Semantic Scope Research Articles

Aristotle and the Problem of Universal Accessibility in Leisure

Leisure is both a necessary precondition for, and the ultimate purpose of, human activities. As such, it is commonly understood as a state of contemplation practiced for its own sake. However, this view raises a problem regarding its universal accessibility. Aristotle’s ethical and political theories demand leisure as a universally embraced way of life, while contemplative leisure appears impractical for common people. There are broadly two approaches to fix this problem: (a) distinguishing leisure of two sorts, and (b) expanding the semantic scope of contemplation. Nevertheless, they both come with certain limitations. I propose redefining leisure as a moral-psychological concept aligned with the allegedly hexis-state of the soul. This redefinition presents leisure as a basic human condition, offering a possible solution to the problem of its universal accessibility.

„Głośnik” – preradiofoniczna historia słowa w polszczyźnie

The starting point of this article is the analysis of texts collected in the Polona.pl database and other databases of the Digital Libraries Federation. Based on these archives, the author outlines the transformation of the semantic scope of the word głośnik – “loudspeaker” – in 19th-century Polish. The functioning of this term is particularly interesting in the context of inventions which, from today’s perspective, appear as precursors of the modern loudspeaker. The development of radio broadcasting after the First World War popularised the contemporary understanding of the term; earlier – pre-radiophonic – uses in the 19th-century cultural press and dictionaries make it possible to trace changes not only within the language itself, but also the entire acoustemology of Polish society of the time. The semantic evolution of the term “loudspeaker” is at the same time a picture of deeper shifts in the perception of the role and meaning of sound. Under the pressure of the cultural policies of the partitioners, the Polish community retreated in its search for national identity to the level of language, and then – under the influence of new media and lifestyles, but also of the profound reforms of the Polish language in the interwar period – interacted with the cultural phenomenon of the new medium, with its help redefining its view of modernity. Key-words: acoustemology, speaker, semantic field, sound history, Polish history

Linguistic Manifestation of Concept of HEALTH in Contemporary Domestic Discursive Practices (Newspaper Corpora)

This study addresses the issue of the linguistic explication of the concept of HEALTH within contemporary domestic media discourse. An investigation has been conducted into the functioning of the conceptual name — the lexeme ‘health’ — through linguistic material derived from contexts extracted from newspaper corpora within the National Corpus of the Russian Language. A corpus-based discursive analysis methodology was employed. Conceptual-metaphorical models that enrich the meaning of the concept and expand its semantic scope have been identified. It is demonstrated that the semantic transformations of the lexeme ‘health’ in its discursive realization reveal reflections on the understanding of the abstract concept of HEALTH as a resource, substance, physical object, mechanism, container, living entity, and more. It has been established that the augmentation of the semantic volume of the concept in contexts of attributive and genitive compatibility illustrates the dissemination of notions regarding health as a normal state or functioning of various entities across a wide array of spiritual, moral, psychological, emotional, social, political, economic, financial, industrial, natural, and cultural domains, including the operational sphere of devices, household items, instruments, and mechanisms. The study concludes with the assertion that the analyzed concept possesses a representative value potential linked to the cognitive dominance of normativity.

A Cognitive Semantic Account of the Preposition “‘bra” in Modern Standard Arabic with Reference to the English “Through”

Prepositions are crucial grammatical devices for indicating location, movement, time, and other meanings. A case in point is the Arabic preposition “‘abra,” which expresses different spatial, temporal, and abstract meanings. Adopting a cognitive semantic perspective, this study investigates ‘abra, its diverse spatial meanings, and metaphorical extensions. It also uses cognitive constructs such as image schemas, prototypes, and conceptual metaphor to demonstrate how various senses of ‘abra can be described based on perceptual properties and cognitive characteristics. In addition, this study compares the meanings of ‘abra with those of its English equivalent (through). This research uses authentic examples from Modern Standard Arabic available through the Sketch Engine website and illustrations created by the researcher. The analytical description involves the basic schema, the prototypical meaning, and the metaphorical extensions. The findings reveal that ‘abra and “through” share a basic image schema and prototypical sense with slight differences resulting from varying conceptualizations. The metaphorical extensions are also similar. The distinctions between the two mostly pertain to the semantic scope in addition to the fact that ‘abra also covers the meaning of the preposition “across.” Generally, this analysis asserts that prepositional meanings are best described using a cognitive semantic framework. The results may be useful in the fields of lexicon, second learning and teaching, as well as translation.

