Scientific Content Analysis Research Articles

Scientific content analysis of Light Emitting Diode (LED) for high school physics STEM based learning

Scientific content analysis of Light Emitting Diode (LED) for high school physics STEM based learning

Дифузія інновацій в е-торгівлі

In terms of market relations, the effectiveness of marketing systems is a decisive factor in the competitiveness of the enterprise. In today’s world, enterprises cannot exist without the introduction of innovative processes into production or to existing goods or services. The application of innovations in marketing, which increases profitability by 10%, is extremely relevant today, so there is an urgent need to study the spread of innovations in e-trade, taking into account marketing management. The aim of the article is to determine the impact of marketing management on the spread of inno­vations in e-trade. The research was conducted using methods of theoretical generalization and grouping; formalization and synthesis; principles of scientific content analysis. In order to assess the significance of the influence of the components of the marketing complex on the spread of innovations in e-trade, for the reliability of the research results and the justified choice of strategies, the model of F. Bass was chosen, which is characterized by the universality of application and the classification of e-consumers into social groups: innovators, early followers, early majority, late majority and outsiders. Price and promotion (advertising) are found to affect the size of the e-trade market, taking into account the elasticity of demand and the growth dynamics of the e-trade market size. Innovations ensure the further development of successful business and maintaining competitive positions on the market, therefore demand forecasting is a priority area. Marketing mix management affects all key elements of the Bass model, including innovativeness and imitation rates, total e-trade market size, and diffusion rates. It was found that the price is the dominant factor in the diffusion of innovations, and the effect of advertising is cumulative during the life cycle of the innovative product, which positively affects both the size of the market and the speed of diffusion of innovations.

Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future.

This article provides an overview of verbal lie detection research. This type of research began in the 1970s with examining the relationship between deception and specific words. We briefly review this initial research. In the late 1980s, Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) emerged, a veracity assessment tool containing a list of verbal criteria. This was followed by Reality Monitoring (RM) and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), two other veracity assessment tools that contain lists of verbal criteria. We discuss their contents, theoretical rationales, and ability to identify truths and lies. We also discuss similarities and differences between CBCA, RM, and SCAN. In the mid 2000s, 'Interviewing to deception' emerged, with the goal of developing specific interview protocols aimed at enhancing or eliciting verbal veracity cues. We outline the four most widely researched interview protocols to date: the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), Verifiability Approach (VA), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), and Reality Interviewing (RI). We briefly discuss the working of these protocols, their theoretical rationales and empirical support, as well as the similarities and differences between them. We conclude this article with elaborating on how neuroscientists can inform and improve verbal lie detection.

SCANning for truth. Scholars’ and practitioners’ perceptions on the use(fulness) of Scientific Content Analysis in detecting deception during police interviews

ABSTRACT SCAN (Scientific Content Analysis) is a verbal credibility assessment (VCA) tool that claims to detect deception in written statements. Although the validity of SCAN is contested in literature, various (law enforcement) agencies across the globe are trained in using SCAN. To date it remains unknown how SCAN is perceived, and to what extent it is used in practice. Based on a scoping review and qualitative survey, we identified practitioners’ and scholars’ perceptions on the use(fulness) of SCAN. Data were collected from 48 participants (35 practitioners and 13 scholars). Key findings illuminate (1) that practitioners apply an incomplete, personalized version of SCAN, (2) that SCAN practitioners are reluctant to abandon SCAN, and (3) that SCAN is considered incompatible with (Belgian) legislation on police questioning. Based on practitioners’ expressed needs and concerns, we present several alternatives for SCAN, as well as recommendations on how a shift to other techniques can be facilitated.

군 사망사건에 관한 사례분석에 따른 인지면담과 과학적인 내용분석(SCAN) 기법의 적용방안

As a result of analyzing the interview details of 21 deaths in the military, One of the most important factors to be considered during an investigation interview is that a location suitable for the conditions must be selected in the interview preparation stage to obtain accurate and abundant information. In the interview stage, a consensus is formed through the formation of a rapport with the witness, In order to obtain concrete and factual statements related to the case, you must first plan and interview how you will be able to make a statement through the cognitive interview technique. and It is important to examine the possibility of using the investigation by analyzing whether the statements of the persons involved in the case are reliable and valid. In this study, the criteria of scientific content analysis were examined, and the statements of the people involved in 21 death cases were substituted into the criteria of scientific content analysis to analyze the statements of the people involved. In the future, by applying cognitive interview and scientific content analysis (SCAN) to investigative interviews, it is expected that if the verbal and non-verbal behavioral responses of the witnesses are observed and the credibility of the statements is verified, it will be an opportunity to increase the efficiency of human investigations.

