Scopus Platform Research Articles

Effects of different supervised and structured physical exercise on the physical fitness trainability of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

BackgroundPhysical fitness has been considered an important health indicator. Several factors can impact the increase in physical fitness in children and adolescents, including chronological age, sex and BMI, in addition to training variables such as weekly frequency, session and intervention duration, and types of exercises performed. To know the importance of variables that can impact physical fitness, it is important for health professionals to identify the most efficient way of prescribing physical exercises for children and adolescents. The aim is review and meta-analyses of the effects of supervised and structured physical exercise on the physical fitness trainability of children and adolescents.MethodsRelevant articles were searched in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Scopus platform databases and selected based on the following criteria: children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years who performed any type of structured physical exercise compared to a control group without exercise and evaluating physical fitness (strength or muscular power, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or speed. The results are reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020.ResultsEighty studies were included with a total of 5769 participants. Strength exercises (ES: 1.073; 95% CI, 0.612–1.533; P < 0.001; I2: 74%), concurrent (ES: 1.054; 95% CI, 0.255–1.853; P < 0.010; I2: 72%) and sports (ES: 0.573; 95% CI, 0.015 to 1.132; P < 0.044; I2: 34%) seem to be the most effective in increasing muscular strength. Aerobic activities (ES: 0.400; 95% CI, 0.258–0.542; P < 0.001; I2: 74%), sports (ES: 0.271; 95% IC, 0.148–0.394; P < 0.001; I2: 15), or HIIT (ES: 0.668; 95% IC, 0.333–1.003; P < 0.001; I2: 29%) resulted in increased CRF (ES: 0.514; 95% IC, 0.220–1.808; P < 0.001; I2: 66%). The practice of physical exercise increased muscular power (ES: 0.241; 95% CI, 0.053–0.429; P = 0.012; I2: 0%). The practice of HIIT impacts MAS gains (ES: 0.048; 95% CI, 0.050 − 0.026; P = 0.029; I2: 44%).ConclusionSupervised and structured physical exercise can improve muscular strength (15–35%), CRF (5.4–8.5%), muscular power (5.6–11.8%), and MAS (5.4%) trainability in children and adolescents. Sex, BMI of the subjects and type of exercise performed (aerobic activities, exclusive to strength, HIIT or sports) should be considered when prescribing the exercise.

Comprehensive Utilization of Avocado in Biorefinery: A Bibliometric and Co-Occurrence Approach 2003–2023

In recent years, the consumption of avocado, both fresh and processed, has experienced a significant worldwide increase due to its recognized nutritional value and beneficial health effects. However, this industrial processing generates a substantial amount of underutilized byproducts, primarily the peel and seed, leading to significant environmental and economic challenges. Fortunately, these residues are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, making their recovery an excellent opportunity to enhance the sustainability and profitability of the modern avocado industry. This bibliometric analysis utilizes data from the Scopus platform to explore the comprehensive utilization of avocado waste. By employing a biorefinery approach and computational tools, the study aims to identify and extract value-added compounds with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and cosmetic industries. The results highlight that the most relevant research topics are currently focused on sustainable and comprehensive biotransformation of avocado byproducts. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on methods for extracting valuable products, characterizing their properties, and identifying potentially exploitable active compounds. Furthermore, research is increasingly exploring the environmental and economic factors associated with new research advancements, such as emerging environmental regulations, certifications, substitutes, and technological applications. One key gap identified in recent research advancements is the lack of a sustainable diagnostic framework for avocado utilization processes in a cascade system (multiple high-value consumer products and by-products such as bioplastic). This suggests a crucial area for future research efforts.