Матеріали до словника традиційних народних промислів (гончарська лексика подільських говірок)

The article analyzes lexical material for the Dictionary of Traditional Folk Crafts. The proposed materials reflect the peculiarities and regional differences of the pottery terminology of Podillia. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that many problems of dialect lexicology have not yet been solved, in particular, a national dictionary of dialects and a dictionary of individual regions of Ukrainian dialects have not been created. The nomination of phenomena and concepts of traditional folk culture is poly-informative, and their fixation and preservation remain an urgent task of modern dialectology. The sources of the factual material are recordings of live folk speech made by the author in 12 (twelve) settlements of Podillia in 1998-1999. The purpose of the research is to review the history of Podillia pottery as a folk craft, as well as to present a fragment of a dictionary of pottery terminology, and to introduce a name to denote the realities of pottery into scientific circulation. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation, which made it possible to identify and systematize colloquial material; the descriptive method was used in the process of analyzing the vernacular speech. Special linguistic methods of research: questionnaires and interviews contributed to the recording of dialect speech, contextual and interpretive analysis allowed to identify transformations of the semantic scope of lexemes functioning in the live speech of speakers of Podillia dialects, linguo-geographical method made it possible to illustrate the habitat of the recorded names. The result of the research is the introduction of lexical material collected during the expedition into scientific circulation. The work on the dictionary of pottery terminology is planned to be continued, streamlining the previously collected vocabulary. Originality. Studying the cultural characteristics of Ukrainians allows not only expanding general knowledge, but also passing on the nation's invaluable experience to future generations. The vocabulary of traditional crafts is a unique basis for enriching the language, a part of cultural and social memory. It is also important to compile dictionaries, as the recording of traditional folk culture concepts is an urgent issue not only for ethnology but also for linguistics. Conclusion. The pottery vocabulary of Podillia dialects is a complex multifaceted system with a clear structure. The study of this vocabulary proves that in terms of area, it shows tendencies towards spatial opposition: some of the lexemes are not found in neighboring dialects (brashne, bohonok, vedrovyi pot, veselce, etc.). We see the prospects for further research in the continuation of work on the compilation of the Dictionary of Podillia Dialects.

Bridging spherical mixture distributions and word semantic knowledge for Neural Topic Modeling

Neural Topic Modeling has attracted significant attention from the Natural Language Processing community due to its black-box inference property and has made some progress. However, existing approaches have three main drawbacks: (1). hard to integrate external semantic knowledge to improve topic quality; (2). the posterior collapse issue of the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) harms the topic diversity; (3). cannot capture the semantic scopes of extracted topics. To address these limitations jointly, we model topics with a mixture of von Mises-Fisher distributions to incorporate word semantic knowledge and propose the Spherical Embedded Topic (SET) model based on the Wasserstein Auto-Encoder. Experiments have been conducted on three widely used text corpora, and the results show that SET obtains more coherent and diverse topics, outperforming the state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, the ability of SET to capture semantic scopes of topics is also validated by our experiments.

NEW MEANINGS OF PERMANENT MEDIA ONYMS WITH COMPONENT INVINCIBILITY

The article is devoted to the analysis of the semantic load of media onyms updated in the infospace of the new time. Today, phrases such as invincible city, invincible people, invincible country, etc. have become dominant in mass communication, which acquire the status of semantically condensed media onyms, and their features are precedent, stable reproducibility, semantic integrity. Due to the fact that these units are expressively and emotionally colored, their semantic scope also changes. The purpose of the article is the analysis of new semantically condensed media onyms, which represent in the mass consciousness conceptualized linguistic phenomena with the component unbreakable, which can be endlessly formed in accordance with the background knowledge of the recipients and the semantic landmarks of the modern infospace: the invincible city (Kyiv, Odesa, Mariupol, Kharkiv, etc.), an invincible mayor (Vitaliy Klitschko, Igor Terekhov, Vitaliy Kim, etc.), an invincible country (Ukraine, Israel, Georgia, etc.). It was noticed that these units are close in their structure and semantic-stylistic potential to media phraseology, which verbalize objective reality and are used in communication as communicative "glues" for the cumulative and manipulative purpose of the message. It has been proven that new constructions become a kind of semantic triggers of media messages in new informational realities: invincible warriors, invincible Irpians, invincible prisoners, invincible armed forces, etc. The article draws attention to the universalization of onyms in the media space: it is about the use of the meaning-making concept INVINCIBILITY, which is used in relation to Ukraine and Ukrainians in the foreign press. Therefore, the formation of new cognitive meanings by media onyms was observed, which was generated by the Russian-Ukrainian war and is a segment of the semiotic system of the globalized information space of the world.

