Principles Of Scientific Objectivity Research Articles

Limits of Interference into the Human Genome

Introduction: The use of advances in genomics in practical medicine can positively affect the quality of services in the healthcare sector, as well as the results of applied medical research. Objectives: The purpose of the article is to research regulatory and scientific approaches to the concept of the human genome as an object of legal relations, as well as to determine the limits of interference into a human being’s genomic integrity. Materials and methods: Regarding the chosen subject matter of research, the author while preparing the scientific article has used materials of international regulatory legal acts, Ukrainian and foreign legal literature. To achieve the set aim, the author has used general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition. These methods combined with the scientific principles of objectivity, scientificity and reasonableness, have provided a comprehensive research of the limits of interference into the human genome. Results: The concept of the human genome, as well as its material and non-material components, have been studied from a biological and legal point of view. The private and legal nature of the human genome as a personal non-property good has been defined. The concept of the individual’s integrity, enshrined in international regulatory legal acts, has been analyzed from the point of view of its coverage of a human being’s genomic integrity. It has been established that a violation of genomic integrity is possible both by the intentional actions of third parties and as a result of genome changes due to the action of natural factors. The concepts and types of the human genome editing have been defined. The potential reasons for banning the editing of human germline cells have been critically analyzed. The legal nature of interference into the human genome from the point of view of eugenical practices has been studied. The author has studied the possibility of classifying the use of vaccines on the mRNA platform as interferences into the human genome. Conclusions: It has been concluded that there is a need to recognize the human genome as a personal non-property good, and, accordingly, as an object of private rights. The author has stated own point of view on the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference into human genomic integrity and the existing types of interference into the human genome.

Women's participation in health care development in Dagestan in the 1960s: history, problems

Satisfaction of the increased demands of medical institutions for trained doctors and secondary medical workers, ensuring gender equality in this socially significant matter, especially in its Muslim regions are considered to be the most important factors in the effective development of healthcare in modern Russia. This necessitates the analysis and use of the positive experience of previous decades. In this context, the experience of multinational Dagestan in the development of healthcare, including increasing its human resources, is of exceptional scientific, theoretical and practical interest. In this research, for the first time in regional historiography, an attempt is made to analyze the experience of the Republic's authorities in meeting the requests and needs of healthcare institutions in the personnel of medical workers in the gender aspect in the 1960s.The article is based on the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, descriptive and systematic research methods are used, which allowed us to recreate a full-fledged picture of the topic under study.The analysis of the factual material allowed us to come to a reasonable conclusion that despite the objective difficulties and unresolved issues in the economic and socio-cultural development of Dagestan in the decade under review, there have been significant positive changes in the development of healthcare, including meeting the requests and needs of healthcare institutions for personnel with higher and secondary medical education. During this period, despite the decrease in the proportion of women in the medical staff, they continued to prevail. However, as it is traced in the article, by the end of the analyzed decade, significant difficulties and unresolved issues remained in the Republic in meeting the needs of healthcare institutions for medical personnel and secondary medical workers from among women, primarily Dagestanis, in rural areas.

Production and sale of handicraft toys by Russian Zemstvos

The activities of the zemstvo self-government bodies to support handicrafts occupied a special place in many territories of pre-revolutionary Russia. Through the creation of workshops for the production of handicrafts, special schools, creative associations, museums and connections with individual handicrafts, the zemstvo productively established the production of artisanal domestic toys. Individual zemstvos were actively engaged in advertising the toy, its sale both domestically and abroad through regional, Russian and European exhibitions. The organization of sales outlets and a specialized Moscow store, coordination of packaging and shipment of individual toys or their batches were also included in the scope of activity of the zemstvos. The subject of this study is the activity of Russian zemstvos in organizing the production and sale of handicraft toys in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The main methodological foundations of this research are the principles of scientific objectivity, consistency and historicism. The center, of course, is the method of searching for archival documents, and a retrospective method of studying the activities of individual zemstvos in organizing training in the art of creating toys, its production and sale on domestic and foreign sites. During the research, the author discovered, analyzed and for the first time introduced into scientific circulation documents containing data on the organization of production and sale of handicraft toys by the zemstvo authorities, which were deposited in the fund of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo (both in the cases of structural divisions of the zemstvo, the Handicraft Museum, and in individual cases of the county zemstvos of the Moscow province) and are stored in The Central State Historical Archive of Moscow (TSGIA of Moscow), various reports and indexes of handicraft, industrial and art exhibitions. Of course, the main centers of the appearance of handicraft toys, in the production and marketing of which the zemstvo participated, were the Moscow province with handicrafts from Sergiev Posad and S. Bogorodsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Tambov, Perm and Kazan provinces.

