Folklore Science Research Articles

Folklore Texts in the Context of Historical and Cultural Environment: Neurobiological Influence

The article clarifies the basic definitions of current folklore science, defines the range of terminological borrowings from the conceptosphere "postmodernism". The article considers the term post-folklore as having a neurobiological influence, since reading works of post-folklore is a complex neurophysiological process during which the brain scans and decodes symbols and their combinations connected by phonetic, semantic and syntactic rules, discovering the meaning encoded in them, including modern urban folklore and a fundamentally new type of folk art - Internet folklore (netlore). The possibility to describe folklore phenomena in terms of post-, analogy with postmodern phenomena, has certain grounds. Thus, the postmodern exaltation of the reader, which destroys the precedence of meaning and constitutes the latter in the process of reading, finds correspondence in the multivariantism of folklore. Since postmodernism and post-folklore are united by chronological frameworks, we consider literary and folklore texts in the context of historical and cultural environment in which they appeared, we find their neuroinfluence on the personality. The analysis of the postmodern discourse shows that an important principle of its principle is the neuroinfluence in acquaintance with the works of folklore, the interactive code. New forms of disseminating and receiving information in today's society determine new forms of its non-specialized - folklore - translation.

DISINTEGRATION AS ONE OF THE REFLEXES OF CULTURE TO SUSTAIN ITS EXISTENCE

Culture, which encompasses everything produced by humanity, is one of the most extensively researched subjects. Various disciplines such as anthropology, archaeology, sociology, and ethnology all focus on culture, but they conduct studies by addressing it from different perspectives. A discipline relatively newer than others that focuses on culture is folklore studies. This rapidly developing discipline since its establishment in 1846 to present has made significant contributions to cultural studies, both in terms of the breadth of its research scope and the abundance of the theories and methods it employs. Folklore science, which examines a wide range of topics from oral cultural products to tangible and intangible cultural heritage, provides very important information to local and international authorities for a better understanding and survival of culture. In this study, the disintegration 2 function of culture is analyzed from a folkloric perspective. Just as cells form organs and organs constitute the human body, culture is formed by the combination of small building blocks such as motifs, cults, symbols, and behaviors. These building blocks constitute cultural elements, and the combination of cultural elements constitutes the culture of a nation. In situations like the weakening of tradition, forgetting/make forgotten in oral culture, loss of function, and cultural interactions. The building blocks that constitute cultural elements, such as motifs, symbols, and cults, detach from the whole and enter into another part and continue to preserve the old cultural element alive in the new cultural structure. Thus, culture does not cease to exist; it can continuously renew itself and ensures cultural continuity by engaging in new cultural productions. There is strong data that this situation will continue in the future. This situation identified in the study was examined together with its causes, and the application of this function on cultural elements was termed “Disintegration 1 Theory”

ФОЛЬКЛОРИСТИКА В КИЇВСЬКОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ: ВІД ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКОЇ ІДЕЇ ДО НАУКОВОЇ ШКОЛИ

Background. The article is devoted to the study of a topic relevant to contemporary folklore studies - its origin and formation in educational institutions of Ukraine, in particular, at Kyiv University. The author shows the formation of the folklore school at Kyiv University from a research idea in the nineteenth century, systematic study and teaching in the twentieth century to a scientific school in the twenty-first century. Methods. The descriptive, historical and chronological methods, and method of systematic analysis were used. Results. The process of the folklore research at Kyiv University is detailed and specified as a continuous and consistent one. The milestones in the development of Ukrainian folklore studies by M. Maksymovych, M. Kostomarov, M. Drahomanov, V. Antonovych, and P. Chubynskyi in their connection with the teaching activities of scientists at Kyiv University are characterized. Folklore studies are looked at the level of a research idea that will gradually form a subject area. The author describes the folklore studies of Kyiv University teachers in the twentieth century (A. Loboda, P. Popov, M. Hrytsai, etc.). Folklore studies are considered to be an independent component of philology and a system of knowledge with various research topics, methods of research and recording of folklore samples. The end of the century is characterized by radical changes caused by the restoration of statehood, which allowed the creation of the Department of Folklore Studies, the opening of specialties and the beginning of professional training in this field at Kyiv University and in Ukraine as a whole. The activities of the folklore school of Kyiv University in the twenty-first century are analyzed. It is emphasized on the issue of interest, recording, study, preservation and popularization of folklore by scientists of Kyiv University and their struggle to preserve national identity during the activity of Kyiv University. Conclusions. To sum up, the author states that the science of folklore at Kyiv University has been the subject of interest of scholars and teachers since its foundation and, having originated at the level of a research idea (M. Maksymovych, M. Kostomarov, M. Drahomanov, V. Antonovych), emerged as a subject area of teaching (A. Loboda, P. Popov, M. Hrytsai), developed and established itself as a scientific school (L. Dunaievska, O. Talanchuk, V. Boiko, L. Kopanytsia, S. Rosovetskyi, O. Ivanovska, O. Naumovska, and others) with a unified research program and strong training of professional specialists in the field.

