Sport Science Research Articles

The catalogue of Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024

The catalogue of Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024

Establishing the Reliability of the GaitON® Motion Analysis System: A Foundational Study for Gait and Posture Analysis in a Healthy Population

Background: Gait and posture analysis plays a crucial role in understanding human movement, with significant applications in rehabilitation, sports science, and clinical settings. The GaitON® system, a 2D motion analysis tool, provides an accessible and cost-effective method for assessing gait and posture. However, its reliability in clinical practice, particularly for intra-rater consistency, remains to be evaluated. This study aims to assess the intra-rater reliability of the GaitON® system in a healthy population, focusing on gait and posture parameters. Methods: A total of 20 healthy participants (10 males and 10 females) aged 18 to 50 years were recruited for the study. Each participant underwent gait and posture assessments using the GaitON® system on two separate occasions, spaced one week apart. Video recordings from anterior and posterior views were used to analyze gait, while images from anterior, posterior, and lateral views were captured to assess posture with markers placed on key anatomical landmarks. The reliability of the measurements was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), a standard error of measurement (SEM), and the smallest detectable difference (SDD) method. Results: The GaitON® system demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability across a wide range of gait and posture parameters. ICC values for gait parameters, including hip, knee, and ankle joint angles, ranged from 0.90 to 0.979, indicating strong consistency in repeated measurements. Similarly, ICC values for posture parameters, such as the head alignment, shoulder position, and ASIS alignment, were above 0.90, reflecting excellent reliability. SEM values were low across all parameters, with the smallest SEM recorded for the hip joint angle (0.37°), and SDD values further confirmed the precision of the system. Conclusion: The GaitON® system provides reliable and consistent measurements for both gait and posture analysis in healthy individuals. Its high intra-rater reliability and low measurement error make it a promising tool for clinical and sports applications. Further research is needed to validate its use in clinical populations and compare its performance to more complex 3D motion analysis systems.

Design and Validation of a University Education Peer Observation Tool

Objective: The aim of this study was to design and validate a university education PoT instrument. Theoretical Framework: It has become a priority to implement Peer Observation of Teaching (PoT) in the domain of higher education. There are different PoT approaches, a social credentialism model and a feedback-oriented approach. Method: The Higher Education-PoT (HE-PoT) tool was designed ad hoc following observational methodology principles. The original items were drawn from a systematic review of PoT tools by Otero-Saborido et al. (2024). The procedure consisted of two phases: in the first qualitative phase, items from the tool were selected and circulated within a group of experts; in the second quantitative phase, the items were quantified using the Aiken coefficient Results and Discussion: It was initially based on a systematic review of PoT tools and subsequently subjected to 4 rounds of revisions by Physical Education and Sports Science teaching experts. The final tool consisted of a total of 33 descriptive categories divided into 11 items. The validity of all item contents was calculated using Aiken's coefficient (value equal to 0.75 or above, except for 2 items which scored 0.66) and all categories obtained values above 0.75. A total of 25 of the 33 categories presented values over 0.90. Research Implications: Future works should test the tool reliability so that it can be used to improve teaching following collaborative approaches. Originality/Value: Validated PoT tools are generally lacking in university education. The designed tool includes a number of items that contribute to a sustainable observation for teachers.

The Effect of Using the Wheatley Educational Model According to Cooperative Groups to Reflective Thinking and Learning the Basic Skills of Freestyle Swimming for Students

The research aimed to identify the effect of the Wheatley model according to cooperative groups in reflective thinking and learning the basic skills of freestyle swimming for students. As for the research hypothesis, it was represented by the presence of statistically significant differences between the post-tests of the two groups (experimental and control), and the research population was determined by the intentional method of third-stage students in College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Sulaymaniyah. As for the research sample, it was randomly selected by lottery from Division (A) and consisted of (32) students. It was divided into two groups: the experimental group, which consisted of (14) students, and the control group, which consisted of (14) students. The skill tests for free swimming were relied upon to reach the results after treating them with appropriate statistical means. The researcher concluded that the Wheatley educational model according to the cooperative groups had a positive impact on reflective thinking and learning the basic skills of free swimming for the third stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in University of Sulaymaniyah. The researcher recommended the need to use the Wheatley educational model according to cooperative groups in learning the basic skills of freestyle swimming for different stages and age groups. The researcher also recommended the need to use the Wheatley educational model according to cooperative groups in teaching various other activities and sports.

