Scientific Objectives Research Articles

SSMBERT: A Space Science Mission Requirement Classification Method Based on BERT

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has demonstrated importance in the aerospace field. However, the MBSE modeling process is often tedious and heavily reliant on specialized knowledge and experience; thus, a new modeling method is urgently required to enhance modeling efficiency. This article focuses on the MBSE modeling in space science mission phase 0, during which the mission requirements are collected, and the corresponding dataset is constructed. The dataset is utilized to fine-tune the BERT pre-training model for the classification of requirements pertaining to space science missions. This process supports the subsequent automated creation of the MBSE requirement model, which aims to facilitate scientific objective analysis and enhances the overall efficiency of the space science mission design process. Based on the characteristics of space science missions, this paper categorized the requirements into four categories: scientific objectives, performance, payload, and engineering requirements, and constructed a requirements dataset for space science missions. Then, utilizing this dataset, the BERT model is fine-tuned to obtain a space science mission requirements classification model (SSMBERT). Finally, SSMBERT is compared with other models, including TextCNN, TextRNN, and GPT-2, in the context of the space science mission requirement classification task. The results indicate that SSMBERT performs effectively under Few-Shot conditions, achieving a precision of 95%, which is at least 10% higher than other models, demonstrating superior performance and generalization capabilities.

Crystallizing techniques: sample preparations, technical knowledge, and the characterization of blood crystals, 1840-1909.

Sample preparation is the process of altering a naturally occurring object into a representative form that is amenable to scientific inquiry. Preparation is an important preliminary to data collection, ubiquitous in the life sciences and elsewhere, yet relatively neglected in historical and philosophical literature. This paper presents a detailed historical case study involving the preparation and study of blood crystals in the nineteenth century. The case is used to highlight significant features of preparation, which aid our understanding of the epistemology of sciences in which preparations play an important role. First, it shows the role of technical knowledge in efforts to characterize a scientific phenomenon or object of interest. Especially in early stages of characterization, scientists improve their understanding of what they are preparing by better understanding their preparation procedures. Second, this case contributes to recent views of characterization as a relatively autonomous domain of scientific activity. It shows how preparation functions as a site for integrating different experimental methods, and the difficulties that ensue. In light of these considerations, the case shows how characterization is capable of shaping or constraining explanatory pursuits as much as it is guided by them.

Through the Citizen Scientists’ Eyes: Insights into Using Citizen Science with Machine Learning for Effective Identification of Unknown-Unknowns in Big Data

In the era of rapidly growing astronomical data, the gap between data collection and analysis is a significant barrier, especially for teams searching for rare scientific objects. Although machine learning (ML) can quickly parse large data sets, it struggles to robustly identify scientifically interesting objects, a task at which humans excel. Human-in-the-loop (HITL) strategies that combine the strengths of citizen science (CS) and ML offer a promising solution, but first, we need to better understand the relationship between human- and machine-identified samples. In this work, we present a case study from the Galaxy Zoo: Weird & Wonderful project, where volunteers inspected ~200,000 astronomical images—processed by an ML-based anomaly detection model—to identify those with unusual or interesting characteristics. Volunteer-selected images with common astrophysical characteristics had higher consensus, while rarer or more complex ones had lower consensus. This suggests low-consensus choices shouldn’t be dismissed in further explorations. Additionally, volunteers were better at filtering out uninteresting anomalies, such as image artifacts, which the machine struggled with. We also found that a higher ML-generated anomaly score that indicates images’ low-level feature anomalousness was a better predictor of the volunteers’ consensus choice. Combining a locus of high volunteer-consensus images within the ML learnt feature space and anomaly score, we demonstrated a decision boundary that can effectively isolate images with unusual and potentially scientifically interesting characteristics. Using this case study, we lay important guidelines for future research studies looking to adapt and operationalize human-machine collaborative frameworks for efficient anomaly detection in big data.

Why is the uptake of decentralised elements in clinical trials slower than expected?

In the swiftly changing realm of clinical research, incorporating decentralised elements into clinical trials is becoming a transformative approach to drug development. Driving this approach is the need to not only improve the desirability of participating in clinical trials by reducing participant burden but also increase the utility of the data/evidence collected. The philosophy guiding this approach is both participant- and site-centred, thus ensuring decentralised elements truly add value to the clinical trial experience while still meeting a trial’s scientific objectives. As the potential benefits of these innovative trial methodologies have become more clear, regulatory agencies worldwide have released numerous guidelines for incorporating decentralised elements into clinical trials. Despite these promising benefits and regulatory guidance, the adoption of these elements has not progressed as rapidly as anticipated. This commentary delves into some of the factors sponsors consider with regard to integrating decentralised elements into clinical trials and discusses several challenges they face in practice.