LIFE, FATE AND SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS OF N. Y. DANILEVSKY

The article demonstrates the way of formation of N. Y. Danilevsky’s civilizational concept, which coincides with the concepts of modern ecology. The scientist proved the applicability of logical theories in the study of biological and cultural-social factors, consistent primarily with the principle of plurality of stable ecosystem conditions [28, 29, 31]. The article uses the methods of historicism, the principles of scientific objectivity and consistency, which allow us to consider the life and views of Danilevsky as a whole, with an analysis of the facts in their entirety and interrelationship. The study was conducted on the basis of a theoretical foundation created by the published works of N. Y. Danilevsky, personal documents, memoir literature, as well as the works of public figures of the 40-80’s of the XIX century, allowing to assess the controversy regarding the major work of the thinker «Russia and Europe», which occupies a huge place in his creative heritage.

Professional Training in the Field of Information, Library and Archival Affairs at Mariupol State University: Twenty Years of Experience

The purpose of the work is to summarise the experience of training specialists in the field of "Archival Affairs and Information Activities" within the specialty of "Document Studies and Information Activities" at Mariupol State University. The goal is to analyse the effectiveness of the programme, identify the needs for improving the curriculum, and determine the problems faced by students and faculty during the process of mastering this specialisation. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientific objectivity and systematic approach. Historical methods have been applied to establish events relevant to the development of professional training in document studies at Mariupol State University, along with other general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, and content analysis of the department's reports. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the generalisation of the history and current state of training professionals in the field of information, library, and archival affairs at Mariupol State University. Conclusions. The training of specialists in the field of "Information, Library, and Archival Affairs" at Mariupol State University takes into account the 20 years of experience of the Information Activities Department, which continues to function in a highly competitive environment due to temporary relocation to Kyiv. Therefore, the dynamics of the development of professional training in document studies at MSU depends on the competitiveness of the proposed educational programmes. The market demand for graduates of the department, the volume and quality of training, the ability to implement a new strategy of internationalisation of MSU, including the introduction of the unique educational and professional programme "Management of Documentation Processes and Development of the Digital Community" from 2023, indicate the potential for further improvement of professional training for document studies. In the foreseeable future, document studies specialists will play an important role in the reintegration of the Mariupol territorial community. Keywords: specialty 029 "Information, Library, and Archival Affairs", records management, higher education, professional training, educational and professional programme, Mariupol State University.

Modern Guidelines in the Process of Teaching Marketing for Students of Speciality 029 "Information, Library and Archival Affairs"

Тhe purpose of the study is to summarise information about editions and publications of the modern period, which serve as a source base in the process of teaching marketing for students of speciality 029 “Information, Library and Archival Affairs” in higher education institutions of Ukraine. Тhe research methodology is based on the principles of scientific objectivity, the use of a structural-functional approach, and the application of content analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalisation methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the identification and problematic and thematic generalisation of the list of editions and publications of recent years, which, in the author’s opinion, are relevant in the process of teaching marketing to students of speciality 029 “Information, Library and Archival Affairs” in higher education institutions of Ukraine. Conclusions. The analysis of editions and publications of the modern period, which serve as a source base in the process of teaching marketing to students of speciality 029 “Information, Library and Archival Affairs” in higher education institutions, has shown that today new concepts of marketing application in library and archival science are being formed. Due to the active digitalisation of educational activities in Ukraine, transformational processes are underway in teaching marketing to students of speciality 029 “Information, Library and Archival Affairs”, which is constantly covered by relevant professional publications. Key words: speciality 029 “Information, Library and Аrchival Аffairs”, marketing, libraries, archives, higher education institutions, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University.