Rapid Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Total and Free Testosterone in Human Serum and Its Application to Monitoring Biomarker Response of Elite Athletes

Total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) are important biochemical markers for anabolism of the human body, and can also serve as early screening indicators for overtraining syndrome (OTS). Presently, there is no fast and reliable serum TT and FT determination method in the field of sport science that can meet the requirements of sports research. Thus, a rapid and accurate determination method for serum TT and FT to fill the gap is needed urgently in sports training. Herein, a simple and reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of TT and FT in serum was developed and fully validated, followed by the application of professional athletes in training monitoring. Efficient pretreatments based on only one-step liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) for TT and one-step LLE after a 20 min ultrafiltration for FT were adopted in this study, and the isotope internal standard of testosterone-13C3 was used to ensure the reliability of the whole procedure. A linear range of four orders of magnitude with 0.02–100 ng/mL can meet the concentration range requirement between a higher limit for male TT and a lower limit for female FT. The accuracy, precision, stability, and matrix effect were all within the limits of the guidelines. The serum TT and FT levels of 200 professional athletes (98 male athletes and 102 female athletes) were investigated by this method. Serum TT, FT, and FT/TT levels of professional athletes were significantly higher than the general population, and serum TT levels were significantly higher by LC-MS/MS than by a chemiluminescence immunoassay. In conclusion, the LC-MS/MS method for TT and FT measurement developed in this study is time-saving and easy to operate, which can be used as a reliable method for the determination of serum TT and FT in sports training, offering valuable information for monitoring anabolism of athletes and screening OTS in the early stage.

Muscle synergies during the walk-run and run-walk transitions.

Muscular synergies could represent the patterns of muscular activation used by the central nervous system (CNS) to simplify the production of movement. Studies in walking-running transitions described up to nine synergy modules, and an earlier activation of flexor and extension ankle muscular groups compared to running or walking. Our project aims to study the behaviour of muscle synergies in different stance and swing variations of walking-running (WRT) and running-walking (RWT) transitions. Twenty-four trained men participated in this study. A variable speed protocol on a treadmill was developed to record the activity of 14 muscle during walking, running and relative transitions. The protocol was based on five ramps of 50 seconds each around±10 and 20% of the WRT speed. WRT and RWT were identified according to an abrupt change of the duty factor. Analysing surface electromyography using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) we obtained synergy modules and temporal activation profiles. Alpha threshold for statistical tests set at 0.05. We described four different transition strides, two for increasing speed transitions, and two for decreasing speed transitions. Four to six synergy modules were found in each condition. According to the maximum cosine similarity results, the two identified WRT conditions shared five modules, while the two RWT conditions shared four modules. WRT and RWT overall shared 4.33±0.58 modules. The activation profiles and centres of activation revealed differences among conditions. Transition occurred at step level, and transition strides were composed by walk-like and run-like steps. Compared with previous studies in running and walking, both transitions needed earlier activation of a comparable number of synergy modules. Synergies were affected by acceleration: during RWT the need to dissipate energy, to decrease the speed, was achieved by increasing the number of co-activating muscles. This was reflected in fewer synergy modules and different activation profiles compared to WRT. We believe that our results could be enforced in different applied fields, like clinical gait analysis, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, where plans including co-activation of specific muscular groups could be useful. Gait transitions are common in different sports, and therefore also application in training and sport science would be possible.