Dynamics of Ecological Issues Reflection in Semantic Content of Lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green] (Dictionary Definitions and Associative Experiments)

This article aims to identify the dynamics of the semantic scope of the lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green] based on dictionary definitions and modern associative experiments. In the dictionaries of the XX century, the lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green] was not associated with the semantic field of “Ecology”. However, in XXI century dictionaries, there is a tendency for the semantic derivative of this word to enter the sphere of designations for various phenomena related to environmental protection. A comparison of dictionaries’ associative norms from different years and modern associative experiments revealed a noticeable dynamic in the ecological component of the associative field of “Zelenyy” [Green]. Correlations between the dynamics of semantic processes and the linguistic consciousness of Russian students are traced. It is established that there is a leading expansion of the ecological component in linguistic consciousness compared to the dynamics of the word’s semantic scope. The differences found can be explained not only by external factors (ecological processes and changes in the state’s environmental policy) but also by value changes in the consciousness of the younger generation. The analysis of associative fields reveals a conceptual shift in the content of the word, namely, a transformation of its content from the sphere of physical objects and processes to the sphere of evaluative relationships. The ambivalent evaluation of the stimulus recorded in the modern experiment reflects the contradictory characteristics of the “green movement” and allows for predicting further derivational trends in the semantics of the lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green].

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL MOTION VERBS IN THE ORIGINAL AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSFER IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic characteristics of adverbial verbs (AVs) of motion were analysed in the original, and the ways of their transfer in the Ukrainian translation were investigated. The analysis of their dictionary entries shows that most of them possess branched semantic structures and include an integral seme which can be either principal or optional. Their syntagmatic potential is quite wide, based on the variety of distributional patterns that were found. Three methods of their translation were registered: variant matches, translation transformations and zero translation (the least frequent). Translation transformations (contextual substitutions) turned out to be the dominant translation method. The following combinatorics of translation options was established: a) transmission of the seme of motion within the structure of the occasional correspondence; b) “leveling” of this seme and actualization of “other action” seme; c) actualization of motion seme in the verbs which don’t have it in their SL semantic structures. Correlation between the factors predetermining translation strategies was established. AVs’ contextual surroundings, with possible incorporation of contextual semes in the semantic structures of these verbs, turned out to be the most influential factor in the translation process. Context, in a broad sense, presupposes obligatory consideration of such parameters as differences in semantic scopes and combinability of words in the SL and TL. Besides, it is also necessary to take into account the factor of compliance of the translation equivalent with the literary norms of the TL. AVs’ right surroundings (post-positive particles) are also quite important, as they enrich their semantics and specify the way of motion. They were mainly rendered by means of prepositions, adverbs and a variety of prefixes as a substitute of SL prepositions. In order to achieve adequacy of translation, the translator resorted to different lexical and grammatical transformations, such as: specification of meaning, modulation, substitution of parts of speech, permutation, addition and antonymous translation. Individual AVs with connotative overtones presented the greatest problem for the translator. Translation is a synthesis of objective and subjective factors. Translator’s individuality and expertise predetermine the quality of the final product.

