Scope Economy Research Articles

Spatial disparities and sources analysis of co-benefits between air pollution and carbon reduction in China

Spatial misallocation of resource elements impedes the coordination in regional co-benefit in carbon emission and pollution reduction. Guided by scope economy principles, this study aims to quantifies co-benefits and explores spatial variation patterns to facilitate mutual synergy. The findings offer valuable insights for identifying optimal focus points and shaping targeted collaborative policies. Based on the multi-source provincial panel data spanning 2000 to 2021, this paper quantitatively assesses the co-benefit through the lens of marginal abatement cost. Then, the Dagum Gini coefficient was employed to investigate the disparities at the spatial level. Additionally, geographical detector is introduced to analyze the source of disparities at the factor level. Results indicate: (1) Under joint reduction, the marginal abatement cost reduces by 57.86% and 79.97% respectively, with an overall 68.77% increase in co-benefit fluctuation. (2) Provinces with low co-benefit significantly decreased after 2007, while provinces with high co-benefit concentrated in the northwest, southwest, and east. (3) Overall disparities decreased, east-central regions hold the lowest spatial disparities in co-benefit and east-west hold the most; intragroup differences and supervariable density primarily contributes to the disparity. (4) FDI significantly influence the co-benefit over the past two decades, with spatial disparities influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors across development stages.

Based On “Long Tail” Theory to Solve Finance Difficulties of SMEs with Internet Finance

Base on the “long tail” theory put forward by Anderson, this paper analyzes the availability of Internet finance to solve the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises (SMEs). The SMEs mentioned above is the “long tail” demanded by finance. On the one hand, the application technology of big data in the Internet can be used to identify the financing needs of “long tail” SMEs. On the other hand, with the effects of external economy, the effects of scale economy and those of scope economy exerted on the markets of the financing of SMEs, the fund supply to SMEs will increase. In traditional financial markets, the SMEs, due to the “hyper-normal” credit rationing, were often rationed out of standard financial system. As a result, the financial supply curve bent backward. However, with the rapid development of Internet finance, the rationing degree of financial credit is relieved, the financing gaps in SMEs is offset to some extent, and the allocation of financial resources is optimized, providing a new idea to solve the financing difficulties in SMEs. Finally, this paper puts forward relevant proposals about Internet finance to solve the financing difficulties of SMEs.

Research on layout optimization of logistics network of metropolitan area based on hub-and-spoke theory

In order to give full play to the role of regional logistics in the regional economic development of the metropolitan area, a kind of hub-and-spoke regional logistics network based on hub-and-spoke model was established, which has the characteristics of hub-and-spoke network scale economy, scope economy, density economy and structure economy. Seventeen technical and economic indicators are sorted out from regional economy, industrial and commercial development, transportation infrastructure development and logistics industry development, and 35 counties and districts in the Capital metropolitan area are used as the research objects in 2020. The model is used to determine the network layout among node cities and to optimize the logistics network in the Capital metropolitan area.

Processing profile for quantifiers in verb phrase ellipsis: Evidence for grammatical economy

Quantifier Raising leaves no overt marking to indicate movement has occurred, making the task of identifying when raising has occurred extremely difficult for the parser. Beyond this challenge, evidence from interpretation and judgement studies suggests that raising causes difficulty in processing. These two aspects taken together have led some to suggest that human sentence processor employs a strategy in which the construction of raised structures is avoided, commonly called processing scope economy. This contrasts to the traditional notion of grammatical scope economy, where Quantifier Raising is restricted in the grammar. In this paper we discuss the properties of these two theories. We conclude that the two approaches make different predictions about when raising should occur online, with processing scope economy predicting that the parser avoids raising whenever possible and grammatical scope economy predicting that the parser raises regularly and sometimes produces ungrammatical structures in the process. We then present an experiment which examines complex scope structures in verb phrase ellipsis to observe when penalties related to Quantifier Raising are observed online. We find that penalties appear in configurations where Quantifier Raising would be ungrammatical under grammatical scope economy, suggesting the parser attempts Quantifier Raising in these configurations. This evidence indicates that the parser’s behavior matches the predictions of grammatical scope economy rather than those of processing scope economy.