Promotion of Gender Equality by the Mass Media of Dagestan in the 1960s and its Results

The issue of gender inequality in Russia’s Muslim regions is of great scientific interest and practical significance, and sociologists need to generalize the experience of the previous decades. Such multinational region as Dagestan provides a lot of useful data on the matter in question. This article describes the first attempt of the regional historiography to analyze the activities of Dagestan mass media to promote gender equality in the 1960s, e.g., in secondary schools, universities, socio-political life, culture, and family life. The author analyzed newspaper publications and documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. The materials provided an objective scientific picture of the social landscape. The author relied on the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism and used comparative-historical, descriptive, and systematic research methods. All mass media obviously experienced some difficulties in covering the gender issues. However, the analysis revealed some positive trends and results in the struggle for gender equality in Dagestan, e.g., in the sanitary culture of urban and rural settlements. Still, this socio-political and socio-cultural issue remained unresolved by the end of the 1960s.

Fyodor Lukich Pereverzev in Opposition to the Drinking Reforms in Russia (late 1850s – early 1860s)

Relevance. The article is devoted to the director of the Department of Various taxes and Fees of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in the late 1850s - early 1860s, Fyodor Lukich Pereverzev, who was opposed to the planned wine reform. The plot of the article was not covered in the scientific literature, but it is essential to create a complete picture of the excise transformation.The purpose of the article is to recreate the image of a high official of the finance Ministry, who prevented the transition from tax payments to the excise system of levying a tax on drinking.Objectives: to give a description of Pereverzev's official activity; to establish the circumstances that determined his position regarding drinking; to describe the essence of classes in the Special Committee for the Development of Wine Reform.Methodology. The principles of scientific objectivity and historical anthropologism became the basis for the study of the stated topic. In addition, a personal biographical method was used, which allowed through acquaintance with the biography of Pereverzev to explain his position on the wine reform.Results. Pereverzev's career path was long, he proved himself both in the military and in the civilian field. The peak of his official career was the post of director of the Department of Various Taxes and Fees. In this position, Fyodor Lukich was included in the Special Committee for the Development of Wine Reform. His work was fruitless, the reform plan was not prepared.Conclusion. Pereverzev was in opposition to the drinking transformation, since he considered the payoff a proven way of collecting a fee from drinking, and the excise tax a system that requires a long check. He was a staunch follower of E.F. Kankrin and believed that the excise system was good for the West, but not suitable for Russia.

Vision of the image of Russia by Europeans from 2000 to 2014

In this study, an attempt is made to form a holistic view of the image of Russia in Europe on the example of the image of the country in the UK, France and Germany, which was formed in the period from 2000 to 2014, i.e. before the annexation of Crimea to Russia, since this event had negative consequences for the image of Russia in European countries and after it the image significantly deteriorated. The choice of the object and subject of research is dictated by the purpose of this work. The object is the image of the state as one of the most significant elements of "soft power", and the subject is the image of Russia in Europe from 2000 to 2014. The purpose of this study is to examine the image of Russia during this period in European countries (using the example of the image of Russia in the UK, France and Germany). The research methodology is based on the principles of scientific objectivity and consistency: materials are selected and considered in the context of the situation, and facts and events are analyzed comprehensively. An important role in the research was assigned to general scientific research methods – content analysis and comparative analysis. The interdisciplinary approach makes it possible to use the achievements of such sciences as political science, image studies, sociology, psychology and marketing in the work. The territorial boundaries of the study cover countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany and France. The scientific novelty of the work consists in a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the perception of the image of the Russian Federation in Europe during this period. It can be stated that in the 2000s, in the context of the problem of perception of the image of Russia in the UK, France and Germany, ethnocentrism and altruistic democracy were significant concepts. It is also important to note that in the 2000s, not only negative, but also some positive characteristics of Russia's image were presented in European countries.