Performance support team effectiveness in elite sport: a narrative review

ABSTRACT In pursuit of competitive advantage, elite sport organizations are increasingly relying on the support of diverse sport medicine and sport science staff, who are collectively referred to as the performance support team. Whilst it has been suggested that the accumulative input from diverse multiteam systems has the potential to contribute to a resultant whole that is greater than the sum of its parts, team effectiveness is reliant on more than the mere aggregate of diverse experts. The aim of this narrative review was to appraise, summarize, and apply pertinent performance support team literature to a conceptual framework for teamwork and team effectiveness in sport. It specifically explores team effectiveness, with reference to its inputs (i.e. characteristics of individual, team, and environment) and mediators (i.e. team processes and emergent states). This review provides an insight into the individual (i.e. disciplinary knowledge, technical competency, and interpersonal qualities), team (i.e. team composition and leadership), and external (i.e. hierarchical arrangement and environmental factors) inputs that are necessary for team effectiveness, as well as the mediators (i.e. behavioral processes and emergent states) that translate such inputs into desired outcomes.

Analyzing Sports Biomechanics of Hurdling Training: A Systematic Review

Background. Hurdling is a dynamic and technically demanding sport within athletics. It requires a unique combination of speed, agility, coordination, and strength to support good technique and achievement. The ability to excel in this sport depends on the athlete’s mastery of these components, making it an interesting subject for sports science research. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate existing research on sports biomechanics as it relates to improving hurdling performance. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology of the relevant literature. A total of 15 articles published between 1990 and 2023 were identified as relevant to the focus of the study and selected for in-depth analysis. Results. The findings showed that sports biomechanics research in hurdling training has mainly concentrated on the following key areas: kinematics analysis, the application of technology, and the potential injury studies. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the biomechanics of hurdling training, this study suggests the need for further and more comprehensive research. The research mentioned should delve deeper into the biomechanical factors influencing performance in order to develop optimal training methods and injury prevention strategies. Conclusions. This review underscores the importance of continued research in this area, as it has the potential to enhance training approaches and improve athletic performance in hurdling.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cycling performance on the 3-minute aerobic test (3mAT): placebo and nocebo effects

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used extensively but research on its efficacy within the sport and exercise science realm has been inconsistent. There may be placebo and nocebo effects present with its use. Our objective was to determine if subjects can be influenced to believe that tDCS will improve cycling performance. Subjects were separated into a belief group (B; 5 women, 6 men) and a disbelief group (DB; 9 women, 3 men). The B group was told that the stimulation would improve performance on a subsequent cycling test. In the DB group, subjects were told that it was not effective and would hinder performance. The cycling test was a 3-minute aerobic test (3mAT) where subjects maintained the highest power output possible for three minutes, after completing a full 20 min warmup. During the warmup, they were given either no stimulation (control) or 2 mA bilateral stimulation over the M1 region. There was a very slight increase in maximal minute power for the B group (0.22%) and a small decrease for the DB group (-1.00%); however, these differences were not significant. No significant differences were found for any of the cycling variables. In conclustion, tDCS was unable to improve performance on the 3mAT. These findings, in conjunction with others, suggest that the acute effect of tDCS is still questionable when aiming to enhance endurance performance.

Mapping of Petanque Sports Research Trends for the period 2011-2024: A Bibliometric Analysis in the Scopus Database