Research on the Impact Mechanism and Application of Financial Digitization and Optimization on Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Background. With the continuous advancement of digital technology and the accelerated development of digital finance, the rise of digital finance has had a vital impact on the true evolution of SMEs. The digital economy has a significant positive impact on the productivity of SMEs. Method. This article first analyzes the digital level of SMEs, studies the incentive effect of digital finance on the level of technological revolution of SMEs, and analyzes the mitigation effect of digital finance evolution on the financing constraints of SMEs. At the same time, it also studies how to develop the digital economy and achieve high-quality business evolution. Result. The digital economy can promote the growth of enterprise productivity through four indirect ways: scale economy effect, scope economy effect, technological revolution effect, and management benefit effect. Conclusion. The Financial Technology Optimization program helps financial leaders adopt new digital technologies to optimize financial processes while minimizing disruption.

Technical efficiency estimation of China's environmental protection enterprises and its heterogeneity.

The status of technical efficiency (TE) of environmental protection enterprises is crucial to the sustainable economic development. Based on the micro-survey data of China's environmental protection enterprises from 2003 to 2013, through a systematic calculation and comparison about TE level under stochastic frontier analysis, this article investigated the distribution characteristics and heterogeneous sources of them comprehensively and found that first, there are wide-ranging technical efficiency differences among sub-sectors, ownership, and regions within China's environmental protection industry, and this type of heterogeneity was significantly interfered by the institution and policy environment. Second, there is obvious scale economy effect and no scope economy effect in the TE distribution of China's environmental protection enterprises, and their TE level has a positive response to management improvement and competition enhancement, but has a negative feedback on heavy asset expansion and debt-driven growth mode. Third, the overall TE levels of non-state-owned enterprises are higher than that of state-owned enterprises; the overall TE levels of enterprises located in the eastern provinces are higher than those of enterprises located in the central and western provinces. Fourth, reducing tax burdens of environmental protection enterprises is more effective to promote their TE level than providing governmental subsidies directly. Therefore, to promote the quality of the development for China's environmental protection industry, it is necessary to emphasize the market mechanism. Based on the market power, we should accelerate the industry integration, cultivate the market demand, and promote market competition. Furthermore, the government should also need to design a targeted support system and differentiated policy arrangements for the development of environmental protection enterprises.

Study on New Media Platform Operation Model Based on Bilateral Market Economy

In the process of development, new media presents a completely different development mode from traditional media, namely, platform development mode. Under the effect of network effect, the new media platform can quickly gather a large number of users, and integrate the resources of all the endpoints on the platform through the platform operation, so that the information production becomes efficient and the phenomenon of collaborative production appears. The value of media platform development is mainly reflected in the construction of its bilateral economic model, and the key to the construction of the bilateral model lies in the transformation from the scale economy of the demand side to the scope economy of the supply side. This paper explores a service-oriented new media operation platform under the bilateral market economy mode, to construct a price structure for bilateral users, from the perspective of free mechanism, attention economy and supply side economies of scope. This new media operation platform can break the barriers of single information flow, build unlimited value-added services, promote the integration of information flow, capital flow and logistics platform, and thus create a service-oriented new media platform.

An investigation of numeral quantifiers in English

There exist a broad range of theories which model quantifier scope (Ruys & Winter 2011). The empirical coverage and predictions of three theories: Quantifier Raising (May 1985) with Scope Economy (Fox 2000), Feature Checking (Beghelli & Stowell 1997), and Choice Functions (Winter 1997) are tested using a sentence-picture verification task. Speakers rated the quality of sentences with bare and modified numeral quantifiers in surface and inverse scope conditions. In Experiment 1, it was discovered that bare numerals marginally resisted inverse scope, contra the predictions of (Beghelli & Stowell 1997). Experiment 2 revealed that the scope of numerals is clause-bound, in argument against the theory of Choice Functions which predict extra-clausal scope for existential quantifiers. The results suggest that a modified QR theory best accounts for the observed data.

Argument Ellipsis and Scope Economy in Japanese

AbstractIn this article, I show that in Japanese, while some focus elements obligatorily take wide scope with respect to scope‐bearing predicative heads, argument ellipsis reverses this scope possibility, so that narrow‐scope interpretation of the focus element is obligatory. I further show that Scope Parallelism (Fox 2000) overrides this narrow‐scope requirement for elided arguments; when the antecedent clause exhibits scope interaction, the elided clause shows the parallel wide‐scope option. I argue that such scope possibilities fall out from the interaction of the derivational‐PF‐deletion analysis of ellipsis (Takahashi 2013, 2017), the Morphological Merger of predicative heads (Shibata 2015), and Scope Economy and Parallelism (Fox 2000).

