Scope Of Tax Research Articles

Tax policy transformation in Georgia: Assessing the effectiveness of general state tax amendments on economic sustainability and business growth (2017-2021)

This research aims to determine the role of 2017-2021 general state tax amendments in terms of economic development and improvement of the business environment in Georgia. The following factors were used To evaluate the effectiveness of the tax burden: How the tax system is adjusted to the payer, whether it contributes to economic progress, and what the scope of taxes is. Tax policy experts were interviewed and asked to discuss tax policy reform objectives, options, and mechanisms. The interviews were semi-structured, supported by a briefing document and a topical guide, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. The efficiency of implemented changes for the EU Association Agreement was also evaluated. Compared to Georgian tax policy, EU tax policy is more liberal. The research revealed opportunities, future perspectives, and the significance of tax reforms and their positive effect on businesses. Based on in-depth interview findings, a detailed analysis of the financial sector is offered.

Porezna autonomija lokalne samouprave

The paper measures the total (two-tier) local tax autonomy (cities/municipalities and counties combined) in Croatia applying the OECD methodology in terms of the definition and scope of taxes and their classification according to taxing power and autonomy. First, it follows the methodology of previous studies for Croatia, which considered only nominal taxes. This results in a relatively small share of autonomous taxes in local tax revenues. The change from a formal recording of taxes to an effective one based on the OECD definition of taxes leads to more than a doubling of local autonomous taxes. However, compared to other OECD unitary countries (countries with only the local level), Croatia still lags significantly behind the OECD average and also behind the average of EU member countries that are also OECD member countries. The weighting of different categories, despite the risk of arbitrariness, and the resulting tax autonomy index show an additional improvement of the Croatian situation. Further calculation of the tax autonomy index and, in particular, the composite indicator of tax autonomy (share of autonomous local taxes in total general government taxes), as well as the composite tax autonomy index (local tax autonomy index divided by total general government taxes), lead to a further improvement of the Croatian position. Although the country is still below the OECD average, it has improved to an almost median position. The indicators suggest that the taxing powers of local governments need to be further strengthened.

Local Taxes in the Jurisprudence of Local Government Bodies

This article explores the role of local taxes within the jurisdiction of the local government bodies. It first highlights the significance of local taxes and their two-fold expression of territorial and material sovereignty. The authors delve into the concept of local taxes, its legal definitions, and the scope of taxes that local government units have authority over. The paper discusses the functions of local taxes. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of proper income division between the state and local governments to ensure effective decentralization of administration and public finances. The article explores the entities responsible for administering local taxes and their roles in establishing tax liabilities, granting reliefs and collecting revenues. It outlines the decisions made by local authorities regarding taxes, distinguishing between declaratory and constitutive decisions based on how tax liabilities are incurred. It then delves into the impact of tax relief on local government budgets, discussing the criteria used to grant such relief and how it relates to the economic circumstances of taxpayers. The text also addresses relief measures introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic and their implications for local authorities. Lastly, the paper discusses the roles of local government bodies as creditors in enforcement proceedings, particularly in cases where tax liabilities need to be enforced. It outlines the conditions under which local authorities act as enforcement bodies.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Income Tax Policy on Trade Transactions via Electronic Systems (E-Commerce) in Efforts to Increase Tax Revenue in 2018-2020 (Case Study at KPP Pratama Jakarta Jatinegara)

According to the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers (APJII) in 2019-2020 internet users in Indonesia were 196.71 million people out of a total population of 266.91 million or 73.7% of the total. Along with the soaring use of the internet in Indonesia, this has created an opportunity for many people to do business through the internet (e commerce). This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of income tax policies on trade transactions through electronic systems (e-commerce), along with the inhibiting and driving factors in increasing tax revenues. The author uses the theory of Martani and Lubis (2009:55) quoted in the journal Journal of Governance vol.1. no. 2. 2021. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The data collection techniques used are interview, observation, and documentation methods. From the results of this study, the increase in income tax revenue on trade through electronic systems (e-commerce) cannot be said to be effective. In the realization of e-commerce tax revenue has not been realized optimally. Because not everyone understands the tax on e-commerce transactions and there is no stipulation of a mechanism from several merchants to register, this makes the data not optimally detected. This happens because the data for online business actors is incomplete, the lack of socialization provided, lack of awareness, lack of legal clarity, and efforts that can be made are to be able to carry out socialization on an ongoing basis through online and offline, collaborate with relevant stakeholders in encouraging taxpayers make a TIN, and build awareness in the scope of taxes on e-commerce transaction.

International Experience in the Design of China's Carbon Tax System

Since the beginning of the 21st century, developing a low-carbon economy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions have become the consensus of the international community. The modern tax system is a green tax system. In theory, levying a carbon tax has the intrinsic value of internalizing the external cost of carbon emissions, releasing the double dividend of environmental taxation, and supplying internal value of global public goods for addressing climate change. It is of strategic significance to achieve peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, promote high-quality development, build an ecological civilization, ensure the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, and build a community with a shared future for mankind. Some western developed countries have established relatively complete carbon tax systems and accumulated many useful experiences in this regard. Based on the various practices of carbon tax collection in foreign countries, this paper proposes system design suggestions for the introduction of carbon tax in our country from four aspects: tax model, tax scope, tax rate and tax preference, and revenue-neutral recycling.

