SCoT Markers Research Articles

Assessment of diversity and genetic differentiation in polycross-derived populations of Thymus daenensis using ISSR and SCoT markers

Assessment of diversity and genetic differentiation in polycross-derived populations of Thymus daenensis using ISSR and SCoT markers

Role of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in mitigating hyperhydricity in micropropagated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and assessment of genetic fidelity using RAPD and SCoT markers

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the five most consumed fresh fruits and is a commercially important horticulture crop. The consumer demand for seedless watermelons has considerably increased due to their superior taste and ease of consumption. Seedless watermelon plants are triploids hence plant tissue culture technology which is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated nutrient media can facilitate the rapid multiplication of seedless watermelon varieties. However, hyperhydricity has been reported as a frequent problem for in vitro growth and development of watermelon. Hence, the present study highlights the application of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from Parthenium hysterophorus (PHAgNPs) for reversal of hyperhydricity and enhancing in vitro shoot production in watermelon. The biosynthesized PHAgNPs was characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Transmission electron microscopy. Cotyledonary nodes used as explant and cultured in three types of cytokinins (BAP, TDZ and KIN) became hyperhydric, losing their ability to regenerate at high cytokinin concentrations (> 1.5 mg/L) irrespective of the cytokinin type. The optimum concentration of BAP (1.0 mg/L) fortified with PHAgNPs (15.0 mg/L) exhibited an improved response of 91 % and induced a maximum of 32.33 shoots with a maximum shoot length of 5.66 cm after 6 weeks. The incorporation of PHAgNPs reduced the percentage of hyperhydricity from 29 % to 1.33 % in regenerated shoots, which was confirmed by the reduction in relative water content (RWC) from 93.33 % to 80.33. Silver ions reduced H2O2 content by 50 % and increased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) by 50 %, which contributed to the formation of healthy regenerated shoots, with opened stomata compared to closed in hyperhydric shoots. Compared with those of hyperhydric shoots, the gene expression patterns of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase synthase (ACS1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO1) decreased after the retroversion of shoots to 15 mg/L PHAgNP medium. The relative gene expression profiles of ACS1 and ACO1 in hyperhydric shoots were 8.8- and 1.8-fold greater than those in normal shoots, respectively. Profuse root growth was observed in MS basal media supplemented with IBA (1.0 mg/L) and PHAgNPs (10.0 mg/L), which resulted in the greatest number of roots (12.33), with an average root length of 4.33 cm and a response of 89.33 %. The genotoxic effect of PHAgNPs evaluated using RAPD and SCoT molecular markers, showed that the addition of low levels of silver nanoparticles to the medium did not cause any genetic variation. The efficient regeneration protocol standardized in this study provides a solution to solve the problem of hyperhydricity in watermelon regeneration.

Molecular Diversity Analysis of in vitro and Irradiated Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Grew Under Salt Stress Expressed by SCoT and ISSR Markers

Tomato buds of cv. Idkawy were cultured in vitro on solid MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP. The plantlets that were produced were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, ranging from 100 to 200 Gy. Afterward, single pieces of nodes were cut and moved to a fresh MS medium with 0.2 mg-l of BAP. The gamma radiation caused a mortality rate of 18.75% to 52.5% among the explants. The surviving plantlets were then cut into single node pieces and transferred to an MS medium containing 0.2 mg-l of BAP, with added NaCl concentrations of either 50 or 100 mM. There was increased mortality of the vegetative buds on the explants with increased salt concentrations. It was shown that the all gamma radiation doses caused reduced the percentage of survival at saline levels. The genetic diversity was assessment by using ten primers for each SCoT and ISSR markers to six irradiated treatments grew under salt stress (100 Gy x 50 mM, 150 Gy x 50 mM, 200 Gy x 50 mM, 100 Gy x 100 mM, 150 Gy x 100 mM, 200 Gy x 100 mM). It was showed that the polymorphism percentage mean of SCoT marker (29.56%) is higher than the ISSR marker (26.78%). The average of PIC values for both markers SCoT and ISSR were 0.197 and 0.288 (PIC ˂0.5), as well as, MI values were 0.077 and 0.081, respectively. In contrast, when considering the number of alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) parameters, it was observed that the greatest genetic variation was caused by the combined treatment of 200 Gy x 50 mM NaCl using the SCoT marker. On the other hand, with the ISSR marker, the highest induced genetic variation was seen with the combined treatment of 150 Gy x 50 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrate that SCoT marker was more accurate and efficient than ISSR marker for distinguishing and genetic variation analysis of irradiated tomato plantlets grew under salt stress. The relationships within treatments were estimated through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on SCoT and ISSR analysis.