A Principled Explanation on the Quantifier Scope Phenomena

The purpose of this study is to present a principled explanatory alternative mechanism for the scope puzzling phenomena in the quantifier constructions. For this, Multiple Agree (Chomsky 2001; Hiraiwa 2000), Phase (Chomsky 1998, 1999), Phase higher evaluation (Chomsky 1999), Feature-inheritance from Phase (Chomsky 2005, 2013, 2014), INT (Chomsky 1999, 2001) and semantic Duality of the Interface (Boeckx 2008; Chomsky 2005; Grohmann 2003; Kim 2018) are adopted. In addition, [±D]-feature is posited on the basis of the interpretation of θ–domain. By using this system, the DOC construction, the counterexample to Hornstein’s (1995, 1999) A-movement for Case-checking account, the counterexample to Fox’s (1995, 2000) Scope Economy account, and the bi-clausal quantifier sentence are solved. Not only that, the c-command and Fox’s (2000) Revised Modularity Hypothesis are also explained in a natural manner.

The Thought Uniqueness Hypothesis

A novel principle, the Thought Uniqueness Hypothesis (TUH), unifies several restrictions on interpretation that work in theoretical semantics has observed, in particular the following: binding and scope economy of Fox (2000, MIT Press), and constraints on types (Heim 2017, unpublished; Hirsch 2017, MIT Dissertation). The principle not only derives these phenomena, but makes additional novel pre- dictions such as a reduction of superiority and D-linking data and the interaction of i-within-i phenomena with coordination. Furthermore the principle exhibits close similarities to current work on exhaustification and efficiency (Meyer 2013, MIT Dissertation) with a potential for further unification. The statement of the TUH is most natural on a realizational view of grammar, where conceptual representations are generated by a non-linguistic system, and then realized by the linguistic sys- tem. It therefore argues against the view that surface word order plays a role in interpretation (Chomsky 1970, TEC Co., and others).

Why is children’s interpretation of doubly quantified sentences non-isomorphic?

AbstractThe initial hypothesis examined in this paper is that Hungarian preschoolers assign to sentences containing two numerical quantifiers and a distributivity marker the same isomorphic distributive interpretation as Hungarian adults do. This hypothesis is partially refuted by Experiment 1, a truth value judgement task, and Experiment 2, a forced choice task, which show that children can access distributive readings, however, they tend to accept both isomorphic and inverse scope. Experiment 3, an act-out task, demonstrates that if there are no strong pragmatic cues to enforce a distributive interpretation, children’s primary interpretation is the collective reading. This leads us to the formulation of a new hypothesis: if the default reading of a doubly quantified sentence for preschoolers is the collective interpretation, in line with scope economy, then a distributive reading always represents the revision of the collective interpretation. This is confirmed by Experiment 4, showing that inverse answers have an increased reaction time. The new hypothesis can explain the lack of isomorphism in children’s interpretation of distributive scope as follows: since the distributive reading is dissociated from the linear flow of speech, the linear order of the two quantifiers does not necessarily determine scope order; children can base relative scope on the hierarchy of grammatical functions, on pragmatic cues, etc.

Scale and Scope Economies of Chinese Property-Liability Insurance Industry

Based on the framework of industrial organization, the paper adopts the Translog model to determine the scale and scope economies of the property-liability insurance industry in China. We make use of the data of all insurers in China between 2012 and 2014 and use the insurance claims and premium to measure the output of the industry. The result of the model reveals that when measuring insurance claims as output, all insurers exhibit economies of scale, except for the result of large insurers in 2013. When measuring premium as output, large insurers exhibit diseconomies of scale, while small insurers have economies of scale. In general, operating multiple product line leads to scope economy.