RESEARCH OF FOLKLORIST S.RUZIMBAEV IN PARTICULAR OF KHORAZM'S EPIC AND ITS PERFORMERS

In the article, the role of folklore in expressing the aesthetic ideals of a particular nation in world literature is of particular importance, folk epics are an oral creative-artistic complex that reflects the historical and cultural development of mankind, and the arrival of this information over centuries. Necessary information about the contribution of folklorists to the study of its laws is presented. Therefore, it is emphasized that it is appropriate to consider folklore samples as an impartial source that brought the early artistic thinking of humanity to today's development. The gradual improvement of folklore genres, their specific characteristics, and the study of the principles of poetic imagery are among the current scientific problems in the focus of experts' attention. It is their skill that folklore samples created by our people over the centuries and polished due to the positive changes added by the potential of creative performers of each generation, their creative innovations, become the representatives of our national spirituality and traditions performers - thanks to the creativity of the Bakhshis. The achievements of the science of folklore are extremely important in educating the young generation in the spirit of respect and reverence for our traditions and values, instilling our national identity in their hearts. In this article, the author presents analytical thoughts about the singers of Khorezm epics – bakhshis, their genealogy and traditions of bakhshis, based on the researches of folklorist S. Rozimboyev. which epics are most skilfully sung in each school of bakshichik is shown in historical evidence and in practice. In today's era of globalization, understanding the patterns of human artistic thinking is extremely important for the development of world culture.
 Keywords: world artistic thought, first folklorist, museologist, Khorezm epics, bakhshis, traditions of Bakhshis, schools of Bakhshis, genealogy of Bakhshis.

Collections of Spanish paremias of the XVI century and their influenceon the development of folklore tradition

The article examines the works of folklore scientists who laid the foundations of Spanish paremiology. The subject of the study are collections of proverbs, sayings and other small genre forms published in Spain in the XVI century. The focus of attention is the famous apophthegmata of Melchor de Santa Cruz "Floresta española de apotegmas o sentencias, sabia y graciosamente dichas, de algunos españoles" (1574), which collected about a thousand texts and covers all aspects of the life of Spanish society. Along with other famous folklore collections of the XVI century by such authors as Juan de Timoneda, Juan de Mal Lara, Pedro Mejía, the work of Melchor de Santa Cruz influenced the formation of a scientific approach in Spanish folklore studies. The article provides a comparative analysis of collections of folklore texts of this period and emphasizes their influence on the development of Spanish folklore studies of subsequent centuries. The XVI century caused in Spain the rise of national consciousness, which is accompanied by an increase in scientific interest in the Spanish language, its lexical richness and grammatical system. Following the discovery of the New World, Spain is experiencing not only the rapid development of the science of folklore, but also the flowering of linguistic thought, based on the small genres of folklore in the issue of exemplification. The combination of short form and capacious content makes this group of genres attractive to linguists, folklorists, and Spanish writers of the Golden Age.