Differential gene expression profiling during wilting in chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race-4 using cDNA SCoT marker

Differential gene expression profiling during wilting in chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race-4 using cDNA SCoT marker

PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF TEN SPECIES FROM CENTAUREA (ASTERACEAE) IN DUHOK CITY, KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ

The current research aimed to estimate the evolutionary relationships of ten Centaurea L. species growing naturally in the Duhok City, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The combing Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers with Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene region barcode were performed. To detect the DNA sequence variations and phylogenetic tree reconstruction, the Dice similarity matrix, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods were applied. 104 polymorphic bands were scored with an average of 10.4. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) and Resolving Power (Rp) values ranged between (0.24 to 0.36) and 3.4 in primer (SCoT1) to 12 in primer (SCoT53) with an average of 0.319 and 5.74 respectively. The lowest similarity value was 0.52 between C. behen L. and C. solstitialis L., while the highest was 0.82 between C. balsamita and C. rigida. The reconstructed polytomous dendrogram was as follows: clade one; C. solstitialis L.; clade 2, C. balsamita Lam. and C. virgata Lam.; clade three subdivide into two subclades: C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng., C. hayalolepis Boiss., C. brugueriana (DC) Hand. Mazz. and C. gigantea Sch. Bip. Ex Boiss., C. regia Boiss., C. rigida Banks & Sol., C. behen Lam. Furthermore, C. brugueriana (DC) Hand. Mazz., C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng, C. behen L., C. solstiotialis L. and C. balsamita Lam. were nested with National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In contrast, the remaining taxa were mixed with other closely related species. Thus, ScoT markers and ITS DNA barcode were considerably effective for investigating the evolutionary relationships of Centaurea taxa.

Physiological, genetical changes and cdc2 gene expression for osmotic stressed Vicia faba reveal the alleviation effect of gamma radiation and putrescine

Climate change caused increasing in soil salinity worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to enhance the capability of plant to tolerate salinity stress. For this goal, putrescine and irradiation by gamma radiation were used to improve the salt tolerance of Vicia faba (the most important human crop). The results indicated depression in mitotic division and all growth parameters associated with the induction of micronucleus (MN) when salinity increased to 100mM, while there was increase in mitotic aberrations. NaCl decreased total soluble sugar, while total N%, total free amino acid, proline and protein contents showed slight increase with increasing salinity stress. Putrescine and gamma radiation mitigated the effect of salinity on cell division and growth parameters. Salt stress decreased the expression of gene encoding cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdc2). Both putrescine and gamma radiation increased cdc2 expression. The genetic diversity has been detected among control and treated V. faba using ISSR and SCoT markers. Ten primers had successfully generated 129 reproducible polymorphic amplicons that were suitable for studying the genetic diversity between studied genotypes. ISSR markers provided more discriminating data and were more informative than SCoT markers. Besides, cluster analysis using UPGMA and PAC successfully explained the genetic diversity within studied genotypes. These findings emphasize the efficiency of putrescine and gamma radiation for alleviating the negative impact of salt stress. Moreover, prove the importance of assessing mitotic activity, chromosomes behavior, physiological parameters, the expression level of cdc2 and molecular diversity in V. faba under stress to improve the salt tolerance of it.