Rudyard Kipling's Kim : A Novel of Networks

abstract: This analysis explores Rudyard Kipling's view of the limitations of Western universalist philosophy through three train scenes in Kim (1901). Each scene develops Kim's Bildung in relation to the culturally hybrid spaces of colonized India, and each contrasts the experience of hybridity against European Enlightenment concepts of the material world. There are two distinct types of enlightenment involved: Kim's western education is associated with scientific objectivity, instrumental rationality, and progressive conceptions of civilization; his eastern education involves spiritual clarity, the interdependence of all entities, and transcendence of materialism and its related suffering. Such concepts are challenged by the novel's modernization of Bildungsroman , which emphasizes networks of relations, rather than independence and autonomy. A comparative reading of two panoramic views—from the Grand Trunk Road and from the lama's enlightened perspective—illustrates Kipling's rejection of a unified theory of enlightenment, further complicating the implications of Western Enlightenment for unreconciled hybridity.

PENDIDIKAN DALAM BELENGGU KONFLIK: STRATEGI DAN KONDISI PENDIDIKAN DI YAMAN

This research aims to understand the actual condition of the education sector in the Republic of Yemen, along with the strategies that have been prepared in the context of developing and improving the quality of education. The panorama that is being observed is not only a picture of Yemen which until now is still preoccupied by conflicts and political disputes. This paper is expected to be one of the scientific contributions for further research in related fields. The data in this paper was obtained using qualitative research methods by conducting literature studies from various sources. The data collected is presented as it is without providing any interpretation. From these various sources, some data was obtained from official documents. Although with the disclosure of the source of the document, statements or articles that are opinions are minimized so that scientific objectivity is maintained. Based on the studies that have been conducted, an important keyword has been found that covers development in all sectors (including education) in Yemen, namely the Yemen Strategic Vision 2025. Especially in the field of education, the Ministry of Education and Culture has prepared a set of plans and achievement parameters for a certain work period. This article is not proposed as a form of problem solving, but rather is intended as additional literature for a more comprehensive review.

AI-Based Monitoring for Enhanced Poultry Flock Management

The exponential growth of global poultry production highlights the critical need for efficient flock management, particularly in accurately counting chickens to optimize operations and minimize economic losses. This study advances the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture by developing and validating an AI-driven automated poultry flock management system using the YOLOv8 object detection model. The scientific objective was to address challenges such as occlusions, lighting variability, and high-density flock conditions, thereby contributing to the broader understanding of computer vision applications in agricultural environments. The practical objective was to create a scalable and reliable system for automated monitoring and decision-making, optimizing resource utilization and improving poultry management efficiency. The prototype achieved high precision (93.1%) and recall (93.0%), demonstrating its reliability across diverse conditions. Comparative analysis with prior models, including YOLOv5, highlights YOLOv8’s superior accuracy and robustness, underscoring its potential for real-world applications. This research successfully achieves its objectives by delivering a system that enhances poultry management practices and lays a strong foundation for future innovations in agricultural automation.

Research culture influences in health and biomedical research: Rapid scoping review and content analysis

Research culture is strongly influenced by academic incentives such as the pressure to publish in academic journals, and can influence the nature and quality of the evidence we produce. The purpose of this rapid scoping review is to capture the breadth of differential pressures and contributors to current research culture, drawing together content from empirical research specific to the health and biomedical sciences. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for empirical studies of influences and impacts on health and biomedical research culture, published between January 2012 to April 2024. Data charting extracted the key findings and relationships in research culture from included papers such as: workforce composition; equitable access to research; academic journal trends, incentives, reproducibility; erroneous research; questionable research practices; biases vested interests and misconduct. A diverse author network was consulted to ensure content validity of the proposed framework of i) inclusivity, ii) transparency, iii) rigour and iv) objectivity. A growing field of studies examining research culture exists ranging from the inclusivity of the scientific workforce, the transparency of the data generated, the rigour of the methods used and the objectivity of the researchers involved. Figurative diagrams are presented to storyboard the links between research culture content and findings. The wide range of research culture influences in the recent literature indicates the need for coordinated and sustained research culture conversations. Core principles in effective research environments should include inclusive collaboration and diverse research workforces, rigorous methodological approaches, transparency, data sharing and reflection on scientific objectivity.