Fake Online Reviews: A Unified Detection Model Using Deception Theories

Online reviews influence consumers’ purchasing decisions. However, identifying fake reviews online automatically remains a complex problem, and current detection approaches are inefficient in preventing the spread of fake reviews. The literature on fake reviews detection lacks a comprehensive and interpretable theory-based model with high performance, which enables us to understand the phenomenon from a psychological perspective and analyze reviews based on user-generated content as well as consumer behavior. In this research, we synthesized ten well-founded deception theories from psychology, namely leakage theory, four-factor theory, interpersonal deception theory, self-presentational theory, reality monitoring theory, criteria-based content analysis, scientific content analysis, verifiability approach, truth-default theory, and information manipulation theory, and selected nine relevant constructs to develop a unified model for detecting fake online reviews. These constructs include specificity, quantity, non-immediacy, affect, uncertainty, informality, consistency, source credibility, and deviation in behavior. We characterized the selected constructs using verbal and non-verbal features to validate the proposed model empirically. Subsequently, we extracted features from the Yelp datasets and used them to train four machine learning algorithms, specifically Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, and Random Forest. We demonstrated that quantity, non-immediacy, affect, informality, consistency, source credibility, and deviation in behavior are essential constructs for detecting fake reviews. To our surprise, we discovered that non-verbal features are more important than verbal features and that combining features from both types improves the prediction performance. Our theory-based model outperformed most of the state-of-the-art fake review detection models and yielded high interpretability and low complexity.

Wilbur R. Knorr on Thābit ibn Qurra: A Case-Study in the Historiography of Premodern Science

There was a widespread belief among historians of science of my generation that high competence with regard to content and languages alone can guarantee better, more reliable results than can good philology combined with high competence in history or the other human sciences. In my casestudy of Wilbur R. Knorr’s analysis of several medieval Arabic and Latin texts on the balance, or steelyard, I highlight a variety of factors that compromised time and again his understanding and interpretation of his chosen texts. I conclude that a greater openness to more complex historiographical assumptions and more sophisticated methodological approaches as well as a greater willingness to contextualize documents in numerous dimensions before coming to conclusions about their specific meaning is crucial if we are to correct and improve upon work such as Knorr’s analysis of the Kitab al-qarastun, ascribed to Thābit ibn Qurra, and the Liber de canonio. The way forward is to enhance and temper philological analysis with solid analysis of scientific content within its relevant contexts. Published Online (2021-04-30)Copyright © 2021 by Sonja Brentjes Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/aestimatio/article/view/37604/28609 Corresponding Author: Sonja BrentjesMPIWG, BerlinE-Mail: brentjes@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de

Scientific content analysis of batik Cirebon and its potential for high school STEM-approached project-based instruction

The most likely STEM approach to be implemented in our curriculum is to embed social or cultural context on subject matter. Batik Cirebon is one of potential context to be used in STEM-approached chemistry instruction. Scientific content analysis of batik Cirebon is important to conduct for reconstructing the context so that it can be delivered properly to students. This study used Model of Educational Reconstruction design and the data were collected through literature studies of batik Cirebon and direct observation of batik craftsmen. The analysis of batik Cirebon scientific content structure was run based on hermeneutic-analytical method. The results of this study indicate that scientific perspective of batik Cirebon is related to many high school chemistry concepts: aromatic derivatives and polymer; electromagnetic radiation; chemical bonds; acid-base; redox and stoichiometry. The results of this study can be used for further research on the development of teaching materials and project-based learning using the embedded STEM approach using the batik Cirebon as a context.

Validity of content‐based techniques for credibility assessment—How telling is an extended meta‐analysis taking research bias into account?

SummaryContent‐based techniques for credibility assessment (Criteria‐Based Content Analysis [CBCA], Reality Monitoring [RM]) have been shown to distinguish between experience‐based and fabricated statements in previous meta‐analyses. New simulations raised the question whether these results are reliable revealing that using meta‐analytic methods on biased datasets lead to false‐positive rates of up to 100%. By assessing the performance of and applying different bias‐correcting meta‐analytic methods on a set of 71 studies we aimed for more precise effect size estimates. According to the sole bias‐correcting meta‐analytic method that performed well under a priori specified boundary conditions, CBCA and RM distinguished between experience‐based and fabricated statements. However, great heterogeneity limited precise point estimation (i.e., moderate to large effects). In contrast, Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN)—another content‐based technique tested—failed to discriminate between truth and lies. It is discussed how the gap between research on and forensic application of content‐based credibility assessment may be narrowed.

