Scirpus Grossus Research Articles

Application of Scirpus grossus fiber as a sound absorber

The application of Scirpus grossus (SG) fiber as a sound absorber is important to reduce the level of noise affected the physical and mental wellbeing of people. The sound absorption coefficient (SAC) and noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of the SG specimen were evaluated based on a typical model-based design using the data analysis with MATLAB. The results showed that SG specimen with a thickness of 20 mm coated with the perforated aluminum sheet (PAS) compared to that without coating can improve the capability of sound absorption by 14% at the frequency of 4000 Hz. SG specimen coated with PAS that has a NRC value of 0.39 can absorb 39% of sound and thus reflects 61% of sound wave while SG specimen without coating that has a NRC value of 0.23 absorbs 23% of sound and can reflect 77% of sound wave. The sound absorption class of D for SG specimen coated with PAS should be better that of E for SG specimen without coating, which permits us to get better understanding on the applications of SG fiber as a sound adsorber in the future.

PEMULIHAN PERAIRAN TERCEMAR MENGGUNAKAN MAKROFITA AIR

Indonesia possesses a potential and diverse biodiversity of plants that can be utilized as phytoremediation agents. One of the ecosystems frequently encountering pollution is the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, this research is conducted to identify the diversity of aquatic macrophytes with the potential for water remediation efforts. The method employed is qualitative descriptive based on literature review. The literature study revealed 30 species of aquatic macrophytes, with 15 species prominently utilized for environmental remediation. Among these, Ipomea aquatica and Scirpus grossus emerge as the most widely employed aquatic macrophytes.

Domestic wastewater reduction using constructed wetlands

Domestic wastewater is household liquid waste that comes from sinks, bathrooms, and wastewater from washing machines. In Johan Pahlawan Sub-district, West Aceh District, the community and government's concern is still low towards achieving environmental health where the coverage of wastewater management has not been optimized. This is shown by people who do not manage wastewater properly. One of the alternative domestic wastewater management technologies is the concept of constructed wetlands with phytoremediation techniques. This study aims to determine the efficiency of reducing wastewater concentrations using phytoremediation with Eichhornia Crassipes plants, Pandanus amaryllifolius plants and Scirpus grossus plants. After the phytoremediation process with the concept of CWs-SF and CWs-SSF, it shows that the use of pandanus has not been effective in reducing contaminant levels in domestic wastewater. While Eichhornia Crassipes and Scirpus grossus plants are much better at reducing wastewater concentrations. The efficiency of reducing BOD values with a contact time of 3 to 9 days can reduce BOD levels by 80%-91%, COD and TSS can reduce the wastewater to 89%-90%, the temperature of the wastewater has been qualified with Eichhornia Crassipes and wlingen plants with 290C, and the pH of the wastewater has increased to 7.5-8.

Elimination of mixed ibuprofen and paracetamol from spiked domestic wastewater via a pilot continuous aerated sub-surface constructed wetland system

In this study, we proposed three vegetated constructed wetlands (CWs) together with a non-vegetated CW acting as a control in a continuous sub-surface flow system (CSSFS) designed for the remediation of mixed pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen and paracetamol with concentrations of 600 and 60 μg/L, respectively) spiked in domestic wastewater and operated at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) for 3, 4, and 5 days. The CWs were vegetated with Scirpus grossus (20 plants per m2) and supplied with a 2.0 L/min constant aeration rate for 21 days. The main results revealed that the highest removals for ibuprofen and paracetamol from contaminated wastewater were 99 and 94 %, respectively, for CW at HRT of 5 days, and 89 and 66 % removal of ibuprofen and paracetamol, respectively, for CW at HRT of 3 days. The bacteria population in the rhizosphere was believed to assist this remediation, since a system with higher colony forming units had degraded higher ibuprofen and paracetamol (CFU in CW with HRT of 5 days was significantly higher at p < 0.05 than HRT of 3 days). While the lowest removal occurred in CW with HRT of 5 days, without the existence of vegetation (54 % for ibuprofen and 63 % for paracetamol), plants had performed a significant role in ibuprofen and paracetamol removal from wastewater. The symbiotic effects of bacteria and plants for biodegradation of ibuprofen and paracetamol would be the key strength of the present study.