Objectives. This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the trend of petanque sports from 2011 to 2024 in the Scopus database. The research focused on productivity assessment, publication type, journal ranking, frequency of publishing, number of citations, study area focus, keywords, and co-authorship. Materials and methods. This study was carried out using a bibliometric method. The research stages comprised (1) searching for articles using the Boolean “Petanque” AND “petanque in sport”, (2) inquiry with inclusion criteria of e-books, short reports, conferences, original articles, literature reviews in English, French, and Spanish from 2011 to 2024, (3) filtering 34 articles, (4) eliminating 19 articles, leaving 15 articles that were considered worthy, (5) re-filtering and producing the same number, namely 15 articles, and (6) deciding 15 final data articles. Data collection and analysis techniques used were Mendeley, VOSviewer, and Excel. Results. In terms of productivity, 3 (20.00 %) documents were identified from 2011, 2021, and 2024; the most common type of document was original articles, with a total of 13 (86.67 %); the most journal rankings were in quartile 3 and 4 (30.00 %); the journals most frequently publishing research on petanque included the Journal of Physical Education and Sport, Ethnologie Francaise, Concurrences, and the International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, and Retos, each of which had 2 (13,00 %) documents; while the largest number of citations was from Pelana et al, with 26 citations. The majority of studies focused on physical, technical, and biomechanical aspects. The most commonly appearing keywords included performance, athlete, performance characteristic, sport, optimum group performance, and psychological training plan. Regarding collaboration, 14 researchers were found to be cooperating on the same research topic. Conclusions. Petanque sports studies still require better research productivity and innovation to improve information and knowledge.

The Battle of the Equations: A Systematic Review of Jump Height Calculations Using Force Platforms.

Vertical jump height measures our ability to oppose gravity and lower body neuromuscular function in athletes and various clinical populations. Vertical jump tests are principally simple, time-efficient, and extensively used for assessing athletes and generally in sport science research. Using the force platform for jump height estimates is increasingly popular owing to technological advancements and its relative ease of use in diverse settings. However, ground reaction force data can be analyzed in multiple ways to estimate jump height, leading to distinct outcome values from the same jump. In the literature, four equations have been commonly described for estimating jump height using the force platform, where jump height can vary by up to 15cm when these equations are used on the same jump. There are advantages and disadvantages to each of the equations according to the intended use. Considerations of (i) the jump type, (ii) the reason for testing, and (iii) the definition of jump height should ideally determine which equation to apply. The different jump height equations can lead to confusion and inappropriate comparisons of jump heights. Considering the popularity of reporting jump height results, both in the literature and in practice, there is a significant need to understand how the different mathematical approaches influence jump height. This review aims to investigate how different equations affect the assessment of jump height using force platforms across various jump types, such as countermovement jumps, squat jumps, drop jumps, and loaded jumps.

Assessment on the Basketball Teaching Approach: Basis for the Development of Basketball Curriculum in College Department

This study investigates the effectiveness of various teaching approaches in basketball education on student learning outcomes. A total of 150 students participated in the research, which utilized pre-tests, post-tests, and Likert-scale surveys to evaluate the impact of instructional methods such as sports science integration, technology use, mental skills training, and evidence-based practices. Significant positive correlations were found between sports science integration and learning in basketball theory and tactics, as well as between technology use and skill development. However, no significant correlations were identified in areas related to physical conditioning and competition readiness. The findings suggest that while sports science and technology are effective for specific learning outcomes, further improvements are needed in other areas to fully enhance basketball education.

Comparative Study on Physical Education Learning Quality of Junior High School Students Based on Biosensor Network

A biosensor is an innovative analytical detecting instrument utilized across many sectors due to its sensitiveness, precision, ease of use, and capability for in vivo surveillance via the internet. Biosensors provide extensive applicability in sports science, facilitating rapid physical activity tracking. This will emerge as a significant approach and technology for sports teaching and scientific study in sports. This study aims to evaluate the variations in bodily schooling mastering exceptional junior center college students underneath exceptional rearing modes and to use the specialist gadget primarily based on the synthetic neural community for analysis. The contrast index of gaining knowledge first-rate is an index gadget composed of numerous one-of-a-kind parameters. It is tough to be particular and has apparent fuzziness due to its giant variety and complicated content. There are many obstacles in fixing the contrast hassle using the skill of frequently used assessment methods. This paper proposes an assessment mannequin of junior excessive college students' bodily schooling mastering excellent primarily based on a synthetic neural community specialist system. The purpose of this method is to put processed records in a community and generate results by computation, other than by manual computing. It decreases the number of people in the comparative procedure, enhances the credibility of the assessment, and makes the comparative result more enormous and objective. However, the neural community additionally has some limitations. It can obtain international optimization by continuously editing the connection weights between neurons; however, making the community fall into neighborhood minima is convenient.