DECODING THE SEMANTIC VOLUME OF NOUNS WITH THE VERBAL MODALITY MÜSSEN: THE SYNERGISTIC DIMENSION OF LEAST EFFORT

The presented work is one of the stages of noun research within a certain verbal modality. The focus of the article lies in the study of the generating noun content in relation to the verbal modality müssen in German from the perspective of linguosynergetic scientific paradigm, which considers language as a complex dynamic system capable of self-organization and self-regulation. In this study methodologically important is the position that the synergetic law of making the least effort and conservation of speech energy is the driving factor of language development. In a synergetic sense, the author of the article draws parallels between the dictionary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extraverbal reality and the mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of contributions, but constitutes a structured hierarchical system of such contributions. If lexical units in the synergetic sense and their meanings at the language level contain coded structured information, then in the same aspect the paper considers the implementation of the word in one of its meanings at the speech level as information decoding. The linguosynergetic format of the research proposed in this article assumes that language as a self-regulating system under the influence of external energy and information has developed a mechanism of different representations of nouns in syntactic constructions with different verbal modality in German-language fiction and press. The results obtained on the basis of the synergetic-quantitative approach are extrapolated to linguosynergetic models of self-organization of noun names according to the principle of minimization of efforts, which directs the human mental lexicon to optimal decoding of semantic volume of polysemic or monosemic nouns in relation to the verbal modality müssen in German-language fiction and press. It was proved that since the closest distances in the lexical structure of a word at the linguistic level are the closest in comparison with the structures of knowledge of the human mental lexicon, the construction of noun content in modern German on the synergetic principle of conservation of speech energy and minimization of efforts is the most optimal way of directing the mental lexicon of a person to decoding the semantic scope of the closets (main) meanings of the polysemic and unambiguous monosemic word models.

SYNCHRONOUS AND DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SUFFIXAL FORMANTS AS A METHOD OF THEIR STUDY

Particular characteristics of suffixal complication, which has an articulated dynamic nature, require the application of synchronous and diachronic approaches to their study. Synchronous and diachronic study of complex formants implies the consideration of the previous historical changes when analysing synchronous states, as well as the study of dynamic processes in the word-formational, lexical and semantic subsystems of a language in determinate historical stages of its development. The method of synchronous and diachronic analysis of word-formation models with genetically complex word-formation affixes is presented by the example of the suffix -nits(a) with an object meaning. Synchronous and diachronic analysis of derived words with the suffix -nits(a), which implies the study of systemic relations between the nouns with the suffix -nits(a) in the Old Russian in the different stages of its development, reveals a genetic connection and a historical interaction of the modern Russian word-formation types with the suffixes -nits(a) and -n(ya), which are close semantically and include the derived words with the meaning of container and premises. The suffix -nits(a) with an object meaning is formed in the suffixal complication models “-n(ya) + -its(a)” in the nomina loci group. During its historical development, an extension of the semantic scope of application of the complex formant -nits(a) is observed, and its meaning transcends the boundaries of the names of premises group. The structural and functional evolvement of a new complex formant is empowered both by the peculiarities of nomina loci derivation and by the analogous influence of structurally and semantically close lexical units. The historical development of the suffix -nits(a) results in the following changes in its relations with the suffix -n(ya): the transition from the motivation relations to the relations of co-derivation, the increased productivity of the new complex formant, its prevalence in the competition with the genetically related suffix -n(ya).

Words with the root <i>жи(ть)</i> in biological and medical lexicon

The article describes and analyzes words with the ancient root жи(ть), which have undergone terminologicalisation. Nowadays, the focus of the research is the issue of the terminological vocabulary influence on the development of language as a whole. In order to reveal the semantic potential of the words with the root жи(ть), we studied these words in biological and medical terminology. The subject of our study is focused on the semantics of these words, since biology studies different aspects of life of living beings, medicine is concerned with healing people, and the words we are interested in denote signs, actions and processes related to all animate things. The research material is based on dictionaries of biological (botanical, zoological) and medical terms, explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, which reveal the semantic scope of the words of interest and provide interpretations of their meanings. The research was carried out using the descriptive method and the method of dictionary definitions. We considered the word-forming and semantic features of the words with the root жи(ть) serving as names of different scientific objects (plants and animals), phenomena, features, properties, methods, actions and processes using the material of biological and medical terminology. The article describes the interaction and interpenetration of common and terminological words and identifies two-component terminological word-combinations, in which words with the given root are used, to define objects at the level of species nomination. As a result of the study, we found more than one hundred medical and biological terms with the root жи(ть); determined terminological word-formation chains; highlighted the terminological homonymy and sub-spheres in biological and medical terminology (botanical, zoological, entomological and pharmaceutical), in forensic medicine, space medicine, etc. We have come to the conclusion that the words with the root жи(ть) are used to nominate plants, living organisms, processes in living organisms, biological formations, abilities of living organisms and diseases.