Comparative performance of Scirpus grossus for phytotreating mixed dye wastewater in batch and continuous pilot subsurface constructed wetland systems

Dye is one of the pollutants found in water bodies because of the increased growth of the textile industry. In this study, Scirpus grossus was planted inside a constructed wetland to treat mixed dye (methylene blue and methyl orange)-containing wastewater under batch and continuous modes. The plants were exposed to various concentrations (0, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) of mixed dye for 72 days (with hydraulic retention time of 7 days for the continuous system). Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, pH, temperature, ionic content, and plant growth parameters were measured. Results showed that S. grossus can withstand all the tested dye concentrations until the end of the treatment period. Color removal efficiencies of 86, 84, and 75% were obtained in batch mode, whereas 90%, 85%, and 79% were obtained in continuous mode for 50, 75, and 100 mg/L dye concentrations, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared analysis confirmed the transformation of dye compounds after treatment and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that most of the intermediate compounds were not absorbed into plants but adsorbed onto the surface of the root structure.

Pengolahan Limbah Cair Depo Pemasaran Ikan Kabupaten Sidoarjo Menggunakan Tumbuhan Mansiang (Scirpus grossus) dengan Sistem Kontiyu Reaktor

Depo Pemasaran Ikan is the largest fish trading place in Sidoarjo Regency. It’s activities produce problems in the form of liquid waste originating from fish washing residue, fish washing waste that is brownish in color, cloudy and has a fishy smell, which has a very high content of organic matter and far so that it can pollute the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the decrease in the degree of acidity (pH), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and ammonium (NH4-N) in the waste using Scirpus grossus. The independent variable used was the variation in the number of plants (without plants, 5 plants and 10 plants). The waste used comes from the Fish Market Depot, Sidoarjo distric. The study began with the acclimatization process, then phytoremediation tests were carried out. Based on laboratory analysis, it was known that the best change in pH was obtained from a reactor with 10 plants, while the best COD and NH-4N were obtained from a reactor without plants.

Lead (Pb) removal from contaminated water using constructed wetland planted with Scirpus grossus: Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and assessment of rhizobacterial addition

Lead (Pb) is one of the toxic heavy metals that pollute the environment as a result of industrial activities. This study aims to optimize Pb removal from water by using horizontal free surface flow constructed wetland (HFSFCW) planted with Scirpus grossus. Optimization was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) under Box–Behnken design with the operational parameters of initial Pb concentration, retention time, and aeration. Optimization results showed that 37 mg/L of initial Pb concentration, 32 days of retention time, and no aeration were the optimum conditions for Pb removal by using the systems. Validation test was run under two different conditions, namely, non-bioaugmented and bioaugmented with rhizobacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, Brevibacillus choshinensis, and Rhodococcus rhodochrous). Results of the validation test showed that Pb removal in water achieved 99.99% efficiency with 0.2% error from the RSM prediction, while the adsorption of Pb by plants reached 5160.18 mg/kg with 10.6% error from the RSM prediction. The bioaugmentation of the five rhizobacterial species showed a slight improvement in Pb removal from water and Pb adsorption by plants. However, no significant improvement was achieved (p < 0.05). Overall results suggested that operating the HFSFCW under optimum conditions with no bioaugmentation might be a feasible choice for the treatment of Pb-contaminated water.

Simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, organic material, and nutrients from domestic wastewater through a pilot-scale vertical sub-surface flow constructed wetland with aeration system

Pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater are currently becoming emerging concern as the utilization of drugs in anthropogenic activities. This research analyzed the effectiveness of pilot-scale vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSFCW) planted with Scirpus grossus using an aeration system for simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients (NH3-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P) from domestic wastewater. The constructed wetland (CW) platforms (500 L capacity) filled with gravel and sand and planted with native species of S. grossus were used to treat pharmaceutical content in domestic wastewater continuously for 21 days. Three experiments were performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3, 4 and 5 days. Aeration rates of 0, 1, and 2 L/min were employed for each HRT. The combined effect of HRT, exposure period, and aeration to simultaneously remove ibuprofen, organic materials, and nutrients were examined statistically using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Filtration and adsorption mechanisms of ibuprofen compound by sand medium matrix were proven to occur using solid phase extraction method. The removal efficiency of ibuprofen and COD were dependent on the applied aeration and HRT (p < 0.05). A longer HRT increased the removal efficiency of ibuprofen, while it did not significantly affect the nutrient removal (p ≥ 0.05). The VSSFCW under 2 L/min aeration and HRT of 5 days has removed 99.3% of ibuprofen, 88.2% of COD, 99.1% of ammonia, 72.9% of nitrate-nitrogen, and 83.2% of orthophosphate with effluent successfully met the effluent Standard B set by Malaysian Government. Therefore, the VSSFCW planted with S. grossus becomes a technically feasible method for treating sewage containing pharmaceutical compounds.