Kazak Toponimik Efsanelerinde Türk Halklarının Ortak Motifleri

Toponymic legends, a subcategory of the legend genre in field of folklore, are valuable cultural heritage that reflect the cultural and historical significance of a place and are associated with the beliefs and stories of local people. Toponymic legends are stories hidden in the depths of place names. These legends shed light on the history and cultural context of the places they are named after. Serving as a reflection of a place's essence, toponymic legends nourish the fabric of geography, revealing the uniqueness of a region. Like an archaeologist carrying the traces of history, they provide us with an unparalleled window to unravel the secrets of the past and understand the roots of local culture. However, this subcategory has not been sufficiently studied within the discipline of folklore. However, the study of toponymic legends contributes to the preservation and valorization of cultural heritage by providing scientific data in cultural, historical, linguistic, geographical and ecological fields. Moreover, the interrelationship between similar legends in different regions is an important means of comprehensively assessing the culture of a nation. This relationship sheds light on the internal harmony, national unity and historical depth of a spesific nation's traditional culture. The aim of the study is to provide a holistic perspective on Turkish culture through two toponymic legend texts from Kazakh Turks. The legends of "Kız Kulesi" (Maiden's Tower) and "Kırk Kız" (Forty Maidens) exist among both Kazakh Turks and other Turkish communities in the research sample. Both legends belong to the categorical subcategory of toponymic legends. When examined in terms of their motifs and narrative patterns, along with their texts, variants, and historical background, they show significant similarities. Furthermore, when the elements that constitute the narrative are analyzed and interpreted from the perspective of Turkish culture, it is determined that they possess intra-cultural consistency. The fact that Turkic communities, which have interacted with distant and different cultures, share the same legends with almost identical motifs, indicates the preservation of cultural unity. "Kırk Kız" and "Kız Kulesi" legends shed historical light on Turkish culture within the toponymic category. These legends, with their rich motifs and narrative elements, provide insights into the cultural heritage and historical background of the Turkish people. They serve as important cultural symbols, reflecting the deep-rooted traditions, beliefs, and values of the Turkish culture. Through the exploration of these legends, one can gain a deeper understanding of the historical, social, and cultural dynamics that have shaped the Turkish identity over time.

STUDYING OF KAZAKH PROVERBS. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

In the course of the work, an analysis of modern domestic and foreign paremiological studies was carried out, modern scientific trends and directions of these studies were identified. The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was done a reproductive descriptive and analytical review of research on modern domestic and foreign paremiology. The study of proverbs in Kazakh linguistics is divided into four stages, in which the third stage develops in the areas of ethnolinguistics, comparative lingua-cultural studies, and gender linguistics. The anthropocentric study of proverbs separated them from phraseology, turned them into a separate branch of folklore science, and focused on the communicative and pragmatic potential of paremiological units. The article analyzes the main aspects of modern domestic and foreign paremiological research, clarifies the directions and prospects for the development of paremiology of the Kazakh language, focuses on the tasks of future research in this area.

МОВОЗНАВЧА СПАДЩИНА СТАНІСЛАВА КАЗИМИРОВИЧА РОСОВЕЦЬКОГО

The paper outlines a portrait of Stanislav Rosovetsky, a broad-based philologist who worked all his life in the field of Slavic studies, a scientist who operated an almost full range of philological tools and skillfully combined classical methods with the modern concepts. The research is focused on the linguistic heritage of an encyclopedically educated researcher, whose scientific interests included the development of professional methodology, aspects of studying the language of folklore, linguistics, historical lexicology, stylistics, history of Ukrainian literary language, terminological issues, methodological studies, mediaeval scholars. etc. The significance of his textbook "Ukrainian folklore in theoretical light", which became the culmination of many years of activity of the professor of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, is considered from the linguistic point of view. There, the author describes the multifaceted links between folklore and linguistics; emphasis is placed on the impersonality of traditional folklore – because this aspect brings it closer to the language. The focus is also on folklorists' understanding of new theories and research methods developed by linguists, which enriches the theory of the science of folklore. In addition, the application of methods of linguistic stylistics to the folklore language material is substantiated. The importance of borderline studies of folklore with dialectology is emphasized. Linguistic aspects of the fundamental work "Taras Shevchenko and Folklore" are outlined in the paper. The work of T. Shevchenko, not only a genius poet, linguist, founder of the new Ukrainian literary language, but also a bearer of traditional folklore occupied a special place in the scientific work of S. Rosovetsky. The emphasis on the linguistic and stylistic specifics of the embodiment of folklore methods of text organization in Shevchenko's works – repetitions, psychological parallelisms, "Slavic negative parallelisms", "reservatio mentalis", etc. – is especially emphasized. The importance of differentiating Shevchenko's folklore recordings made from memory and "voice" was also given a mention. The importance of the conclusions of the section «Language of the "Word... "», devoted to linguistic issues, and especially dialectological, in S. Rosovetsky's monograph «"A Word about Igor's Regiment" in Relations with Folklore» is observed.