PERFORMING FEATURES OF CHAMBER VOCAL WORKS OF UKRAINIAN COMPOSERS

This study considered performing features of chamber vocal works of Ukrainian composers. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the issue of research in the music industry is determined by the cultural and social transformations that have taken place in the world and in Ukraine over the past decades. The purpose of this study is to understand the specifics of chamber vocal music by Ukrainian composers and identify the features of the process of mastering this genre of vocal music. The following methods were applied to achieve the research objective: analysis of scientific sources, logical and comparative analysis, descriptive and structural methods, scientific objectivity, and systematisation. The paper identifies and describes the main genre features of chamber vocal works of Ukrainian composers, which are mandatory for creating a performing interpretation. The methods of Ukrainian and foreign teachers in musicology, their systematic positions of understanding the specifics of chamber vocal works, and awareness of the tasks of performing musical works facing song performers are considered. The importance of a systematic approach in the practice of vocalists studying the features of chamber vocal works is emphasised. The analysis of studies allowed characterising possible methods of working on chamber vocal works of Ukrainian composers. The practical significance is conditioned by the possibility of applying the results in preparation for teaching the course of the history of Ukrainian musicology, cultural studies, and the history of vocal art in educational institutions. The scientific information contained in the paper can be used in writing methodological works, textbooks on Ukrainian musicology, and for the study of future research papers.

A New Approach to Rural Classification Based on the Filter-Method System: An Empirical Study in Nanning, South China

Rural revitalization is a strategic plan to address sustainable rural development in China and is an important revitalization task for Chinese villages. Rural classification is a key strategy for clarifying the direction and positioning of rural development and providing scientific policy decision-making Based on the findings of previous research on rural classification, we propose a new method for rural classification—the filter-method classification system. The operational steps of the classification are as follows: determining the type of villages, implementing the qualitative filter-method, implementing the quantitative filter-method, testing and feedback, and formulating the development guidelines. A total of 1425 villages in Nanning, the capital city of Guangxi, were classified. The classification results show that villages in Nanning city can be divided into four primary categories and eight secondary categories. The accuracy of the primary categories in the classification results was tested to verify the scientific objectivity and applicability of the classification idea and mode. Finally, development suggestions are presented based on the results of the classification of villages. The study results provide a reference for further rural classification work to help rural revitalization and improve the rural classification methodology and the scientific objectivity of classification. It also provides the basis for sustainable monitoring of rural development.

Fluorine Labeling and 19F NMR Spectroscopy to Study Biological Molecules and Molecular Complexes.

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents a key methodology for studying biomolecules and their interplay with other molecules. Recent developments in labeling strategies have made it possible to incorporate fluorine into proteins and peptides reliably, with manageable efforts and, importantly, in a highly site-specific manner. Paired with its excellent NMR spectroscopic properties and absence in most biological systems, fluorine has enabled scientists to investigate a rather wide range of scientific objectives, including protein folding, protein dynamics and drug discovery. Furthermore, NMR spectroscopic experiments can be conducted in complex environments, such as cell lysate or directly inside living cells. This review presents selected studies demonstrating how 19F NMR spectroscopic approaches enable to contribute to the understanding of biomolecular processes. Thereby the focus has been set to labeling strategies available and specific NMR experiments performed to answer the underlying scientific objective.

Oneness in the Laws of Social Norms and the Incoherence of Polytheism and Atheism

The research represents a scholarly endeavor to open a new dimension in the realm of social norms, deliberating on monotheism amidst the challenges of polytheism and atheism. It delves deeply into the study of the characteristics and attributes of social norms, recognizing their exclusive emanation from a singular divine source. The research problem is structured around resolving the debate within scientific circles that Allah alone cannot govern the human world independently; rather, there exist superior entities capable of influencing and altering destiny, sometimes substituting the divine with mythical entities or alternative systems. The primary objectives of the research include establishing the concept of Allah's unity and its manifestations within social norms. Utilizing a critical-analytical methodology, the study highlights the necessity for deeper exploration of social norms through various approaches. Each investigation, guided by scientific rigor and objectivity, inevitably concludes with a firm conviction in the excellence of Allah and His continuous governance of existence. Furthermore, both ancient and modern atheism face methodological crises in comprehending creation's origin, while polytheism acknowledges Allah's partial authority, yet perceives completeness only through associating additional forces to complement what they perceive as divine imperfections.

