced to a negligible quantity by improved firing methods and a closer selection. To prevent the serious cracking loss noticeable on old insulators, has been the most difficult problem. To prevent trouble on old lines, it may be necessary to give the insulators a temperature, as well as an electrical test. Trouble from this source on modern insulators is prevented by careful attention to the temperature gradient, increased mechanical strength to resist internal stresses, and a lowering of the internal stresses by means of an elastic joint. The performance of the modern insulator is very gratifying, and its performance must not be judged by insulators which are really obsolete.

Present Practise in the Design and Manufacture of High-Tension Insulators

As considerable time or a severe condition is necessary to show up serious insulator defects, the favorable line conditions on the earlier lines permitted the use of inferior material and designs. The apparently satisfactory operation of inferior insulators together with the large production necessary did much to retard improvement in the insulators, for improvement was practically impossible unless same could be accomplished without materially increasing the cost. The desire to increase production and improve the material necessitated radical changes in the manufacture and equipment, so that the well equipped plant today is far different from the ordinary pottery which it resembled a few years ago. The rapid development in the transmission field has materially changed conditions, and rendered much apparatus obsolete, the early insulator being no exception. As causes of losses have become evident, means have been found to eliminate the serious effects of same. The recognition of the increased value of reliability together with the study of operating conditions has materially changed the insulator situation, so that the material going to the scrap pile today is more suitable for line work than the best product a few years ago. The loss from porosity has been reduced to a negligible quantity by improved firing methods and a closer selection. To prevent the serious cracking loss noticeable on old insulators, has been the most difficult problem. To prevent trouble on old lines, it may be necessary to give the insulators a temperature, as well as an electrical test.