Key thematic groups of vocabulary in the comedy

INTRODUCTION. A comedy in five acts by the Russian dramatist Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky “The Forest” (1823–1886) is one of the most perfect and complex in terms of plot structure of the Russian playwright. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to study the language of one of the most complex plays by A.N. Ostrovsky, the lexical and phraseological features of which have not received detailed coverage in domestic science. The purpose of the study is to identify the key thematic groups of vocabulary in the comedy of A.N. Ostrovsky “The Fo rest”.MATERIALS AND METHODS. During the analysis of linguistic units, structural-semantic and linguostylistic research methods are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Analysis of the lexical-semantic organization of A.N. Ostrovsky’s comedy “The Forest” showed that the words and phraseological units of the key semantic fields “Theater” and “The Forest” reflect the problems and conflict of the play, evaluate the characters of the work, their actions and deeds.CONCLUSION. The identified words and phraseological units, objectified by theatrical vocabulary, vocabulary of flora and fauna, are text-forming in nature and reflect the solutions to the artistic problems of the author, who uses linguistic units in both direct and figurative meanings, which often expands the semantic scope of linguistic signs.

Semantic scope ambiguity in gapping and non-constituent coordination: a generative analysis

Semantic scope ambiguity in gapping and non-constituent coordination: a generative analysis

Comparative analysis of the conceptual features of the concepts of YOUTH and JUVENTUD in Russian and Spanish linguistic cultures

In modern linguistics, research is actively developing aimed at cognizing the surrounding reality, verbalized by linguistic units of a particular language. At the same time, of course, interdisciplinary research, including both linguistic and extralinguistic data, is of particular value. The relevance of our article is the comparison of the concepts of YOUTH and JUVENTUD as fragments of the linguistic picture of the world of the Russian-speaking and Spanish-speaking peoples based on the synthesis of linguocultural and linguocognitive approaches to the study of concepts. The purpose of the work is to identify and compare the conceptual features of the above-mentioned concepts in Russian and Spanish linguistic cultures based on lexicographic sources and using extralinguistic socio-demographic data. The results obtained can find practical application in lexicographical activity. In our study, the conceptual features of the concepts of YOUTH and JUVENTUD were reconstructed based on the data of explanatory, encyclopedic, etymological dictionaries of the Russian and Spanish languages. The conceptual features of the mentioned concepts were identified by understanding the semantic scope of the names of the concepts: the lexemes youth, young in Russian and juventud, joven – in Spanish. Despite the fact that the concept of YOUTH was previously the subject of scientific analysis in the works of Russian linguists, a comparative study of the conceptual features of the concepts of YOUTH and JUVENTUD in Russian and Spanish linguistic cultures has not been conducted before, which is the novelty of the article. It was revealed that the coinciding conceptual features include: 1) a certain life stage of a person between adolescence and adulthood; 2) characteristic of youth; 3) the first stage of life / existence (about an animal, plant, phenomenon); 4) younger in age or time. It was also found that the period of youth for speakers of Spanish linguoculture covers a greater number of years, compared with the same period in Russian linguoculture, which is due to extralinguistic factors – a longer life expectancy in a Spanish-speaking society. In addition, for native Russian speakers, YOUTH is often associated with ‘immaturity, weakness’, while in Spanish linguoculture JUVENTUD is perceived as a period of ‘flourishing, strength, energy'.

Неологизмы – названия профессий в русском языке: системный и функциональный аспекты

The article presents the results of the analysis on neologisms denoting professions (including colloquial and/or representing collocations) obtained through a survey of native speakers of the Russian language, using the method of distributive semantics (RusVectores service) and the language model with artificial intelligence ChatGPT. All three methods for identifying neologisms – the names of professions – were evaluated and compared, both in quantitative terms and in terms of content. The most effective was a survey of native speakers of the Russian language; the least effective was the method of distributive semantics (RusVectores service). Extralinguistic factors in the emergence of new job titles are identified: the appearance of new and intensive development of existing professional fields, their diversification, the influence of another language on professional usage, the need for prestigious modern titles of existing jobs. An active addition of neologisms to a group of vocabulary in the areas of creating and disseminating information and helping practices has been revealed, where the blurring of the boundaries of existing jobs leads to an expansion of the semantic scope of existing job titles, and a large number of designations for narrow specialists appear. For titles of jobs not related to these areas, new synonyms appear less actively. The area associated with information processing is characterized by semantic shifts in the titles already used in the language. Despite the fact that neologisms-borrowings are common in the sphere of profession nomination, they are often replaced by original synonyms, or such synonyms successfully compete with borrowings.