Чехословацкие воинские части в СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны: политические и правовые проблемы формирования и боевого применения

Introduction. The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of political and legal problems that arose during the formation on the territory of the USSR and the combat use of Czechoslovak military units in the Great Patriotic War. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the research presented in the article is the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, as well as general and special methods typical of historical studies. The source base of the research includes both published and unpublished documents found by the author in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Analysis. The Czechoslovak formations were part of the Czechoslovak armed forces and were subordinate to the emigrant government, and in operational and military-technical matters were under the Soviet supreme command. However, the presence of several actors (the Czechoslovak government in exile, the leadership of the USSR, the command of Czechoslovak units and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) led to a number of political and legal conflicts in this process. Firstly, the intention of the emigrant government to save military forces (in fact, supported in some way by the leadership of the USSR) was in conflict with the plans of the KSČ leadership and the commander of the Czechoslovak units, Svoboda L., who advocated maximum possible participation of Czechoslovaks in combat operations on the territory of the Soviet Union. Secondly, the Soviet side sought to put the Czechoslovak formations under its control. The third manifestation of the contradictions was “the case of the Army of A. Hasal” (autumn 1944), with which the problem of belonging to Transcarpathia was closely intertwined. Results. Despite the existence of a number of political and legal conflicts, they did not become an obstacle to the creation and combat use of Czechoslovak military formations on the Soviet-German front. In addition, the Soviet-Czechoslovak relations themselves developed quite constructively during the Great Patriotic War.

The problem of the development of land relations in northern Kazakhstan in the second quarter of the 19th – 50-60s of the 20th centuries: historiographic analysis

The article presents a historiographical overview of the history of land relations in northern Kazakhstan in the period from the second quarter of the 19th century to the 50-60s of the 20th centuries. In the scientific study of the problem, the authors conventionally identify several periods, each of which differs not only in the thematic range of issues being studied, but also in the formulation of problems, and scientific approaches to assessing the state’s land policy. Following the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, the authors consider the history of the study of land relations in the Northern regions of Kazakhstan as a process that has a certain direction and dynamics of development. The systematic approach used by the authors to the analysis of historical facts and events makes it possible to study land relations as an important component of the country's socio-economic system. Based on a critical analysis of the works of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet authors, it is concluded that the problem of the development of land relations in the northern region of Kazakhstan in the chronological period under consideration has not been fully studied from the standpoint of continuity and continuity of historical processes, from the point of view of the relationship between traditional and modernist views on this problem, as well as assessing the role of the local Kazakh population in the ongoing agrarian changes. The necessity of studying the history of land relations in the context of the theory of adaptation of Kazakh nomads to new economic conditions, which makes it possible to study the features and consequences of agrarian modernization in the region, is substantiated.

The problem of the development of land relations in northern Kazakhstan in the second quarter of the 19th – 50-60s of the 20th centuries: historiographic analysis

The article presents a historiographical overview of the history of land relations in northern Kazakhstan in the period from the second quarter of the 19th century to the 50-60s of the 20th centuries. In the scientific study of the problem, the authors conventionally identify several periods, each of which differs not only in the thematic range of issues being studied, but also in the formulation of problems, and scientific approaches to assessing the state’s land policy. Following the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, the authors consider the history of the study of land relations in the Northern regions of Kazakhstan as a process that has a certain direction and dynamics of development. The systematic approach used by the authors to the analysis of historical facts and events makes it possible to study land relations as an important component of the country's socio-economic system. Based on a critical analysis of the works of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet authors, it is concluded that the problem of the development of land relations in the northern region of Kazakhstan in the chronological period under consideration has not been fully studied from the standpoint of continuity and continuity of historical processes, from the point of view of the relationship between traditional and modernist views on this problem, as well as assessing the role of the local Kazakh population in the ongoing agrarian changes. The necessity of studying the history of land relations in the context of the theory of adaptation of Kazakh nomads to new economic conditions, which makes it possible to study the features and consequences of agrarian modernization in the region, is substantiated.