Study on the Third Industrial Revolution and Paradigm Transformation of China’s Manufacturing Industry—Based on Theoretical Analysis of Scale Economy and Scope Economy

After the US subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, European and American developed countries have deepened “the third industrial revolution” characterized by intelligence, digitization and individualization in the global market, so as to promote their industry. This brand-new industrial revolution tide will deeply change the paradigm of traditional manufacturing industry. Through the extensive application of advanced manufacturing technology like 3D print technology, flexible production technology and reconfigurable production system, the importance of large-scale standardized production under the guidance of scale economy in modern market declines gradually, and more and more attention is paid to the scope economy idea that can adapt to the market rapidly and satisfy consumers’ individualized needs. By analyzing the trend and essence of the third industrial revolution, this paper expounds the impacts that might be caused to Chinese traditional manufacturing industry, such as the reduction of labor cost advantage, localization and decentralization of production mode, gradual deepening of service degree in manufacturing industry, and suppression on the traditional industry upgrading path and industrialization process. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of scale economy and scope economy, the ideological transformation from scale economy to scope economy is further proposed; theoretical analysis is made for the applicability of these two under the environment of the third industrial revolution, and the theoretical basis and development direction for paradigm transformation of Chinese manufacturing industry in the future are pointed out.

"Product Variety, Complexity and the Bottleneck of Coordination"

This paper studies the coordination challenges facing firms that pursue variety as their main product strategy. We propose that product variety magnifies the tension between scale economy in production and scope economy in distribution. As a result, firms with greater variety are more prone to coordination challenges between production and distribution due to complex sourcing relationships among plants and distribution units. While organization design, such as a hierarchical sourcing structure involving hubs, reduces coordination complexity, they nevertheless create bottlenecks for coordination. To test these hypotheses, we empirically examine sourcing and operational data for about 300 distribution centers (DCs) within a major soft drink bottling company in 2008-2011. We find support for our hypotheses that product variety increases the complexity of inter-unit sourcing relationships, complex sourcing relationships negatively affect coordination performance, and that controlling for the complexity of inter-unit sourcing relationships, units sourcing through a hub will experience worse coordination performance than units that do not source through a hub. These results illuminate the source of interdependencies and the challenge of organization design in coordinating product variety.

Measuring efficiency and scope economies of cogeneration enterprises in Northeast China under the background of energy saving and emission reduction

Cogeneration is internationally recognized as an important way to save energy and improve environment. At present, the cogeneration scale in China has been ranked at the second place all round the world. China formulated relevant laws, regulations and technology policies to actively encourage and support the development of cogeneration. This article selects 62 Northeast regional Chinese cogeneration enterprises' financial data from 2003 to 2007, and analyzes the impact of the electric power industry deregulation to cogeneration enterprises' performance by using a partial frontier nonparametric. Further more, we study whether the cogeneration enterprises actualize horizontal scope economy by comparing with the thermal power alone or heat production alone enterprises. Results show that the factory network separation and regional market trial reform can promote the cost efficiency of both five major power group cogeneration enterprises and independent cogeneration enterprises. Compared to five group enterprises, the scope economies index of the independent cogeneration enterprises is lower, the unbundling reform and northeast regional market trial reform have a negative impact on cogeneration enterprises to achieve scope economies and improve cost efficiency.

Comparative Quantifiers and Negation: Implications for Scope Economy

Comparative Quantifiers and Negation: Implications for Scope Economy

CP-Negation and the Domain of Quantifier Raising

CP-Negation and the Domain of Quantifier Raising

The Bottleneck: Product Variety and Coordination Failures at A Major Soft Drink Bottling Company

This paper studies the coordination challenges facing firms that pursue variety as their main product strategy. We propose that product variety magnifies the tension between scale economy in production and scope economy in distribution. As a result, firms with greater variety are more prone to coordination problems between production and distribution due to extensive sourcing relationships among plants and distribution centers (DCs). To test these hypotheses, we empirically examine sourcing and operational performance across about 300 DCs within a major soft drink bottling company in 2008–2011. We find that DCs carrying a larger variety of products tend to source from a larger number of other units (DCs or plants). In addition, DCs that source from more units experience a higher level of stockouts, where customer orders are not completely filled. We also exploit a change in organization structure to examine the impact of integration on coordination. We find that integration reduces stockouts. These results suggest that the pursuit of scale economy in upstream production and the pursuit of scope economy in downstream distribution create interdependencies and, consequently, coordination challenges.

A note on subsidy-free prices and scope economies

The necessary admissible range of subsidy-free prices is bounded from above by the incremental scope economy measure for the service – the difference between total scope economies and the scope economies associated with the complement of the service. These incremental scope economy measures provide an alternative, though no less computationally burdensome, approach for deriving sufficient (necessary) conditions for subsidy-free prices.