The Effect of Self-Citation on Scholarly Recognition and Visibility

Self-citation, an important aspect of academic work [1], requires careful oversight to protect the integrity and perception of scholarly contributions. Although self-referencing is often necessary for expanding upon past research, an excessive amount can negatively affect a researcher's reputation and rankings in academic indices. Indices/Lists like the Highly Cited Researcher (HCR) [2] index by Clarivate Analytics often adjust or exclude metrics associated with high self-citation rates to provide a more accurate representation of a researcher's impact, thereby enhancing visibility and credibility. According to the authors of [3] [4], self-citation rates typically range from 7.38% in Economics &amp; Business to 15.6% in Mathematics. The same authors in [3] recommend keeping self-citations below 10%, which aligns with the general agreement among academic institutions and researchers. Maintaining this limit helps in qualifying for prestigious rankings and awards, promoting fair competition in academia. There are several methods to verify the self-citation ratio, with two of the most popular ones being the use of the Scopus platform [5] and the Web of Science (WOS) portal by Clarivate [6]. Scopus and WOS do not directly display the self-citation rate, but they do offer both the total citation count and the count excluding self-citations. Additionally, these portals can generate a citation report for authors, providing details on the number of citations, h-index, citing articles (with an option to exclude self-citations), and a year-by-year breakdown of citation counts. To find the self-citation rate Scopus and WOS, subtract the number of citations excluding self-citations from the total citations, divide this result by the total number of citations, and then multiply by 100 to get the percentage. For instance, if the total citations are 12,526 and the citations excluding self-citations are 12,000, the difference of 526 self-citations divided by the total results in a rate of 4.199%. This percentage indicates how much self-citations add to the overall citation count, which is important for maintaining appropriate citation standards.

Water stress in plants of the Asteraceae family: a bibliometric analysis

The Asteraceae family is one of the most diverse, with more than 23,000 species distributed globally, with sunflowers and chamomile as members. In Brazil, Asteraceae stand out for their diversity, in addition to their great economic and ecological importance. In recent years, the cultivation of several species of the family has increased due to their medicinal, ornamental and food potential, driven mainly by incentives from institutions such as EMBRAPA. Given the above, the present study analyzes the academic literature on Asteraceae using bibliometric methods through the Scopus platform. The results showed an annual growth of 4.15% in publications on "Asteraceae" and "water deficit" between 1990 and 2023, with a significant increase from 2017 onwards. It is concluded that research on Asteraceae and deficit water sector is expanding, with strong collaboration between researchers. However, there is a need for studies on control systems to develop sustainable management strategies, essential to face climate challenges and promote the resilience of Asteraceae.

A Bibliometric Analysis: The Influence of Service Profit Chain (SPC) on the Hospitality Industry

In the hospitality industry, the service-profit chain establishes relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, employee satisfaction, loyalty, and productivity. It shows that focusing on employee engagement and customer satisfaction might boost a company's financial performance. This relates to how well the company supports and assists its employees. Several studies have empirically investigated the relationship between practices in the service profit chain and their impact on the tourism and hospitality industries. The service profit chain is based on the premise that market leadership requires an emphasis on managing value drivers that are the most important determinants of success: employee retention, employee satisfaction, and employee productivity, which have the greatest impact on success and provide the most benefit to customers. Bibliometric studies that organize production in this field, however, are still scarce. The study's goal is to analyze the influence of service profit chain practices in hospitality industry using VOSviewer software that is related to marketing. This will be achieved by analyzing articles published on the SCOPUS platform to determine state-of-the-art trends and other relevant indicators. Researcher obtained a sample of 57 materials for analysis. The author processed the data and used the VOSviewer software to graphically illustrate the results. The study examines country-wise productivity, most productive source titles, most-cited sources on the topic, top-most keyword occurrences, and yearly productivity research output trends in this area. The study findings indicate that the United States, China, Australia, Germany, India, Egypt, Malaysia, and Brazil are the most productive countries in the field of research output on the topic. The investigation also reveals that the top-most source title on the topic is “International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,” and frequently used keywords are "articles,” “customer satisfaction,” and “service profit chain." On this topic, the USA is the leading country. However, research on the service profit chain and hospitality in Asia has shown that South Korea and China are the most successful countries in this field. Only the SCOPUS database contains the study's findings. The study's findings are useful for academicians, researchers, and policymakers looking for answers to the topic.