ЕХОКАМЕРА ЯК ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ КОМУНІКАЦІЙНОГО ВПЛИВУ

B a c k g r o u n d . The article examines the appearance, essence and formation of the concept of "echo chamber" in the field of philosophy. The main interpretations and practical aspects of the application of this concept by representatives of the philosophical community are considered. Considering the lack of an established version of the concept of "echo chamber", an attempt was made to define its meaning by analogy with the already established interpretation of a physical analogue, namely, a resonator. The appropriateness of such an analogy is justified. The specifics of the operation of echo chambers are considered by analogy with the operation of the resonator and its associated phenomena. The phenomenon of "intellectual inbreeding" ("geistiger Inzucht") described by H. Franke is considered. M e t h o d s . The theoretical and methodological foundations of the research are based on the principles of scientific objectivity, impartiality and systematicity. During the research, general scientific, philosophical, and special methods of studying social and political phenomena were used, including general methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparative methods. R e s u l t s . The author's understanding of the meaning of the concept of "echo chamber" and the prerequisites for its stability, which are determined by the properties of human consciousness, namely: "comfort zone", "clipping of thinking" and the principle of "own-foreign" are offered. The appropriateness of consideration and the main properties of the echo chamber as a technology of effective communication influence are substantiated. Among the methods of destroying echo chambers, the development of critical thinking skills and digital literacy, compliance with the principles of diversification of information sources and "range of reasonable alternatives", the occurrence of cognitive dissonance, as well as the phenomenon of emotional resonance are considered. C o n c l u s i o n s . Echo chambers pose a significant threat both to the harmonious development of the human personality and to the stable existence of civilized societies. Methods of countering echo chambers require further development and dissemination in society.

The main trends in the formation and development of theological education in independent Ukraine (on the example of the theological education institutions of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in 1991-2010)

The purpose of the study is to analyze and periodize the historical process of formation and development of the UGCC theological education system in independent Ukraine (1991-2010), to clarify its structure, achievements and prospects for integrating theological education into the educational space of the Ukrainian state. Research methodology is based on the scientific principles of objectivity and historicism, special scientific methods of critical analysis of sources, problem-chronological and system-structural. Scientific novelty periodization and development of the system of theological education of the UGCC in independent Ukraine (1991–2010) are carried out. Conclusions: the revival and development of theological education of the UGCC during the independence of Ukraine had several features: first, the "spontaneous" resumption of theological seminaries at first gradually acquired clear organizational features, and their formation provided constant training for the next generation of clergy; secondly, for the first time in the history of theological education of the UGCC, a more or less clear concept of its development was created, which allowed not only to delineate theological education at certain organizational levels, but also to ensure the organizational development of theological schools. We can say that on the 20th anniversary of the UGCC coming out of the underground, it created a clearly structured system of theological education, in which three groups can be divided: the first is a network of scientific and educational institutions (UCU in Lviv with a branch in Rome and the Institute of Oriental Christian Studies). in Ottawa), the main task of which is the formation of theological science, its integration into the scientific and educational space of Ukraine; the second is a network of seminaries designed to provide the Church with a new generation of priests; the third is a network of "general Christian education" institutions, including catechetical institutes and deacon-regent schools (with some caveats, as they provide a certain level of theological knowledge and "professional" qualifications), as well as Sunday parish and general Greek Catholic schools. Thus, such a structured system of theological education of the UGCC not only allows for "professional" training of "personnel" for the UGCC, but also contributes to the "new evangelization" of modern society.