Assessment of the genetic diversity and population structure in Moringa oleifera accessions using DNA markers and phenotypic descriptors

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is one of the multipurpose trees with significant promise as a high-value crop of industrial importance, having nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties. Genetic diversity is a cornerstone of any crop improvement program and plays a key role in the selection of promising parental lines for hybrid breeding. Morphological and molecular markers have been proven to be potential tools for the evaluation of genetic diversity, crop genetic improvement, and conservation of plant genetic resources. In the current study, morphological descriptors, RAPD, and SCoT markers were used to determine genetic diversity among 28 M. oleifera accessions. Significant morphological variations were noted for several economic traits across the accessions studied. Four primary clusters were visible on the dendrogram based on phenotypic markers, indicating clustering of accession from a shared geographical habitat. No correlation was estimated between morphological traits, indicating an environmental influence. Three RAPD and seven SCoT primer sets produced 37 and 46 markers, with 53.2 and 71.3% polymorphisms, respectively. Based on genotypic data and the UPGMA approach, all 28 accessions were separated into two major clusters in the phylogenetic tree, irrespective of any geographical areas. The clustering pattern indicates widespread plant species and rapid gene flow through cross-pollination in Moringa populations. Three subpopulations of the involved accessions were identified by population structure analysis; however, there was only a weak link with the location of plant cultivation. The expected heterozygosity for the three subpopulations varied from 0.23 to 0.32, as per R-based structural analysis. AMOVA's attribution of 86% and 19% of all variations to within- and between-populations, respectively, indicates that there has been gene flow across geographic regions. The PCA showed a wide distribution of genotypes in the scatterplot, also suggesting huge genetic variation among the M. oleifera population. The study revealed a significant level of genetic diversity among M. oleifera accessions, which can be harnessed to conserve plant genetic resources and develop high-yielding, nutrient-dense Moringa cultivars.

Evaluation of genetic diversity within different rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) genotypes utilizing start codon targeted (SCoT) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers

Abstract. This work aimed at studying the genetic diversity among different rabbit genotypes reared in Egypt by two different molecular markers (start codon targeted, SCoT, and inter-simple sequence repeat, ISSR) to improve breeding strategies. Five different groups of rabbits were used Gabali (Gab), New Zealand white (NZW), Californian (Cal), Rex, and Papillon (Pap). DNA was extracted and analyzed using SCoT and ISSR-PCR, and the obtained fragments were analyzed. Six SCoT primers scored 60 bands with 78.33 % polymorphism; primer SCoT 6 was the most polymorphic marker with 92.31 % polymorphism, while SCoT 5 was the lowest with 60 %. A dendrogram based on SCoT-PCR revealed that the Rex breed was the most genetically different. Seven ISSR primers gained 56 bands in total with 49.762 % polymorphism. ISSR 4 was the most polymorphic primer that detected 75 % of polymorphism, while ISSR 6 was not able to detect any polymorphism. It was suggested that the SCoT markers may be more effective than ISSR for differentiating and identifying the genetic variations within investigated breeds. Also, the usage of molecular markers of SCoT and ISSR may be more proper for calculating genetic diversity and common ancestry among tested rabbit breeds. Furthermore, evaluating genetic variability is important for enhancing existing breeds' adaptation to ecological alterations and crucial for preservation or breeding purposes.

An efficient in vitro propagation of clonal cherry rootstock Gisela-6 and validation of genetic stability through SCoT markers

An efficient in vitro propagation of clonal cherry rootstock Gisela-6 and validation of genetic stability through SCoT markers

Direct shoot regeneration from cotyledonary node of Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC., an important plant of dashmula drugs, and assessment of genetic fidelity, metabolic profiling, and anti-diabetic activity

Uraria picta root is used in the polyherbal product ‘Dashmula’. Its exploitation for formulation preparation has depleted its availability, leading to medicine adulteration. Direct shoot regeneration from the cotyledonary node holds promise as a source of raw material. This study aimed to develop a regeneration protocol for U. picta and validate its genetic and metabolic fidelity. The seeds of U. picta showed low germination rates, prolonged dormancy, and poor viability. Root exploitation in the wild poses a threat to its availability in nature. Seedling’s derived cotyledonary nodes cultured on B5 medium supplemented with BAP (0.5–3 mg L−1), Kinetin (0.5–3 mg L−1), Thidiazuron (0.01–1 mg L−1), and meta-Topolin (0.1–4 mg L1). To address hyperhydricity in regenerated shoots, cotyledonary nodes were cultured on high-agar concentration media. Microshoots were exposed to IBA solution (50–800 mg L−1) pulse treatment for rooting. Tissue-cultured plants genetic fidelity was assessed using ISSR and SCoT markers, while metabolic fidelity was studied with HRMS. The chlorophyll content, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity of micropropagated plants were evaluated. The highest shoot regeneration frequency, with a maximum of 6.57±0.278 shoots per explant, was achieved using 2 mg L−1meta-Topolin. The shoots were elongated, had expanded leaves, and were hyperhydrated. BAP (2 mg L−1) induced a maximum of 9.83±0.333 shoot buds per explant. BAP caused explant browning, profuse callus formation, dwarfing, and hyperhydric shoots. Hyperhydricity was alleviated with a higher agar concentration (1 %). IBA (400 mg L−1) induced a maximum of 2.18±0.090 roots per shoot and a root length of 9.23±0.033 cm. Tissue-cultured and mother plants exhibited clonal fidelity, similar metabolite and chlorophyll content, strong antioxidant activity, and equal efficacy for inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase. This method can propagate elite clones of U. picta and offer its improvement via genetic transformation.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf callus with genetic stability validation using SCoT markers in Paramignya trimera, a medicinal plant native to Vietnam

Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum) is a medicinal plant native to Vietnam, that is renowned for its therapeutic properties, particularly for the treatment of various ailments, including cancer. This study investigated in vitro propagation of P. trimera through somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis using leaf callus. Various culture media, plant growth regulators, malt extract, and carbon sources were evaluated to optimize callus induction and somatic embryo formation from leaf explants. DNA barcoding confirmed 96.96% to 100% homology with P. trimera specimens from Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. The highest callus formation rate, reaching 100%, was observed in one-year-old explants cultured in Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.2 mg L-1 benzylaminopurine (BAP) in the dark for over six weeks. In WPM supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose, 4.0 mg L-1 BAP, and 500 mg L-1 malt extract, globular stage embryos developed into embryoids and shoots and buds clumped at 10 and 18 weeks, respectively. Shoot organogenesis was observed in WPM supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose and 0.07 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) after 18 weeks of culture. Genetic fidelity assessments using 12 SCoT markers indicated that in vitro plantlets were homologous to the mother plant. This study provides a viable method for the conservation and sustainable cultivation of Xao tam phan, ensuring a stable supply of this valuable medicinal resource.

Assessing the genetic diversity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and seasonal influence on chemotypes and morphotypes in Thailand

Both genetic variation and harvesting season impact the amounts of bioactive compounds in Centella asiatica. This study investigated the seasonal influence on chemotypes and morphotypes and evaluated the genetic diversity of C. asiatica plants collected throughout Thailand. A total of 25 C. asiatica accessions was planted in the same area in Nakhon Sawan province and harvested during winter, summer, and rainy seasons. Results exhibited that variations in triterpenoid content were observed in different harvesting seasons, with total content of the four triterpenes highest during the summer season (5.98 %DW). Besides, we noted that the amount of phytochemical constituents (total phenolic, total flavonoid and total triterpenoid contents) and antioxidant were higher in winter and summer. The morphotypes were not influenced by season, while leaf area and leaf width negatively correlated with triterpenoid content. Based on chemotypes and morphtypes, we suggested the two elite accessions including Nakhon Prathom (NPT) and Nong Bua Lamphu (NBP) due to high centelloside content and large leaf. A total of 25 C. asiatica accessions was evaluated for genetic diversity by DNA fingerprints (ISSR, SCoT, and SRAP markers), resulting in a moderate genetic diversity, consisting of geography-related two populations without association with chemotypes and morphotypes. Our findings guide farmers in optimizing harvest times, and controlling centelloside content for future smart farming and insights on genetic diversity aid in future breeding and improvement of C. asiatica for medicinal industries.

Metabolomic Profiling and DNA-Fingerprinting of Newly Recorded White-Flowered Populations of Salvia lanigera Poir. in Egypt.

Salvia lanigera Poir. is a small herbaceous perennial species with violet flowers that grows in low-altitude deserts, and sandy loam. During the collection of S. lanigera, unusual populations with white flowers were found. Therefore, the two populations (violet- and white-flowered) were subjected to comparative investigations, including DNA fingerprinting, chemical composition, and biological evaluation. The two populations showed DNA variations, with 6.66 % polymorphism in ISSR and 25 % in SCoT markers. GC/MS and UHPLC/HRMS of aqueous methanol extracts, led to the tentative identification of 43 and 50 compounds in both populations. In addition, the structures of nine compounds, including four first-time reported compounds in the species, were confirmed by NMR. Furthermore, the total extracts exhibited weak radical scavenging activity against DPPH and a lower inhibitory effect towards acetylcholinesterase. In conclusion, the obtained data suggested that the white-colored flower could be an additional important character record for the Egyptian S. lanigera.