Analisis Strategi Pembelajaran Sains Berbasis Salingtemas dalam Membangun Sikap Ilmiah Siswa

The advancement of science will boost technology, technological advancement will bring negative and positive impacts in life, so that students have concern, awareness, scientific attitude and are responsible for their environment, so quality science learning is needed to prevent environmental damage. This study aims to describe science learning with salingtemas to build students' scientific attitudes. The method used in this study is the Systematic Literature Review method, which is a research method to identify, study, evaluate, and interpret data systematically through searching for journal articles from the Google Scholar and Publish or Perish 8 databases published from 2018 to 2024 from the journal search 208 articles were obtained, after being filtered into 34 articles, then selected using the keywords "salingtemas" and "science learning approach" a study of 27 articles was obtained then adjusted again to the specific needs of the research article and obtained 9 articles, this will then be analyzed. The results of the study show that science learning with a mutual-theme approach can improve scientific attitudes, critical thinking, creativity, discipline, sensitivity, objectivity, care, cooperation, and responsibility towards oneself and protecting the environment from the negative impacts of the use of technology in life.

Ethics and Aesthetics in Food Tourism in Belém/PA (Brazil)

Objective: The aim of the study is to reflect on the local gastronomy of the city of Belém, in the Brazilian state of Pará, from its postmodern condition. Theoretical Framework: Belém, capital of the state of Pará, has been, since 2015, the Creative City of Gastronomy. This title granted by UNESCO is due to traditional and local food, which has strong indigenous roots and, at the same time, African and Portuguese influence. Furthermore, the postmodern condition puts emphasis on aesthetics, considering that today everything is reduced to criteria of image, appearance and spectacle. Method: The methodology adopted in the investigation has a qualitative and documentary character, as we seek to deepen knowledge about our scientific object. We also look to debate both theory and empirical data obtained mainly on Tripadvisor. Here we seek to analyze the gastronomic offer of the 50 best restaurants in the city of Belém. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that tourists seek authentic and typical experiences, but also innovative ones. In terms of discussion, it is assumed that the presentation of the meals to the customer has aesthetic importance. This study needs to be complemented with other research about the preparation of meals by Chefs and cooks. Research Implications: The research contributes to understand food heritage, offering a basis for thinking about the field of food tourism. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature on food tourism. Its relevance and value are evident in understanding and thinking about the importance of food tourism.

PROBLEMS OF POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL HEALTHCARE (based on materials from the administrative department of Gorky Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks))

The article reveals health problems in the City of Gorky and Gorky Region in the period of 1945 – early 1950s. Topicality of the study is connected, first of all, with the insufficient development of this topic in historiography. On the other hand, the secrecy of a number of archival funds and the gradual work on declassifying socially significant documents require their timely involvement in scientific circulation. The source base is the materials of the State Socio-Political Archive of Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Central Archive of Nizhny Novgorod Region. The City of Gorky and the regional centres of Gorky Region, especially Dzerzhinsk, were important industrial centres in the post-war period. Gorky was also one of the major transport hubs. The article notes that these factors directly influenced the development of regional medicine. With the outbreak of the Cold War, medical documentation became closed. The author focuses on the analysis of medical documents of the administrative department of Gorky Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Data on the state of health care in the region is just at the moment being introduced into scientific circulation. The research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and determinism. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative historicism, chronology were used. The novelty of the research lies in obtaining new knowledge about the conditions of the state, functioning and reform of the health care system of Gorky Region, as well as about the organisation of fighting social diseases, such as venereal ones and tuberculosis, in the post-war period. The author highlights the main problems of regional medicine of the period under study and the proposals of Party bodies to resolve socially significant issues.

Subjectivity of artificial intelligence in criminal law: New challenges

The article aims to evaluate which changes in criminal law can influence the improvement of defining the legal personality of artificial intelligence. To achieve this, the object of study is AI-based technologies that could become subjects of criminal law. The scientific objective of the article is to identify and organize the most necessary changes in Jordan's criminal legislation to establish the legal personality of artificial intelligence. The research methodology involves applying a consolidated ranking of the proposed changes in criminal law. As a result, a list of proposed amendments to Jordan's criminal legislation is presented, which enhances the definition of artificial intelligence as a legal subject. A model for organizing these changes from the most significant and necessary today to the less influential is also presented. Prospects for further research should involve a deeper assessment of the moral and ethical issues of artificial intelligence and the regulation of its activities.