Forensic linguistics. Reality Monitoring and Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA): comparison between methods

Forensic linguistics is about the analysis of written, oral or non-verbal language in the legal field. For this purpose it employs tools finalised to the quantification and qualification of information. Among those we find Reality Monitoring, that discriminates between internal and external memories; Criteria Based Content Analysis, which uses nineteen criteria to verify the authenticity of a speech; Statement Validity Analysis; Scientific Content Analysis; Step Wise Interview. The comparison between these disciplines (and an overview on those) is preceded by important observations about cognitive and mnemonic processes and the role of the interviewer in the collection of testimony.

Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN) Cannot Distinguish Between Truthful and Fabricated Accounts of a Negative Event.

The Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN) is a verbal veracity assessment method that is currently used worldwide by investigative authorities. Yet, research investigating the accuracy of SCAN is scarce. The present study tested whether SCAN was able to accurately discriminate between true and fabricated statements. To this end, 117 participants were asked to write down one true and one fabricated statement about a recent negative event that happened in their lives. All statements were analyzed using 11 criteria derived from SCAN. Results indicated that SCAN was not able to correctly classify true and fabricated statements. Lacking empirical support, the application of SCAN in its current form should be discouraged.

SCAN as an investigative tool

Scientific content analysis (SCAN) is a technique that claims to enable the detection of deception in written statements. The underlying assumption is that statements of self-experienced events differ in several ways – such as liveliness and concreteness – from imaginary statements. It is used in many countries as an investigative tool. Nevertheless, little research on the reliability and validity of the SCAN technique is available. In this paper, two studies are presented. The first study focuses on the accuracy of SCAN to detect deception by three groups of raters with a different level of experience. This study shows a lack of validity of SCAN. Study 2 investigated the inter-rater reliability as a possible explanation for the poor validity results, and found little agreement between raters in identifying SCAN criteria. Overall, results indicate that the psychometric qualities of SCAN as an investigative tool is insufficient for use in police practice.

The language of deception

For some time, various scientific methods or devices have been promoted as foolproof ways of detecting criminal deception. Yet research and observation demonstrate that most of these methods or devices are not successful most of the time. To discover why this is so, research has concentrated on the beliefs and psychological traits of the deceivers and, sometimes, on the beliefs and psychological traits of the deception detectors. The findings of deception research however are contradictory and are continually being reevaluated by other research. This paper examines current deception research in terms of the constant reevaluation of previousresearch and the introduction of new variables and, in light of this scrutiny, focuses on the claims of Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), a technique that is used by police in various countries to analyse written statements.

Análisis del contenido científico de la publicidad en la prensa escrita

Palabras clave: alfabetizacion cientifica; ciencia y publicidad; cuestiones sociocientificas; prensa escrita; formacion del ciudadano. Analysis of scientific content of advertising in the press In this paper we analyse the scientific content of the publicity in the press. The analysis shows the existence of scientific content in the various components of advertising messages. In addition, we have collected the types of use made of science and there have been some changes in the topics covered in recent years. All this makes us believe that advertising can be seen as an indicator of trends in socioscientific issues that individuals receive. Thereby, studies on media and advertising are a source from which to draw references that affect citizenship. Because of this, it seems relevant its analysis from the point of view of experimental science teachings. Additionally, we have considered the characteristics of their possible implementation in the classroom.

Using an Example Statement Increases Information but Does Not Increase Accuracy of CBCA, RM, and SCAN

AbstractVerbal credibility assessment methods are frequently used in the criminal justice system to investigate the truthfulness of statements. Three of these methods are Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA), Reality Monitoring (RM), and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN). The aim of this study is twofold. First, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CBCA, RM, and especially SCAN. Second, we tested whether giving the interviewee an example of a detailed statement can enhance the diagnostic accuracy of these verbal credibility methods. To test the latter, two groups of participants were requested to write down one true and one fabricated statement about a negative event. Prior to this request, one group received a detailed example statement, whereas the other group received no additional information. Results showed that CBCA and RM scores differed between true and fabricated statements, whereas SCAN scores did not. Giving a detailed example statement did not lead to better discrimination between truth tellers and liars for any of the methods but did lead to the participants producing significantly longer statements. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Contextual Bias in Verbal Credibility Assessment: Criteria‐Based Content Analysis, Reality Monitoring and Scientific Content Analysis