Genetic characterization of Paramyrothecium roridum strains isolated from different host plants in coffee agroecosystem using SRAP, SCoT markers and ITS sequencing

Genetic characterization of Paramyrothecium roridum strains isolated from different host plants in coffee agroecosystem using SRAP, SCoT markers and ITS sequencing

A new look at genetic variability in pomegranate: Landscape genetics and structural equation modeling (SEM)

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important horticultural plant in Iran and has been a food source since ancient times. Despite several genetic diversity studies conducted on these taxa, there are no reports on the landscape genetics of these important plants in Iran, nor is there any information on the effects of environmental, spatial, and climatic variables on the genetic structure of pomegranate. Therefore, this study used genetics, structural equation modeling (SEM), and species distribution modeling (SDM) approaches to explore the above-mentioned objectives. We used both cytogenetic and molecular analyses (SSR and SCoT markers) of several pomegranate samples along with environmental, spatial, and climatic variables. The redundancy analysis (RDA) analysis showed a significant positive association between terminal chiasmata with the longitudinal distribution of the pomegranate accession, while total chiasma number and interstitial chiasmata have an association with the altitude. The spatial PCA analysis indicated the role played by both global and local spatial variables in the cytogenetic variability like the univalent and terminal chiasmata formation. The Mantel test indicates that the cytogenetic difference in pomegranate plants is not related to their geographical distance, while the Moran I test result shows that geographical regions with similar spatial conditions affect the cytogenetic structuring of pomegranate plants in a similar way. SEM methods showed a strong negative association between bivalent formation and the environmental variables, while they showed both positive and negative associations between some of the environmental variables and different kinds of chiasmata. The sPCA analysis of molecular data showed a significant global, and local, spatial structuring of the molecular data and the genetic cline formation within the pomegranate accessions studied. Similarly, the spatial PCA analysis of climate variables, precipitation, and temperature revealed a significant structuring of genetic diversity and the formation of genetic clines by these factors. RDA analysis identified some of the loci that are significantly associated with temperature and precipitation. Therefore, both geographical/ or spatial variables and climate factors contribute to the genetic structure of the pomegranate accessions studied. SEM models based on genetic data revealed a positive association between environmental and climate variables with genetic diversity parameters and SSR-SCoT molecular loci studied. Climate change is unlikely to hurt pomegranate growing areas due to the high genetic diversity of pomegranate plants and the diverse genetic lineages present in the country.

Applicability of SCoT markers in unraveling genetic variation and population structure among sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) holds significant importance as a crop globally cultivated for sugar production. The genetic diversity present in sugar beet accessions plays a crucial role in crop improvement programs. During the present study, we collected 96 sugar beet accessions from different regions and extracted DNA from their leaves. Genomic DNA was amplified using SCoT primers, and the resulting fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis. The data were analyzed using various genetic diversity indices, and constructed a population STRUCTURE, applied the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), and conducted Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). The results revealed a high level of genetic diversity among the sugar beet accessions, with 265 bands produced by the 10 SCoT primers used. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 97.60%, indicating substantial genetic variation. The study uncovered significant genetic variation, leading to higher values for overall gene diversity (0.21), genetic distance (0.517), number of effective alleles (1.36), Shannon's information index (0.33), and polymorphism information contents (0.239). The analysis of molecular variance suggested a considerable amount of genetic variation, with 89% existing within the population. Using STRUCTURE and UPGMA analysis, the sugar beet germplasm was divided into two major populations. Structure analysis partitioned the germplasm based on the origin and domestication history of sugar beet, resulting in neighboring countries clustering together. The utilization of SCoT markers unveiled a noteworthy degree of genetic variation within the sugar beet germplasm in this study. These findings can be used in future breeding programs with the objective of enhancing both sugar beet yield and quality.