О региональных особенностях развития русской сибирской фольклористики начала ХХ в. (предоктябрьский период)

The article is devoted to a little-studied episode in the history of Russian folklore studies as a science — the development of folklore and ethnographic research in Siberia in the early 20th century (pre-October period). For the first time in Russian folklore studies the article examines the process of development of folklore studies in Siberia and evaluates the contribution of scientific, educational and other institutions, public and private initiatives that predetermined the specifics of the development of scientific thought in the region on the basis of the interpretation of qualitative and quantitative (statistical) data of bibliometric analysis of publications/sources. The pre-October period was the most significant and productive in the pre-revolutionary history of Russian-Siberian folklore science as a whole: at that time a layer of local scientific intelligentsia was formed, a network of organizations, institutions and structures was organized to promote the development of science in the region, conditions and prospects for the development of local university education appeared, the process of collecting, processing and storing folklore texts, their subsequent publication and popularization continued; the analytical study of folklore and the formation of new relevant scientific topics and research directions were intensified. The development of folklore studies in Siberia led to the recognition of the scientific significance of the activities of Siberian folklorists at the Russian level. The article demonstrates that in the pre-October period, the process of professionalization of Siberian folklore studies as a science was not fully completed, but was only just outlined. The transformation of Siberian local folklore studies into a “big science” would be carried out later and would become the leading trend in the development of Russian Siberian folklore since 1923.

Reflection of Folk Healing in Kazakh and Turkish Oral Literature

Folk healing is one of the oldest, most important objects of the study of oral folk art. It is important to study the history, to determine the place of folk healing in science. In Kazakh folklore science, the roots of folk healing, known by various names, have their roots in the pre-Islamic Turkic belief system. At the root of the Kazakh traditional folk healing are the Kok-Tengri religion, shamanic beliefs / Baksanism. Folk healing, which plays a rather important role in our daily life, has developed so widely in the Turkic world that its application can be seen in any sphere of life. The purpose of this study is to study various analyses, opinions, approaches concerning folk healing, as well as the results of the study of Kazakh and foreign scientists regarding Kazakh folk healing. It is also possible to prove through the judgments of researchers that in the works of oral folk art accumulated over the centuries, one can also find reflections and experiences of our ancestors concerning everyday life, traditions, and a healthy lifestyle. The article discusses various names, definitions of the concept of folk healing in Kazakh and Turkish oral literature, examples, methods of treatment that are not found in other literary works about folk healing except the book Korkyt Ata, which is a priceless pearl of oral folk healing.

Chinese Folklore for the English Public: Herbert A. Giles’s 1880 Translation of Pu Songling’s Classical Tales

Chinese Folklore for the English Public: Herbert A. Giles’s 1880 Translation of Pu Songling’s Classical Tales

Traditional Culture and Folklore Science: Two Approaches in the Discursive Construction of the Cultural Field of Folklore in Chile

Traditional Culture and Folklore Science: Two Approaches in the Discursive Construction of the Cultural Field of Folklore in Chile

Karşılaştırmalı Çalışmaların Mitopoetiğe Uygulanması: İzlanda ve Türk Folklor Metinlerinde Tekrarlar

Karşılaştırmalı edebiyatın gelişim dönemine bakarsak, bunun XIX yüzyıldaki romantizm aşamasına geçişten kaynaklandığını görebiliriz. Bir yön olarak karşılaştırmalı edebiyatın oluşumu öncelikle folklor bilimimin gelişimi ile bağlantılıydı. V. ve Y. Grim Brothers tarafından masalların toplanması ve incelenmesi ile ilgili olarak verilen ilk çalışmalar, kurumsallaşma açısından folklorun gelişimine ivme kazandırdı. Bu karşılaştırmalar, plan güdüsü uyumluluğu, aktarımı ve genetik ilişkiler bağlamında incelendiğinde, mitin şiirselleri göz ardı edilmemiştir. Folklorda yaygın olan tekrarların neredeyse tüm ulusların folklorunda bir yeri olması özellikle dikkat çekicidir. Bu fenomenin kökeninde, her şeyden önce sosyo-psikolojik faktör vardır. Bu nedenle, büyüyə inancın bir ifadesi olarak ortaya çıkan tekrarların hem Türk hem de Avrupa halklarının folkloruna yansıdığı gerçeği, tipolojik bir uygunluk olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bunun bir kanıtı olarak, araştırma İzlanda eposu "Büyük Edda" ve "Kitabi-Dede Korkut" dan örnekler içermektedir. Bu örnekler karşılaştırıldığında, tekrarların esas olarak büyüyü arttırmaya hizmet ettiği açıktır. Her iki metindeki tekrarların aynı işlevi yerine getirmesi, bunun sosyo-psikolojik bir faktörün sonucu olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır.