Andrey T. Junger as a Representative of the Military Administration of the Romanov Dynasty in Dagestan

Based on the archival documents and the works of Russian kavkazologists, the article attempts to study the strategy of Russian national policy in the Caucasus. The purpose of the study is to show the place and role of one of the leaders of the Russian military administration in Dagestan – Commandant A.T. Junger as well as to identify his rights and powers as the head of the Russian military administration in Derbent. The research material is based on the archival documents of the 18th century (RGADA, RGVIA, RGAVMF) which are stored in the Russian archives and most of which are introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time. Furthermore, the achievements of Russian historians on the problem under study are widely used. The basic principles of scientific objectivity and historicism are used, involving the study of historical facts and events in the specific historical conditions with a focus on the development and interdependence of historical events as well as multivariation of the historical process. Leaving Derbent, Emperor Peter I entrusted all the management of affairs to the appointed commandant. According to his plan, the fullness of military, civil, and political power was concentrated in the hands of the commandant of Derbent, both in the fortress itself and in its district many miles away from it. The duties of the commandant also included the management of the garrison located in the fortress, supervision of order, tranquility in the fortress and outside it, and the protection of the city from the enemy. Its jurisdiction also included financial, economic, administrative and political functions. Using the identified historical sources, it was revealed that the commandant A.T. Junger, entering into negotiations with local feudal rulers, personified a representative of the government of the Russian Empire.

Anti-church campaign in the 1920s in Kazakhstan (on the materials of the archives of Kazakhstan)

On the basis of archival documents, the anti-church campaign in Kazakhstan in the 1920s was studied on the seizure of church valuables under the pretext of helping the starving population of the Volga region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the regional features of this process, which influenced the further policy of the Bolsheviks in relation to churches and their property. The subject of the study is the activities of district commissions for the seizure of church valuables. Historical events are considered in dynamics, their causal relationships are revealed during the campaign period. The main goals of the anti-religious policy of the state are shown. The relevance of the study is due to the need to introduce into scientific circulation previously unused archival documents that make it possible to objectively highlight the features of the confessional policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s in Kazakhstan. The study of state-confessional relations at the regional level gives a more complete picture of the socio-political history of the designated period. The study of this problem seems to be relevant at the present time, when the role of religion in the public life of the country has noticeably intensified. The methods of scientific knowledge were used, the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism were used in the context of the problem of the relationship between the state and the national outskirts. Statistical research methods and the method of historical comparison were used to identify regional features in state-confessional relations. The retrospective method made it possible to identify the reasons for the transformation of the religious policy of the state, the attitude of the authorities towards believers in the 1920s in Kazakhstan.

The Truman’s Doctrine of 1947 as evaluated by modern Russian scientists

The article examines the state of coverage and completeness of the study of the problem of the proclaimed foreign policy doctrine of Harry Truman in 1947 in Russian historiography. The aim of the study is to analyze the interpretations of the doctrine covered by Russian historical science. The author thoroughly considers the evolution of opinions and positions of Russian scientists, traces the specifics of their interpretation of views on the renewed postwar US foreign policy. The research methods are the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The methodological basis of the article is formed by general scientific and special principles and techniques of scientific knowledge. To formulate the conclusions of the study, the method of generalization and modeling is applied. Main results and conclusions. It is revealed that in Russian historiography there is a radical change of views on the Truman doctrine, its purpose and purpose. Russian historical thought does not cover it as an aggressive policy, but on the contrary explains its emergence as a geopolitical necessity. It is determined that the Americanists of Russia focused on the theoretical origins of the doctrine. It is assessed as a priority of the renewed foreign policy and is called the one that marked the beginning of a new stage in international history. Discussions about the Truman Doctrine on the question of the Cold War are particularly controversial. Historiographical analysis convincingly proves that the vast majority of Russian researchers do not see the doctrine as the cause and beginning of the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine of 1947, in their view, became only a certain stage, the basis, the declaration of its origin. In a comparative aspect, Russian historians analyze the ideological contradictions of the two superpowers. It is highlighted that foreign policy doctrine played a pivotal role in US postwar history. Modern Russian science has changed the vision of the content of the proclaimed doctrine. Russian researchers in American studies emphasize that the history of US foreign policy has long been one of the most falsified topics in their historiography. Now there are significant changes in the views of Russian researchers on international relations in the postwar period. Historiographical discussions of Russian Americanists in studying the problem of the United States’ transition to a renewed foreign policy course highlight the national security imperative. The approach to the study of US international policy has changed. The result of these changes can be found in archives and publications of modern unbiased scientific papers. The vast majority of Russian scholars believe that the renewed foreign policy of the United States marked the beginning of a new stage in international relations, became one of the first practical steps of the United States in the Cold War. And the goals and objectives set in 1947 continue to be the foundation of American economic aid programs today. According to Russian historical science, the renewed foreign policy of the United States continues to this day, the proclaimed rhetoric of the 33rd President Harry Truman is implemented by the American establishment today. Practical importance of research: main results and conclusions can be used for further research of the Truman Doctrine as part of the Cold War history. Originality is due to extensive discussions in scientific and social circles on the formation of the conceptual foundations of US foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century. Scientific novelty: for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the views of Russian historians on the proclaimed Truman doctrine are analyzed. Article type: analytical.