Estimation of genetic diversity utilizing gene-targeted SCoT markers and morpho-chemotypic analyses in Senna alexandrina Mill. (Senna)

Senna, an industrial crop that generates foreign exchange, is planted predominantly in southern India. Senna leaves and pods grown in India are valued in international trade and the global market because they contain a high concentration of the chemical component sennosides. The current investigation was conducted in the CSIR-CIMAP experimental farm in Hyderabad, India. The experiment was designed in an RCBD and replicated three times using twenty-five senna accessions in the years 2020–21 and 2021–22. The combined ANOVA found that all fourteen of the traits studied were highly significant. The D2 analysis and λ1-λ2 values classified the 25 accessions into five clusters with 91.05 % diversity. The molecular diversity was also examined using SCoT markers. As SCoT markers target expressed portions of the genome, the variation among accessions reflects some of the morphological changes among them. For pharmaceutical applications, various lines Gen-1 and 2 (high in Sennosides A and B content) and Gen-4 can be hybridized with Gen-5 and 25 to produce generations high in pharmaceutically relevant Sennosides A and B. Considering genotypes Gen 1 and 2 rank first and second in terms of sennoside A and B contents in leaves (%) and pods, these two genotypes can be employed for large-scale cultivation and to transfer favorable traits in future breeding programs.

Genetic Characterization of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Genotypes Derived from Seeds and Selection Based on Their Morphological Traits and Flower Aromatic Substances

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is an evergreen shrub with white fragrant flowers, and it is cultivated for its ornamental, aromatic and medicinal value. The present study aimed to select desirable genotypes for potential commercial exploitation as pot plants or use in perfumery. Thus, 32 genotypes of G. jasminoides plants derived from seedlings, whose seeds were obtained from Australia and the USA, were evaluated for their genetic diversity in relation to four commercial cultivars (‘Pelion’, ‘Joy’, ‘Grandiflora’ and ‘Kimberly’, used as reference cultivars) using ISSR and SCoT markers. A cluster analysis separated the gardenia genotypes into the following three clusters: one cluster comprised the 16 genotypes originating from Australia, one included the 16 genotypes originating from the USA, and the third cluster contained the four reference cultivars. In other words, there was a clear demarcation of the genotypes investigated according to their geographical origin. In addition, the gardenia genotypes were evaluated for their morphological and chemical characteristics. Thus, flower- and leaf-related traits with ornamental value were measured, while the volatile compounds of flower extracts were identified with GC-MS analysis. Genotype 29-5 was selected for its acceptable morphological traits and genotype 51-8 for its rich volatile compounds. The major volatile compounds responsible for the floral aroma of the various gardenia genotypes examined were α-farnesene, benzyl tiglate, cis-3-hexenyltiglate, jasminelactone and linalool.

Meta-topolin mediated improved micropropagation, phytochemical profiling, and assessment of genetic fidelity in Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand., an endangered medicinal herb

A highly effective method has been developed to examine the impact of different combination of meta-topolin and various cytokinins on Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand. using apical bud explants. The effects of benzyl adenine purine (BAP), kinetin (Kin), meta-topolin (mT), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were explored separately and in different concentrations (ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mg L−1) on shoot proliferation, as well as the influence of auxins like Indole -3- acetic acid (IAA), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting. When grown on MS medium supplemented with mT, highest growth rates were observed followed by BAP. Within the permutations tested, 2.0 mg L−1 of mT and 1.0 mg L−1 of BAP produced the best results with 96.3% success rate and average of 19.2 ± 1.92 shoots measuring 6.72 ± 0.49 cm in length after 8 weeks of culture. Among the various auxins used for in vitro root formation, 95.5% of multiple shoots effectively established roots on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 of IBA resulting in an average of 14.0 ± 1.39 root numbers and 3.36 ± 0.27 cm in length after 4 weeks of culture. Furthmore, 94% of the acclimated plants not only survived but also thrived when grown in a mixture of loam, sand and fym (in 1:2:1 ratio) with an average weight of 16 g. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed the presence of diosgenin and stigmasterol in both in vitro regenerants and mother plant, although there were variations in their content. To ensure genetic fidelity among regenerants, ISSR and SCOT markers were used, but no somatic differences were detected. Therefore, the established procedure seems to be easy and consistent for large scale development of genetically identical clones with a greater content of bioactive compounds.

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in some Egyptian Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) accessions based on ISSR, SCoT and SRAP markers

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in some Egyptian Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) accessions based on ISSR, SCoT and SRAP markers