Medicina popular y plantas curativas. Bibliografía crítica ( 1883-1988)

Los estudios sobre medicina popular nacen a finales del siglo XIX en Escocia, de la mano de William George Black, que aporta en 1883 la primera obra extensa, titulada Folk-Medicine. Por esas mismas fechas proliferan en el resto de Europa estudios semejantes, que poco a poco van nutriendo esta faceta de la ciencia folclórica recién instituida. En este artículo se ofrece el comentario bibliográfico de una serie amplia de trabajos dedicados al análisis de la medicina popular en diversos países europeos y, fundamentalmente, España y Portugal, desde sus inicios hasta el año 1988.

О некоторых закономерностях развития русской фольклористической науки в Сибири

О некоторых закономерностях развития русской фольклористической науки в Сибири

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE POLISH COLONY OF PYSHIVKA IN THE SPRING 1944 IN THE REFLECTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE PEOPLE’S STORY TRADITION

Summary. The purpose of the study is to discover how the Ukrainian folk-narrative tradition in the records of the end of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century reflects and comprehends one of the numerous Polish-Ukrainian armed conflicts of the mid-twentieth century – the destruction by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the spring of 1944 of the Polish colony Pyshivka. To track how respondents of all ages, genders, cultural and educational backgrounds, ideological and political beliefs and moral values view this event. Also, to find out how their historical memory correlates with the features of Ukrainian-Polish socio-political, economic, economic and moral outlook in the period of Ukrainian independence. The methodological basis is the method of hermeneutics as an art of understanding textual discourse, as well as as commenting on and interpreting a work of art through a mental-analytical and intuitive comprehension of its ideological, artistic, psycho-emotional sense. And also a historical method of research, which is to study the chronological sequence of occurrence, formation and development of events, phenomena or other objects, which contributes to an in-depth understanding of their essence. Scientific novelty For the first time in Ukrainian folklore science and historical science the original source database was collected, and on the basis of it the genesis and dynamics of the epic-historical memory of the local people are analyzed about the unexplored moment of past Polish-Ukrainian confrontation. At the same time, it is traced how this memory influences the formation of the outlook-value and behavioral characteristics of this environment. We conclude that comprehension by the narrative tradition of the destruction of Pyshivka takes place in two planes- socio-political, militaristic on the one hand, and Christian-moral humanistic on the other. There is a tendency that the farther the narrators are from the realities of national liberation struggl not being eyewitnesses themselves the less is their interested in it from print or other sources, so their comprehension becomes more humanistic and moral. They sincerely regret what happened, show a subconscious complex of guilt, and hence focus more on peaceful, friendly attitude to war.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE PLOT AND COMPOSITION OF THE HISTORICAL STORIES OF M. MOROZENKO’S DILOGY "IVAN SIRKO, THE GREAT SORCERER", "IVAN SIRKO, THE GLORIOUS KOSHOVOY"