An Analysis of the Impact of Experiential Marketing in the Tourism Industry: A Bibliometric Literature Review

Introducing and implementing experiential marketing in tourism has the potential to enhance the overall tourist experience, increase its economic benefits, and foster its growth. Experiential marketing is a marketing strategy that engages the consumer and creates real-life experience that will be remembered. This type of marketing focuses on getting consumers to experience the brand. Several empirical studies have investigated the relationship between experiential marketing and tourism practices, as well as their impact on the tourism industry. Bibliometric studies that organize production in this field, however, are still scarce. The goal of the study is to identify the most recent research on experiential marketing practices in tourism industry related to marketing by examining the articles available on the SCOPUS platform and determining the state of the art, trends, and other indicators. We obtained a sample of 110 materials from the SCOPUS database, covering the period from 2004 to May 11, 2024, in the subject area. The researcher processed the data and used the VO Sviewer software to graphically illustrate the results. The study looked at how many publications appeared at the same time each year, keyword trends, co-citations, bibliographic coupling, and analysis of co-authorship, countries, and institutions. It shows that the body of literature on experiential marketing and tourism issues in the tourism industry is growing very quickly. The study results show that the USA, Spain, China, Turkey, Taiwan, Italy, and Australia are the most productive countries in the field of research output on experiential marketing and the tourism industry. The top six journals account for 1078 citations, as do several prolific authors. The investigation also reveals that the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management is the top source title on the topic, and the most frequently used keyword is experiential marketing. The largest subject area is "Business, Management, and Accounting," with 89 associated articles, accounting for 43.8% of the total. On this topic, the USA is the leading country. This research study provides insight about the state of the art and research opportunities in the experiential marketing and tourism industries to academicians, researchers, and policymakers who are searching for answers to the topic.

Computational Mapping Analysis of Publications by Bibliometric Approach on Green Human Resource Management

This study aims to investigate the computational mapping analysis to delve into the evolution of green human resource management using VOSviewer and to identify its evolution towards research trend, thrust areas, citations, document type and source, authors and co-authorship, language, countries, keywords and period. Further, the study tried to identify the prolific authors and co-authorship patterns, commonly used keywords, country-wise and organization-wise analysis, research themes, theoretical foundations and simple statistics. This comprehensive exploration has provided valuable insights into the concept of green HRM, its objectives, and its potential benefits for businesses and society as a whole. The study has used the most pertinent recent articles of the last 20 years from the Scopus platform. The study reveals that China, the U.K. and the USA are contributing more research in the area of GHRM. Human resource management has become environmentally friendly in all its functions using green HRM but less thrust has been given up to now in the field of industrial relations.

3D Numerical Modeling of Geosynthetics for Soil Reinforcement: A Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review

Soil reinforcement using geosynthetics is an efficient and cost-effective solution for a variety of geotechnical structures. Along with the increasing use of geosynthetics, there is a need to expand and enhance the design methodologies for these elements, which are still frequently based on conservative limit equilibrium approaches. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures (GRS), identifying the state of the art, research trends, and other indicators. The data were obtained from the Scopus platform and processed by VOSViewer v1.6 software. The initial search comprised 552 papers and the screening process selected 516 relevant papers from 1992 to October 2023. The study analyzed the occurrence of publications by year, keyword trends, authors, citations/co-citations, and bibliographic coupling. Then, a focus was given to 3D modeling research on geosynthetics, highlighting the dominant modeling techniques, material properties, and design challenges in GRS. The bibliometric analysis provided a crucial guideline in the identification of relevant papers and research trends, and a series of conclusions were presented regarding the 3D modeling techniques, choice of material properties, and boundary conditions.

The role of fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes in the bone healing of calvary defects: study in rabbits

Introduction: L-PRF is a concentrate of platelets and leukocytes in a fibrin network, obtained by autologous centrifugation collected at the time of surgery. It is part of the second generation of platelet concentrates, being low cost, easy to prepare, simple to obtain and has the ability to accelerate the healing of soft and hard tissues. Objective: To review bone repair of non-critical calvarial defects using L-PRF alone and in association with particulated autogenous bone. Method: Integrative review of literature taken from the SciELO, Pubmed and Scopus platforms in English and Portuguese using the following descriptors: “L-PRF, bone healing, calvarial defects, rabbit” in AND or OR by the title or summary. After selection, only articles considered relevant were read in full. Results: 39 articles were included. Conclusion: L-PRF alone had a positive effect on bone formation over the weeks.