Pengolahan Limbah Cair Bekas Pencucian Ikan Menggunakan Scirpus grossus

Sidoarjo is one of the largest fish-producing districts in East Java. The high productivity of fisheries is in line with the increasing amount of waste produced. Both solid waste and liquid waste. Generally, liquid waste comes from water used for washing fish, usually brownish, cloudy and smells fishy. In addition, the concentration of organic matter is very high in the waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the reduction in levels of Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Biocamical Oxigen Demand (BOD) in these wastes using Scirpus grossus. The independent variable used is the variation in the number of plants (without plants, 5 plants and 10 plants). The waste used comes from the Fish Market Depot Kab. Sidoarjo. The research begins with the acclimatization process, then the phytoremediation test is carried out. Based on laboratory analysis, it was found that the best decrease in TSS, TDS and BOD was obtained from the reactor with 10 plants.

Bioaugmentation of Vibrio alginolyticus in phytoremediation of aluminium-contaminated soil using Scirpus grossus and Thypa angustifolia

This research analyses the performance of bacteria-assisted phytoremediation of aluminium (Al)-contaminated soil using native Indonesian plants namely, Scirpus grossus and Thypa angustifolia. A range finding test (RFT) was carried out for 14 days to obtain the tolerable Al concentration for both plants. A total of 2% and 5% (v/v) of Vibrio alginolyticus were bioaugmented during the 28-day phytoremediation test to enhance the overall Al removal. Result of the RFT showed that both plants can tolerate up to 500 mg/kg Al concentration. The addition of V. alginolyticus to the reactors resulted in a significant increment of Al removal from the contaminated soil (p < 0.05). Such addition of V. alginolyticus increased the Al removal by up to 14.0% compared with that without-bacteria addition. The highest Al removal was obtained for S. grossus with 5% V. alginolyticus with an efficiency of 35.1% from 500 mg/kg initial concertation. T. angustifolia with 500 mg/kg initial concentration showed the highest removal of 26.2% by the addition of 5% V. alginolyticus. The increase of Al removal by the bioaugmentation of V. alginolyticus was due to the interaction in the plant's rhizosphere. Exudates of both plants provided a good environment for bacteria to live in the root area. Meanwhile, the bacteria increased the bioavailability of Al to be further extracted by plants. Certain mechanisms, such as rhizostabilisation, phytostimulation and phytoextraction, were considered to be the main processes that occurred during the treatment. S. grossus and T. angustifolia displayed promising ability to act as Al hyperaccumulators with bioaccumulation factor values up to 5.308 and 3.068, respectively. Development of the design of the ex-situ soil phytoremediation reactors is suggested as a future research direction because it can significantly enhance the current obtained finding.

Utilisation of an aquatic plant (Scirpus grossus) for phytoremediation of real sago mill effluent

Abstract Phytoremediation technology is one of the most promising treatment methods for wastewater, especially from food and agricultural effluent. In this experiment, sago mill effluent (SME) was treated through phytoremediation. The present study aimed to explore the potential of a native aquatic plant, Scirpus grossus, to reduce the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in SME before installing a full-scale system, to ensure the effectiveness of the remedy. Two systems, subsurface batch (SS) and free-surface batch (FS), were applied to select a better system to treat SME using S. grossus. After 80 days of experimentation, the findings indicate that the plant can better survive in the SS batch system compared to the FS batch system. Furthermore, the plant can reduce TSS, COD, and BOD by 98, 88, and 93%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that S. grossus has remarkable potential in the removal of pollutants in the phytoremediation of SME.