KISS: Instrument Description and Performance

Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have been proven as reliable systems for astrophysical observations, especially in the millimeter range. Their compact size enables them to optimally fill the focal plane, thus boosting sensitivity. The KIDs Interferometric Spectral Surveyor (KISS) instrument is a millimeter camera that consists of two KID arrays of 316 pixels each coupled to a Martin–Puplett interferometer (MPI). The addition of the MPI grants the KID camera the ability to provide spectral information in the 100 and 300 GHz range. In this paper, we report the main properties of the KISS instrument and its observations. We also describe the calibration and data analysis procedures used. We present a complete model of the observed data including the sky signal and several identified systematics. We have developed a full photometric and spectroscopic data analysis pipeline that translates our observations into science-ready products. We show examples of the results of this pipeline on selected sources: the Moon, Jupiter, and Venus. We note the presence of a deficit of response with respect to expectations and laboratory measurements. The detector's noise level is consistent with values obtained during laboratory measurements, pointing to a suboptimal coupling between the instrument and the telescope as the most probable origin for the problem. This deficit is large enough to prevent the detection of galaxy clusters, which were KISS's main scientific objective. Nevertheless, we have demonstrated the feasibility of this kind of instrument in the prospect of other KID interferometers (such as the CONCERTO instrument). In this regard, we have developed key instrumental technologies such as optical conception, readout electronics, and raw calibration procedures, as well as adapted data analysis procedures.

Indie economics: social purpose, lay expertise and the unusual rise of modern monetary theory

ABSTRACT We argue that the IPE literature on economic expertise has been characterised by ‘methodological elitism’ that makes it ill equipped to account for the influence of heterodox and grassroots forms of expertise. To remedy this, we posit a theoretical framework that emphasises the tensions between two forms of professional legitimacy. One is internal legitimacy and it is rooted in appeals to scientific objectivity, political neutrality and high professional barriers of entry. However, internal legitimacy may clash with external legitimacy, which is a function of a clear articulation of social purpose. Taking the surprising rise of Modern Monetary Theory as a case study, the paper makes two claims. First, its ideas did not coalesce into a distinctive heterodox brand of economics through traditional mechanisms like academic peer-review and citation networks, but through intense online activity. Second, the messaging that spurred MMT consistently combined constitutive claims with explicit declarations of social purpose. The result was an open project with a broad normative appeal, which successfully enrolled a large group of passionate followers and co-creators. To date, IPE scholars have been blind to such alternative forms of knowledge production.

Alfvén wave generation and electron energization in the KiNET-X sounding rocket mission

Active plasma experiments can be used to strongly perturb the space plasma environment. During the early phase of a chemical release (e.g., few to several seconds), the injected plasma cloud can excite a variety of waves rather than acting as “inert” tracer particles. It is during this early phase of the release that fundamental plasma processes can be studied. For example, the Trigger [Holmgren et al., J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5043 (1980)] and recent KINetic-scale Energy and momentum Transport eXperiment (KiNET-X) missions were both designed to study processes related to auroral electron energization. Early experiments relied primarily on ground-based optics to diagnose the plasma interaction. Advances in optical sensors have dramatically improved imaging capability of both the ion and neutral components of the injected cloud; therefore, optics remain an important part of these types of experiments. However, advances in plasma (fields and particles) instruments have enabled a new generation of possible experiments from the sounding rocket platform. In this article, we discuss previous sounding rocket (and orbital) active experiments, the related science objectives, and an overview of select results from the KiNET-X rocket mission. Specifically, KiNET-X produced an Alfvénic perturbation, a variety of high frequency waves, energized thermal electrons, and produced a field-aligned electron beam of ∼ 200 eV. The electron energization indicates non-ideal coupling of the injected barium cloud with the ambient ionospheric plasma.

THE WISDOM OF WAYANG KAMASAN: A MORAL COMPASS FOR SUSTAINABILITY

The deterioration of the Earth's ecosystem and its subsequent impact represents a mounting concern. The increase in crimes against humanity, the destruction of the natural world, and the extinction of animals is a matter of grave concern. The objective of science is to address the damage through a scientific approach. However, in order to instill a sense of moral responsibility, it is becoming increasingly necessary to adopt an approach that is rooted in ancient traditions. This paper focuses on wayang kamasan, a traditional communal art that has been maintained since the 14th century and is synonymous with value-laden tradition. The objective of this paper is to examine the wisdom of wayang kamasan from the perspective of Emmanuel Levinas' moral philosophy in order to ascertain its relevance in the context of sustainability. The research analysis revealed that the values inherent to wayang kamasan encompass transcendent, wisdom, vital, and utilitarian values. These values represent the nexus of artistic practice and traditional aesthetics, influencing spiritual experience, moral conduct, and the exercise of wisdom in action. The wisdom inherent in wayang kamasan offers a robust foundation for directing moral responsibility towards sustainability.