Understanding how Artificial Intelligence Affects Leadership: Exploring Opportunities and Challenges through Bibliometrics

The aim of the article is to identify opportunities and challenges in the specialized literature regarding the impact of artificial intelligence on leadership. The work is based on a bibliometric analysis of papers published on the Scopus platform in 2019-2023 and was conducted starting from an advanced search using the keywords „artificial intelligence”, „AI”, „leader”, „digital” and „leadership”. We started from the research question: What is the situation regarding the specialized literature on how artificial intelligence affects leadership? To answer this question, we proposed the following objectives: identifying the number of publications regarding the impact of artificial intelligence on leadership, determining the evolution of the number of publications, establishing the most common types of published works, highlighting bibliometric maps with the opportunities and challenges regarding the effects of AI on leadership. The bibliometric analysis served as a rigorous and objective method to understand how artificial intelligence affects leadership. This analysis was conducted in December 2023, using Microsoft Excel for graphical representations and the VOSviewer for visualizing the connections between the representative keywords of the selected articles. The main findings refer to the fact that the article sheds light on the opportunities and challenges arising from the integration of AI into management practices, thus providing valuable insights for the development of relevant strategies and policies in organizational contexts.

Predictor Variables in the Spread of Chagas Disease in Rural Areas.

Over a hundred years ago after the discovery of Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil, the World Health Organization estimates a number of 6 to 7 million people infected by Trypanosoma cruzi worldwide. Therefore, the goal of this work was to identify variables related to the spread of infection by T. cruzi in humans living in rural areas, seeking predictor variables. A systematic review of the literature has been conducted, with a search in the Scopus platform, using the search string "Chagas disease" and "rural", resulting in 85 valid and analyzed scientific studies (1977 and 2022). Twenty-seven predictor variables have been acquired, and 19 of them have been grouped, such as: socioeconomic and educational, housing, environmental, sanitary, and cultural; and 8 variables related to T. cruzi seropositive individuals. The predictor variables yielded significant results (p-value < 0.05) in 59.5% of the cases (195/328), with a median of 66.7%. In other words, studies relating to 50% of the 27 variables showed significance equal to or greater than 66.7% of the time. The independent variables with the highest proportion of significant data (p-value < 0.05) were Education (87.6%), Intradomicile building (70%), Domestic animals (69.6%), and Triatomines (69.2%) in the households. Some variables reached 100%; however, few articles were found, indicating the need for further research, especially for Sanitation and Culture. It has been concluded that, in the several contexts found, the social vulnerability and lack of information led the individual to living in environments where inhabitability is inadequate, to perform limited work activity and develop habits and behaviors which impair them in an environmental insalubrity situation, favorable to the access of vectors and pathogens of anthropozoonoses such as CD.

Nexus between climate change and mitigation approaches for sustainable development: a bibliometric review

Purpose Today’s world is struggling with the hardship of climate change that has drastically disturbed human life, wildlife and the earth’s biological system. This study aims to show how implementing climate change mitigation strategies and environmental protection measures can ensure sustainable development through collaborative efforts between governmental authorities and the nation’s populace. Design/methodology/approach An extensive literature review of studies is conducted from across the world concentrating on holistic, sustainable development, enabling a showcase of various conferences, action plans initiated and resolutions passed. VOSviewer software is used to quantify the results of bibliometric analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 260 research studies released between 1993 and 2022 on the Scopus platform are quantified in terms of topmost publications, collaborations among authors, citations index and year-wise publication. The search string has keywords including “climate change,” “sustainable development” and “environment protection.” Findings The study results revealed a steep increase in research publications in the last three years, from 2017 to 2021, which serves as the basis of the emergence of high-impact articles. The most cited document in this context throws light on assessing vulnerability to climatic risk and building adaptive capacity. It also draws attention to voluntary carbon markets’ rationale while condemning emission trading systems for climate change due to structural flaws, negative consequences and questionable emission-cutting effectiveness. Low energy demand, zero energy buildings and shared socioeconomic pathways should be implemented as strategies for sustainable development. Practical implications This study provides a significant opportunity to construct a valuable addition to mitigate climate change. Also, it shows a positive and significant correlation between mitigation and adaptation policies by analyzing publication efforts worldwide considering local climate risks and national adaptation mandates. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in its comprehensive approach, combining literature review, bibliometric analysis and cluster analysis to provide insights into current research trends, challenges and potential strategies for addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. The study’s emphasis on the correlation between mitigation and adaptation policies adds practical significance to its findings.