Performance of pilot Hybrid Reed Bed constructed wetland with aeration system on nutrient removal for domestic wastewater treatment

A hybrid reed bed constructed wetland (HRBCW) with aeration system was employed in three-stages; a Surface-Flow (SF) system, a Vertical-Flow (VF) system, and lastly a Horizontal-Flow (HF) system in series. The system was planted with Malaysian native aquatic plant (Scirpus grossus) and it was made up of media arranged in three layers of medium gravel (ϕ 10–15 mm) at the top, river sand (ϕ 3–5 mm) in the middle, and larger gravel (ϕ 30–35 mm) in the bottom of the CW. S. grossus could survive and reproduce with a continuous feed of 86.5 L raw wastewater per day. The results indicate that the system with a 3-day HRT achieved an average removal of 84.7 and 71.0% for NH4-N and PO4-P respectively. Based on this study, the use of HRBCW system for treating household sewage in small communities is a technically and economically feasible using S. grossus that has high effectiveness for treating domestic wastewater.

Applying rhizobacteria consortium for the enhancement of Scirpus grossus growth and phytoaccumulation of Fe and Al in pilot constructed wetlands

Pilot-scale constructed wetlands planted with Scirpus grossus, were used to investigate the effects of applying a three-rhizobacterial consortium (Bacillus cereus strain NII, Bacillus subtilis strain NII and Brevibacterium sp. strain NII) on the growth of S. grossus and also on the accumulation of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) in S. grossus. The experiment includes constructed wetlands with the addition of 2% of the consortium rhizobacteria and without the consortium rhizobacteria addition (acting as control). During each sampling day (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 42, 72 and 102), plant height, concentration of Fe and Al and sand microbial community were investigated. The results for the constructed wetland with the addition of consortium rhizobacteria showed the growth of S. grossus increased significantly at 26% and 29% for plant height and dry weight, respectively. While the accumulation of Fe and Al in S. grossus were enhanced about 48% and 19% respectively. To conclude, the addition of the rhizobacteria consortium has enhanced both the growth of S. grossus and the metal accumulation. These results suggesting that rhizobacteria has good potential to restore Fe and Al contaminated water in general and particularly for mining wastewater.

Characterisation of Pb-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from Scirpus grossus

Abstract Microorganisms that have the potential to improve plant productivity and health are known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Rhizobacteria play a major role in phytoremediation process by increasing the phytoremediation efficiency, thus the need to identify the superior rhizosphere bacteria has been gaining serious attention. In the current study, Scirpus grossus were exposed to a series of lead-contaminated sand (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/L) in plastic crates in greenhouse enviroment. Four weeks after exposure, the plants could sustain with toxicity of lead contamination by as much as 300 mg/L. Twenty two colonies of rhizobacteria were isolated from plant roots of Scirpus grossus. The rhizobacteria were characterised based on cell and colony observation. Identification of rhizobacteria was carried out based on analysis of 16S rDNA sequences and were identified as Aeromonas taiwanensis isolate 5E, Bacillus sp. Isolate 7G, Bacillus cereus isolate 8H and 3C , Bacillus velezensis isolate 9I, Bacillus proteolyticus isolate 4D, Bacillus stratosphericus isolate 14N, Bacillus megaterium isolate 11K , Pseudomonas sp. Isolate 12L , Enterobacter cloacae isolate 13M and isolate 16P, Bacillus aerius isolate 15O and Lysinibacillus sp. isolate 10J. The highly lead-resistant rhizobacteria were identified as Bacillus proteolyticus isolate 4D, Bacillus velezensis isolate 9I and Lysinibacillus sp. isolate 10J , which can tolerate against high concentration of lead (300 mg/L). The results showed that these highly lead-resistant rhizobacteria have potential to produce plant growth-promoting traits and have a ability to help S. grossus growth and productivity.

Mechanical and physical properties of particleboard made from scirpus grossus and coconut fiber

In this research of study mechanical and physical properties of particleboard made with scirpus grossus and coconut fiber. The particles were manually mixed at a weight ratio of C1 (100:0), C2 (90:10), C3 (75:25), C4 (25:75), C5 (10:90) and C6 (0:100) and glued adhesive with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) 7% (by weight). Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated following Thai industrail standard (876-2547). To measure the mechanical properties, 6 samples were tested to determine the modulus ofrupture – MOR and modulus of elasticity – MOE by using samples with a nominal size of 250×50 mm and physical properties, 3 samples were tested to determine the were determined: density, water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS). The physical properties result of all ratio is according to the standard, which the highest density, thickness swelling and water absorption are C3 (849.01 kg/m3), C6 (6.55 %) and C6 (9.92 %) respectively. The mechanical properties result of Modulus of rupture (MOR) for proportion to C4, C5 and C6 have a higher than standard, while C1, C2 and C3 are lower. All ratio for modulus of elastic (MOE) are lower than standard. The ratio of C6 is the highest modulus of rupture (21.60 MPa) and the highest of modulus of elastic is C1 (360.20 MPa). The experimental investigation indicated that the excellent particleboard properties are obtained with a mixture ratio of C5 (10:90).