SummaryVerbal credibility assessment encompasses several methods used to evaluate the credibility of statements by examining their content. In two experiments, we tested to what extent these methods are sensitive to contextual bias. Four statements were presented, although their context was manipulated by confronting raters with extra‐domain information that either enhanced or diminished the credibility of the statements. In Experiment 1, 32 police officers analysed the statements using scientific content analysis. In Experiment 2, 128 undergraduates analysed the statements using criteria derived from criteria‐based content analysis, reality monitoring or scientific content analysis. Results showed that all three methods were equally vulnerable to contextual bias. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

SCAN is largely driven by 12 criteria: results from sexual abuse statements

Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN) is increasingly used by investigative authorities to evaluate the credibility of statements made by witnesses and suspects. SCAN, however, lacks a well-defined list of criteria, and does not involve a standardised scoring system. In the current study, we investigated which SCAN criteria are represented in actual statements. To this end, we analysed 82 sexual abuse cases of the Dutch police in which SCAN had been applied. Two independent coders scored the presence of various SCAN criteria in the: (1) written statements from victims, suspects, and witnesses; and also looked at the (2) recommendations for follow-up investigations that were derived from SCAN. Results showed that SCAN is primarily driven by 12 criteria. Results also indicated a low inter-rater agreement for most SCAN criteria, suggesting SCAN is insufficiently developed as a forensic tool. Still, the 12 criteria can be used as a starting point for future research on their psychometric properties.

2345 – Comparative study of methods for credibility analysis of verbal statements in forensic settings

Introduction Analysis of credibility verbal statements represents an important part of forensic psychological evaluations. Currently there are several main methods for evaluating the content of verbal statement to estimate credibility of the statement. Objectives The objective of the present study was to compare the main methods for credibility analysis of verbal statements in the Czech language. This is the first study in this area in the Czech republic. Methods We examined a group of non-psychiatric adult population with at least average intelligence and no cognitive impairments (n = 150) within classical credibility analysis setting - a part of the group (n = 75) exposed to a scene, the second part of the group (n = 75) was not exposed, but they were just told what happened. Further they were interviewed by independent psychologists. The methods of Statement validity assessment (SVA), Reality monitoring (RM) and Scientific content analysis (SCA) were used to detect those who experienced the situation and those who did not. The analysis of the statements was done in a double blind setting. Results SCA and RM methods proved 85% (p Results and conclusion This pilot study supports validity of use of RM and SCA methods for analysis of credibility of verbal statements in adult non-psych iatrical persons in the Czech language, while in agreement with previous findings the method of SVA seems not to be suitable for adult persons.

Does the truth come out in the writing? Scan as a lie detection tool.

We tested the accuracy of Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), a verbal lie detection tool that is used world-wide by federal law enforcement and military agencies. Sixty-one participants were requested to write down the truth, an outright lie or a concealment lie about activities they had just completed. The statements were coded with SCAN and with another verbal lie detection tool, Reality Monitoring (RM). RM discriminated significantly between truth tellers and outright liars and between truth tellers and concealment liars, whereas SCAN did not discriminate between truth tellers and either kind of liar. Implications of the findings for the suitability of SCAN as a lie detection tool are discussed.

Detecting deception in written statements

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the most recently published and most comprehensively designed study of scientific content analysis (SCAN), a widely used but rarely researched method of content analysis for detecting deception in written statements.Design/methodology/approachThe author reviewed the design, data, and findings of the study and performed statistical re‐analysis of the raw data. Prior citations and critiques of the study by scholars also were reviewed.FindingsThe design and data analysis of the British Home Office study are in part deficient. The design includes features of a quasi‐experimental study which were operationalized poorly, and the data aggregation and analysis produced an incomplete and problematic interpretation of the raw data. Prior reviewers of the Home Office study erred in part in their understanding of the study's findings and deficiencies.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was limited to the raw data of the study, but even so, the results justify additional research on SCAN. In particular, studies should be designed that control for variables such as length of law enforcement career, educational level, number of written statements taken during the career, measures of verbal intelligence, and pre‐SCAN‐training ability to detect deception in statements. The design and analysis flaws of the Home Office study which are identified in the paper would also need to be avoided.Originality/valueThis is the first published paper to identify the full range of design and data analysis deficiencies of the Home Office study and to argue that its data nonetheless support the recommendation that SCAN be researched more thoroughly.