VERGİ AFLARINDA VERGİ BORCUNU SONA ERDİREN BİR SEBEP OLARAK “YENİLEME”

Considering the tax amnesty regulations regarding tax debts in our country, it is seen that although the concept of withdrawal is generally used to express the termination of existing tax debts, different reasons for termination without waiver are included in terms of legal characteristics. For this reason, it is necessary to focus on the legal characterization, functioning and consequences of the reasons for the termination of the tax debt arising within the scope of tax amnesty.In the tax amnesty regulations, one of the reasons for expiration of taxes although not specified - is the reason for ‘‘renewal’’; which is the elimination of the effect of the old administrative transaction (the old debt) with a new administrative transaction (new debt) introduced in the structuring context. Many unique rules of renewal in private law can be interpreted within the framework of specific rules of tax law, and “tax renewal” can be evaluated as a reason for the termination of tax debts.The effects of the consequences of not performing the debt due to the renewal on the old transaction (debt), the statute of limitations and its accessories need to be put forward. Termination of renewal tax debt in tax should be considered as a specific reason for termination, although there are similar aspects to various reasons.

Tax and Spending in the 2020s

Tax and Spending in the 2020s

The Corrosive Effect of Offshore Financial Centers on Multinational Firms’ Disclosure Strategy

This study investigates whether U.S. multinational firms with subsidiaries located in offshore financial centers (OFCs) (i.e. offshore firms) are more likely to be opaque in their voluntary disclosure relative to U.S. multinationals without such subsidiaries (non-offshore firms). We use management earnings forecasts to capture corporate voluntary disclosure. Consistent with the opportunism view, but inconsistent with the efficiency argument, our results (including robustness checks) show that offshore firms are less likely to issue earnings forecasts, disclose forecasts less frequently, exhibit a stronger tendency to withhold bad news forecasts, and release less precise forecasts than non-offshore firms. Moreover, of the three distinct dimensions of OFCs’ institutional environment, namely, low taxation, lax regulation, and secrecy policy, each plays a role in negatively shaping firms’ disclosure strategy. Thus, OFCs’ institutional features exacerbate the opacity that plagues firms seeking to avoid taxes via their OFC subsidiaries. Our results are consistent with the notion that, beyond the scope of taxes, multinational firms’ use of OFCs has a corrosive effect on market information dynamics. Hence, OFCs have a much wider impact on the U.S. economy as well as other major economies than just tax avoidance or evasion.

Globalisation, money, taxes – past and present

The article is devoted to changes that have taken place in the world economy and in the econo- mics, starting with the Great Depression of the 1930s to the contemporary Global Crisis. The author pays special attention to the phenomenon of free movement of capital across borders, which lead to weakening of the importance and role of the state.

Excise Tax Structure of the U.S. Airline Industry: Evolving Rationale and Economic Considerations

New and increased excise taxes on U.S. airlines and travelers have been levied without a thorough examination of the aviation tax structure. The evolution of the tax structure and its rationale is traced, the current tax situation is described, and some implications of aviation taxes from the perspective of commercial airlines and air travelers are explored. Once considered a luxury, air travel first faced taxation to discourage its use during World War II. Rerationalized as user fees in the early 1970s, the taxes became a source of maintaining and improving the airport and airway infrastructure. In the 1990s increased aviation excise taxes have been used to reduce the federal deficit, with secondary arguments for environmental protection. Within each period, the level and scope of taxes fluctuated amidst the industry’s transformation into the dominant public mode of intercity travel. Economic uncertainty, rising congestion, and the prevalence of concentration in many markets should make airlines and travelers more attentive than ever to the tax impact on fares, the dedication of revenues to FAA operations and infrastructure enhancement, and the implications for new entry on unserved or underserved domestic routes. Along with these factors, recent depletion of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund has highlighted the urgency of a comprehensive review of aviation tax policy. Such a review could ensure that the rationale for aviation taxation is consistent with the industry’s current role and that competition does not suffer.

The Tests for the Determination of the Scope of Taxes: The Territorial Location of the Object and the Personal Link of the Taxpayer to the Country

The scope of income tax is generally determined in the light of two criteria: the personal link of the taxpayer to the country and the link between the income and the territory of the country imposing the tax. The imposition of tax on the basis of the second of these criteria is known as “the source of the income” approach.A similar term, the doctrine of “source”, was used in the British income tax system to denote a different theory. That theory was based on the idea that all income must have a “source” and that no one ought to be taxed in a given year unless it can be shown that he had a source from which income could be derived during that year. It should be noted, however, that notwithstanding the linguistic resemblance between the terms used for the two theories, in fact they deal with different matters. Hence, though perhaps historically related, the two concepts should not be confused.