The Reality Of Solid Waste Management In Urban Areas Of Latin America

Currently, the generation of solid waste is observed as a problem that is escalating to higher levels in all countries of the world and also in Latin America. Thus, this literature review article aims to understand and describe the various waste management procedures used in different countries in the region. A search was carried out in different databases and bibliographic sources, using the Scielo, Dialnet and Scopus platforms. In this way and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected, which were considered to provide the reality of policies, action plans, innovation in management techniques and infrastructure. Finally, the administrative deficiency in waste disposal processes is pointed out, which occurs widely in Latin America, with Brazil being the country that presents the greatest number of studies highlighting the deficiencies of its constituent cities. Furthermore, the impact of the joint work of participatory agents (population, State, private sector) is highlighted, which conditions both the good and bad results of solid waste management.

Podem os anestésicos locais ajudar no processo cicatricial das feridas cirúrgicas?

Introduction: Evaluating the scarring differences between areas previously anesthetized with different local anesthetics is interesting to verify whether the choice of anesthetic helps in surgical healing in relation to inflammation, neovascularization and collagen deposition. Objectives: Review the existing literature with a focus on analyzing the role of local anesthetics in aiding the healing of surgical wounds. Method: Narrative review of literature selected from the SciELO – Scientific Electronic Library Online, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus platforms. Initially, the review searched for keywords in the focus of the research, based on MESH/DeCS with the following terms: “local anesthetics, healing, neovascularization, collagen” with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. Next, only those that were most related to the topic were included, and the texts were read for inclusion. Results: 73 articles were included, read and interpreted focusing on the role of anesthetics in healing, pain, side effects and the best that currently emerge in analgesia and scar potential. Conclusions: No differences were observed between the anesthetics studied in terms of healing, inflammation and neovascularization. However, there was a significant difference in the production of collagens with an intensity of 6 to 12 times greater than collagen types I, II and III with the use of levobupivacaine.

Desempenho das diretrizes AGA, Fukuoka e Europeia nos incidentalomas mucinosos do pâncreas submetidos à ultrassonografia endoscópica com punção por agulha fina

Introduction: Pancreatic cystic lesions are common and are not exclusively benign. There are 3 guidelines that help recommend surgery if there is a risk factor, sign of malignancy or follow the patient with imaging tests. Objective: To review and compare the performance of these guidelines in asymptomatic patients with mucinous neoplasms. Method: The literature review was carried out by collecting information published on virtual platforms in Portuguese and English. The material for reading and analysis was selected from the SciELO, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus platforms. Initially, a search was carried out using the keywords “mucinous cystic neoplasm. pancreatic intraductal neoplasms. endoscopic ultrasound. fine needle aspiration” with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. Afterwards, considering only those that were most related to the topic, the full texts were read. Results: 37 articles were included. Conclusion: The European Guideline-DE-2018 proved to be more accurate for use in patients with asymptomatic mucinous neoplasia after the diagnosis obtained by EUS-PAF.

Models and Values of Fees and Incentives for Financing Sustainable Urban Drainage

Challenges are observed worldwide in the cost of urban drainage through fees compromising the sustainability of its management. Strategies are needed for greater involvement of users of the drainage system, assuming their responsibility for the cost of this system and collaborating with the system on their properties through the containment and delay of the surface runoff of rainwater to the public network from sustainable technologies. Incentives for these users to implement technologies that minimize the outflow of their properties can be an essential strategy for implementing fees. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate, through a systematic review (SR), the values and methods of drainage fees and incentives for urban environmental services provided by users of drainage systems. The SR was developed from a search on the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus platforms, whose data were analyzed using the StArt system. Among the 199 articles studied and published between 2010 and 2021, it was possible to relate fees and incentives practiced. Concerning fee models, the ERU method (Equivalent Residential Unit) was predominant. Regarding the incentive models, the most used was tax reduction.