The writers pay increased attention to the philosophical and historiographical interpretation of events and phenomena, the moral and human essence of historical persons, which absorbs their upbringing, social roles, and innate mental dominants. The article establishes that the main types of plot creation of historical novels are chronicled, events in which unfold in a temporal sequence, and concentric (“single action”), where events develop in a causal relationship. The conceptual storyline of the novel by M. Morozenko “Ivan Sirko, the Great Sorcerer” is the confrontation of the young main character and the pompous instigator of the youthful detachment Taras Chornoplit. The situation, which is repeated in chivalrous novels, is elegantly modeled. The character of the opponents is checked for stability: the enraged Taras Chornoplit threw Ivan Polovets, who is smaller, on the grass, but the last one did not lose his head and fought back. The fight between them will be one of the plot engines. In the real moments of the greatest tension of the conflict, Sirko’s legendary supernatural abilities are woven, because he learned from the characters to see the innermost as well. The confrontation continued. The struggle between good and evil is organically woven into the outline of the plot of the story “Ivan Sirko, the Glorious Koshovoy”: the military fame of the fellow countryman strangled Chornoplit, and he slandered him. Further plot situations are saturated with fantasy: confusing feet, Chornoplit approached the Sich gates, but it was as if someone had moved them. In the morning he woke up far from the gates and was suddenly captured by the Tatars. The culmination of the clash was Sirko's response to treason against his native land. If Taras carries unworthy fame from here and disgraces his native Merefyanka, then death will be the punishment. The second time Sirko pushed Chornoplit as if he were something nasty and ugly. According to the results of the study, it was found that episodes of the confrontation between Sirko and Chornoplit constitute an event chain of verification of the moral qualities of the characters. It shows that for the writer, the preservation and development of the best achievements of the past, the proactive search for connections with folklore science fiction is especially relevant and important. Different orders have compositional components of the novels of dilogy: descriptions, landscapes, portraits, monologues, dialogues, polylogues. They are enriched by the reproduction of the human perception of the world seen and experienced by the characters in stories, the connections between them and events, the fixation of individual communicative situations. Magical landscapes are consonant with the moods of the citizen of Merefyanka; their souls turn to ancient sources. The majestic landscape of Khortytsia personifies the Cossack defense and glory. Khortytsia represents in the story not only a landscape type, but also a component of historical memory in the process of creating a nation. Emotionally respectful attitude to the cradle of the Cossacks forms a personal consciousness. Sirko's verbal and artistic portraits describe a temperamental personality at different age. In postmodern narratives, M. Morozenko, instead of full reproductions of the personality of the main character, draws attention only to the leading features in various life situations. The novelism of the stories allowed the writer to achieve the desired laconicism in affirming historical memory, human good and justice, the need to talk with the young reader about the most important thing – friendship and child cruelty, truth and injustice, love and hatred, about the attitude to parents and the active character of the little hero, about Cossack feats. Keywords: opening, culmination, event chain, retrospection.

The Science of Folklore: Aurelio Espinosa on Spain and the American Southwest

Abstract Aurelio Espinosa (1880-1958) studied folklore in the American Southwest and Spain. Espinosa was one of the first academic folklorists to work with American materials and the first scholar to write about Mexican American culture. This paper is an attempt to re-insert this forgotten figure into the history of folklore studies. At the same time, drawing on new archival sources, this study will show that Espinosa’s active support of Franco in Spain contributed to his theory of cultural transmission in the American Southwest.

The Third Force in Folklore Studies: Gary Alan Fine's Sociological Approach

This paper attempts to offer a critical overview of the theoretical and methodological contribution of micro-sociologist and social psychologist Gary Alan Fine to folklore studies. It begins with a discussion of both the major and most questioned points of his methodology, continues with a consideration of the wider folkloristical framework of his interpretation, and ends with a suggestion for innovation and improvement of Fine's analytical framework for the interpretation of folk narratives.
 Gary Alan Fine's most significant contribution to folklore studies was research of rumours and urban legends, including their meaning, function, and influence on indi­vidual behavior. In a series of papers, apart from offering an interpretation of various urban and corporate legends, he also demonstrated methods and means of connecting social and cultural factors with narrative content, in the context of social and eco­nomic structures and relations in post-industrial and late-capitalist global societies. Of special interest are papers in which he analyzes folklore as expressive culture and a form of symbolic communication between small groups, as an important form of self-identification and behavior strategies both from within and without of the group. Fine makes a point when he diagnoses a lack of analyses of this sort in American folklore studies, wishing there were enough to make a significant turn in contemporary folk­loristics. This is why Fine named his new research strategy the «third force». Another dimension of his contribution is the further elaboration of the analytical framework that relies on socio-structural, socio-psychological, symbolical and economical pa­rameters of explanation. For that purpose, he constructed a theoretical and meth­odogical model called the folklore diamond. With his suggestions and critique of the existing state of folklore studies, Gary Alan Fine provided a very significant contri­bution to the science of folklore in general.

Richard Mercer Dorson: Institutionalization and Internationalization of the American Folklore Science

Richard Mercer Dorson made great strides in fieldwork theory and technique, influ­encing especially his own students' work. He pioneered the analysis of oral style in folk narratives and of the role of folklore in American literature, here too stirring up considerable controversy. He was an architect of intellectual bridges between folklor­ists of the United States and their counterparts in Europe, Africa, and Asia, both through his own writings and through the published works and conferences he stimu­lated others to bring about. And, more than anyone else, he agitated for the establish­ment of academic programs in folklore in the United States, with the respected pro­fessional instructors, systematic curricula, and scholarly bibliography needed to sus­tain them. The legacy of Dorson's writings to future American, and folklorists world­wide, is rich and complex, requir­ing the long term for its full significance to be appre­ciated.