Keanekaragaman Hayati Flora Habitat Bekantan pada Kawasan Ekowisata, Kabupaten Tapin, Kalimantan Selatan

Land use changes from Malaleuca cajuputi swamp forest ecosystem to agriculture production area and settlement land decrease habitat of proboscis monkeys. The habitat position at the edge of the river and high accessibility cause d faster habitat damage. In addition, forest fires occurred in 2015 has caused significant losses of flora and fauna biodiversity in the area. In order to know the type of plants in the study site, the vegetation analysis was conducted. The study site consisted of 19 species of lower plant and 4 types of trees. Dominant species and codominant of study site are widely distributed, indicating the existence of competition in obtaining nutrients and space. At the under storey plant level was dominated by Stenochlaena palustris and Scirpus grossus at the locations A and B whereas at location C was dominated by the Eleocharis dulcis and Jussieua erecta . In the types of trees, the dominant trees were Melaleuca cajuputi , Muntingia sp , Alstonia angustifolia , Shorea balangeran , and Albizia falcataria . In all three locations, there were low similarity values in the plant species below, the level of seedlings, and samplings.

Range Finding Test of Scirpus Grossus on Aluminium and Iron Contaminated Soil

High concentration metal in soil may cause pollution. Particularly for aluminium and iron in soil. Even though these substances are necessary micro-substances for plants, but if the soil has it in high concentration, it will cause more complex environmental problem. These two metals were found in high concentration in soil near the small Industry Environment that recycled aluminium in Jombang Regency, East Java. High concentration also caused soil contamination, thus treatment towards the land was needed. One of the best solutions to overcome land contamination was phytoremediation. Scirpus grossus, to date, is the most widely used wild plant which has the ability in remediating metal pollutant in soil. Before treating metal on soil, toxicity test needed to be done beforehand. Toxicity test was done using Range Finding Test (RFT) method for 7 days using reactors with each filled with 5 kg of soil and 4 plants. RFT was done in different concentration composition between Al:Fe. The load variation (mg/kg) of Al:Fe in the reactors were 10.000:0, 5.000:50, 500:500, 50:5.000, 0:10.000 and control reactor. The result obtained after 7 days were that Scirpus grossus plant could survive in pollution load of Al:Fe 500:500 (mg/kg) with 75% percentage of living plants .

Range Finding Test of Scirpus Grossus on Aluminium and Iron Contaminated Soil

High concentration metal in soil may cause pollution. Particularly for aluminium and iron in soil. Even though these substances are necessary micro-substances for plants, but if the soil has it in high concentration, it will cause more complex environmental problem. These two metals were found in high concentration in soil near the small Industry Environment that recycled aluminium in Jombang Regency, East Java. High concentration also caused soil contamination, thus treatment towards the land was needed. One of the best solutions to overcome land contamination was phytoremediation. Scirpus grossus, to date, is the most widely used wild plant which has the ability in remediating metal pollutant in soil. Before treating metal on soil, toxicity test needed to be done beforehand. Toxicity test was done using Range Finding Test (RFT) method for 7 days using reactors with each filled with 5 kg of soil and 4 plants. RFT was done in different concentration composition between Al:Fe. The load variation (mg/kg) of Al:Fe in the reactors were 10.000:0, 5.000:50, 500:500, 50:5.000, 0:10.000 and control reactor. The result obtained after 7 days were that Scirpus grossus plant could survive in pollution load of Al:Fe 500:500 (mg/kg) with 75% percentage of living plants .

Plant-assisted remediation of wastewater contaminated with methyl orange using Scirpus grossus

Plant-assisted remediation of wastewater contaminated with methyl orange using Scirpus grossus

Study of BOD and COD Removal in Batik Wastewater using Scirpus grossus and Iris pseudacorus with Intermittent Exposure System

Study of BOD and COD Removal in Batik Wastewater using Scirpus grossus and Iris pseudacorus with Intermittent Exposure System