Modernizing Occupational Safety in Industry 4.0: A Review of State-of-the-Art Safety Wearables

Industry 4.0 signifies a paradigmatic transformation in occupational safety, paving the way for the safety wearables (SWs) market, which is still in its early stages in Brazil. This study aims to comprehensively review the global state of the art of safety wearables, compiling pertinent technological trends for the country's reindustrialization debate. Articles were sourced from the Scopus platform, and VosViewer was utilized for keyword tracking. A global race of SWs research is evident, with the construction industry at the forefront, emphasizing monitoring employees' mental states. The emergence of local startups in Brazil within this theme is expected in the forthcoming years, potentially contributing to reducing the high rate of work-related accident mortality in the country.

How to Measure Human-Dog Interaction in Dog Assisted Interventions? A Scoping Review

Human-dog interaction is the working tool through which the therapeutic, educational and recreational goals of dog-assisted interventions (DAIs) are achieved. A better understanding of the characteristics of this interaction could improve the effectiveness of DAIs. This scoping review addresses the question: how has the human-dog connection been measured in the context of DAIs? After searching the Web of Science and Scopus platforms, only peer-reviewed, primary research studies reporting measures of therapy dog-human interaction, relationship and bond were included. A total of 70 included articles provided information on what was measured (interaction, relationship or bond) and how, as well as the general context (DAIs or experimental situations with therapy dogs). While the majority of the articles identified use behavioural analysis methods to analyse the interaction between the participant/recipient and the therapy dog during DAIs, it was possible to identify some more structured tools that assess the participant/recipient’s interaction, relationship or bond with the therapy dog, as well as tools that consider the animal’s perspective or focus on the dog-handler dyad, indicating growing areas of research. The tools and methods identified can be used by both practitioners and researchers to further explore aspects of human-dog interaction in the field of DAIs.

Building Rehabilitation: A Sustainable Strategy for the Preservation of the Built Environment

Building rehabilitation and sustainability must go hand in hand to ensure the preservation of the built environment and environmentally conscious practices. Construction is one of the most polluting industries with a high impact on the carbon footprint. Thus, building rehabilitation appears as an effective strategy to reduce this impact, promoting the reuse of more efficient materials and technologies. This study focuses on the rehabilitation of existing buildings as a sustainable strategy and presents the quantitative profile of academic publications in the last 10 years, showing the main themes studied. The results of the sample surveyed on the Scopus platform show an increasing number of publications in the period surveyed (2012–2023), which shows a growing academic interest in the topic. It is possible to see that the publication trend line is ascending and that the largest number of articles investigates building rehabilitation, followed by the rehabilitation of school buildings, energy issues, rehabilitation methods, materials technology, water issues, and sustainability related to rehabilitation.

The effect of reducing starch bioavailability using organic acids on rumen fermentation and ruminant performance: A meta-analysis

Starch is an important nutrient in ruminants as an energy source. Utilizing organic acids to reduce starch bioavailability offers a safer approach to sustainable ruminant health and productivity. However, the inconsistent results obtained from published studies necessitate integration through meta-analysis to determine the actual effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reducing starch bioavailability using organic acids on rumen fermentation and ruminant performance by meta-analysis. Hedges’ meta-analysis was conducted by using a random effect. A total of 14 articles were selected from the Scopus platform, with 23 comparative studies. This meta-analysis revealed that starch modification using organic acids influenced rumen fermentation. In vitro studies demonstrated a significant increase (p<0.01) in rumen pH and a reduction in ammonia (NH3) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) levels (p<0.01). Partial VFA components, including butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, and iso-valerate, also showed significant decreases (p<0.01). Total protozoa also obtained a significant decrease (p<0.001). Moreover, in vivo trials indicated ruminant performance with increased milk fat content (p<0.05). In conclusion, the intervention of organic acids for reducing the bioavailability starch in rumen is effectively optimizes rumen health by maintaining fermented products within the normal range and increasing ruminant productivity.