Semantic scope of Indus inscriptions comprising taxation, trade and craft licensing, commodity control and access control: archaeological and script-internal evidence

This article studies the semantic scope of the yet undeciphered Indus script inscriptions, which are mostly found on tiny seals, sealings, and tablets. Building on previous structural analyses, which reveal that Indus script was semasiographic and/or logographic in nature, this study analyses the combinatorial patterns of Indus script signs, and the geographical distribution of the inscriptions, to establish that the inscriptions did not encode any proper noun, such as anthroponyms, toponyms, or names of specific organizations. Analyzing various archaeological contexts of the inscribed objects—e.g., seals found concentrated near city gates (e.g., Harappa), craft workshops (e.g., Chanhu-daro), and public buildings (e.g., Mohenjo-daro), often along with standardized Indus weights that were used for taxation; sealings attached to various storage containers and locking systems of “warehouse” chambers as indicated by their reverse-side impressions (e.g., the sealings of Lothal “warehouse”); inscribed sealing-pendants of Kanmer, conjectured to be passports/gate-passes by archaeologists; and seals with identical inscriptions often found from distant settlements—this study claims that the inscribed stamp-seals were primarily used for enforcing certain rules involving taxation, trade/craft control, commodity control and access control. Considering typological and functional differences between the seals and tablets, and analyzing certain numerical and metrological notations (, , , ) typically found at the reverse sides of many two-sided tablets whose obverse sides contain seal-like inscriptions, this study argues that such tablets were possibly trade/craft/commodity-specific licenses issued to tax-collectors, traders, and artisans. These reverse-side tablet inscriptions possibly encoded certain standardized license fees for certain fixed license slabs, whereas their obverse-side inscriptions specified the commercial activities licensed to the tablet-bearers. These seals/tablets were possibly issued by certain guilds of merchants/artisans, and/or region-based rulers or governing bodies, who collaborated in the integration phase of IVC, to standardize certain taxation rules and trade/craft regulations across settlements. The seal/tablet iconographies might have been the emblems of the guilds, rulers, and/or governing bodies.

Emphasizing Writing Acts: The Exclamation Point in German as a Lexical Operator for Verum

Abstract This paper is concerned with the interpretation of the exclamation point in German; for example, Es hat geschneit! ‘It has been snowing!’. I argue that the exclamation point contributes a lexical operator for verum at the layer of writing acts. Specifically, it introduces the writer’s wish to ensure the recognition of the writing act in its scope. This lexicon-based proposal builds on a lexicon-based analysis of verum focus. However, while verum focus is related to the propositional layer, the exclamation point is argued to relate to the act layer. The following advantages are defended: (i) The proposal accounts for both the functional kinship between exclamation points and verum focus and their distributional differences. On the one hand, both means introduce affirmative emphasis by a bouletic attitude; on the other hand, the exclamation point has a much wider distribution than verum focus, as it is not bound to contexts that provide a controversy between a proposition and its negation. (ii) The difference in semantic scope can be traced back to a structural difference. While verum focus is integrated into its host clause, exclamation points occupy a peripheral structural position, which is typical of act modifiers. (iii) The lexicon-based approach to the interpretation of exclamation points has noteworthy broader implications. It provides an independent cross-modal piece of evidence in favor of a lexicon-based analysis of verum focus instead of a focus-based one. Furthermore, it is amenable to a formal compositional implementation. This implementation comprises first steps toward a formal model of writing acts in terms of Commitment Space Semantics and advances the general hypothesis that the graphematic form licenses a systematic mapping from form to meaning in its own right.

Analysis of the Unbalanced Phenomenon of the Antonyms "More" and "Less"

"More" and "Less" are a pair of antonyms that we often use in both spoken and written language. They always appear in pairs, but there are significant differences in the semantic scope, word formation, collocation, and frequency of use between the two, resulting in an imbalance of antonyms. This article mainly analyzes the imbalance phenomenon of this pair of antonyms from the four aspects mentioned above.

The semantic scope of English animal-specific surnames

The semantic scope of English animal-specific surnames