Stolypin land management in Kaluga governorate during the World War I (July 1914 – June 1917)

The object of this research is the implementation of agrarian reforms in Kaluga governorate in the early XX century, while the subject is the analysis of Stolypin land management in the region during the World War I. The chronological framework this research cover the period from the beginning warfare until the end of June 1917, when Stolypin land management has been officially completed. Research methodology leans on the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism, and problematicity, which contributed to establishment of causal links, as well as study of the events, phenomena, and processes in their development. The author concludes that the World War I has interrupted the progressive development of Stolypin land management in Kaluga governorate that was purposed prior to the war. The long-running military conflict led to gradual curtailment of the entire process of land management (formation of homesteads, issuance of loans, etc.), and the Provisional Government that came to power during the February Revolution made the final call on its termination. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that his is the first work within Russian historiography dedicated to this topic. The article introduces new archival materials into the scientific discourse, which allowed reconstructing the course of events, phenomena, and processes, as well as provide their assessment. The acquired results can be valuable for wide audience and historians, used in preparation of lectures on history, textbooks, and practical classes.

МІХАКО ЦЕРЕТЕЛІ – ПАТРІАРХ УРАРТОЛОГІЇ, ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧ (1878-1965)

In the period between the First and Second World Wars, the outflow of intellectual resources from Georgia abroad was mainly due to the Bolshevik coup and the Soviet annexation. Among the emigrants was the great Georgian scientist, Patriarch of Urartology Mikhako Tsereteli. Demonstrating his contribution to science and his merits in translation is the main task of our research. The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. From the factual materials presented in the article, it is clear that M. Tsereteli made a contribution to the development of domestic and world science, translation activities. Thanks to his work, M. Tsereteli made a great contribution to the processes of mutual enrichment of culture and knowledge, acquaintance with intellectual tendencies, and raising awareness about Georgia. It was he who deciphered the Assyrian-Urartian bilingualism of Kelashin and laid the foundation for the formation of “Urartology” as a new scientific direction.

The situation of the Catholic Church in Belarus during the socio-political crisis of 2020-2021: historical and religious analysis

The purpose of the study is to highlight the position and activities of the Catholic Church in the context of state-church relations in the socio-political crisis in Belarus in 2020-2021, persecution by the ruling authorities of Belarus, clarifying the position of the Apostolic See. The research methodology is based on the scientific principles of objectivity and historicism, special scientific methods of critical analysis of sources, problem-chronological and system-structural. The scientific novelty is to clarify the place and role of the hierarchy and clergy of the Catholic Church, their persecution by the ruling authorities of Belarus during the socio-political crisis of 2020-2021. Conclusions: Socio-political crisis in Belarus in 2020-2021, provoked by the results unfair election of the President of the country, aroused the whole public, and thus did not leave indifferent the Catholic Church. As spiritual children of the ancestors of the Uniate generation, the Belarusians chose the path of change and carried out a moral and ethical revolution, where human dignity overcomes ignorance. They are building a new Belarus, realizing that the only right path is through repentance, and in this way the Catholic Church together with the people. History is coming to light before our eyes.