Transitions to university from vocational and academic colleges: exploring alignment and discontinuity

ABSTRACT The rise in students entering higher education in England with vocational qualifications, or a blend of academic and vocational qualifications, has sparked debate about the correlation between qualifications and degree outcomes. Focusing on Sport and Exercise Science students and mobilising Bourdieu’s theory of practice, this paper explores ‘misrecognition’ of the problem alongside intersectional explanations of differential attainment. Students’ concerns about independent study and levels of support, different modes of delivery, and assessment types, exemplify misalignment between their cultural capital and habitus and the tacit demands of the university. Yet these misalignments are not explained merely by the Level 3 qualification they studied. We argue that the institutional culture (habitus) of sixth form colleges is better aligned with universities than is the culture of Further Education colleges. This alignment facilitates a smoother transition and leads to improved degree outcomes. So, it is partly the context in which students study, and not simply the qualification type, that matters. This problem of variable alignment of learning cultures at the transition to university is more relevant that ever given the introduction of T-Levels and the proposed Advanced British Standard.

Research on Quantifying and Evaluating Tennis Match Momentum Based on Comprehensive Analytical Methods

Momentum is crucial in tennis matches, influencing player performance and match outcomes. However, quantifying and evaluating momentum has long been a challenge in sports science research. This study aims to quantify momentum in tennis matches by establishing a hierarchical analysis-based model for momentum flow. The model analyzes factors affecting momentum through five criteria: Service Level, Catch Level, Competition Result, Finishing Ability, and Winning Streak, with respective weights of approximately (0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2). Subsequently, the study assigns scores to these criteria based on different actions within a match. By multiplying the weights and scores, the momentum of each player is quantified, and the ratio of the two players' momentum provides a measure of momentum flow during the match. To assess the impact of momentum on match outcomes, the study employs k-means++ clustering analysis, violin plot analysis, and point-biserial correlation analysis. The point-biserial correlation analysis reveals a positive correlation coefficient of 0.66 between a player's momentum and their victory. Similar results are derived from the violin plot and clustering analysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant association between the direction of momentum flow and a player's success in a match.

Comparative Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear sEMG Methods for Detecting Muscle Fatigue During Dynamic Biceps Curls

Muscle fatigue, a key concern in sports science, rehabilitation, and occupational health, influences performance, injury risk, and provides insights into muscle functionality and endurance. Surface electromyography (sEMG) has emerged as a vital tool for non-invasively tracking muscle electrical activity and gauging health. As its application for muscle fatigue assessment grows, identifying the most accurate analytical methods is essential. Current sEMG analyses employ both linear and nonlinear metrics to measure fatigue onset and progression, yet research is ongoing to determine which method is most effective in the context of dynamic contractions. The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of established linear and nonlinear methods in measuring muscle fatigue caused by dynamic contractions through surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. A group of twelve healthy individuals completed biceps curls at a consistent pace of one repetition per four seconds, which constituted 75% of their 10-repetition maximum. Concurrently, sEMG signals were captured from the biceps brachii muscle at 1000 Hz. To assess the sEMG signals during the initial, middle, and final sets of 10 repetitions, three linear metrics—mean frequency, median frequency, and spectral moment ratio (SMR)—along with two nonlinear approaches, namely sample entropy and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), were utilized. The study's outcomes indicated notable shifts in the SMR values and the two DFA-derived scaling exponents across the exercise sets. These results indicated that SMR, sample entropy, and DFA are effective in gauging muscle fatigue, with sample entropy and DFA demonstrating heightened sensitivity to the fatigue levels when compared to the linear metrics.

The application of improved DTW algorithm in sports posture recognition

Sports posture recognition plays a crucial role in modern sports science and training. Posture recognition and analysis plays a positive role in improving sports quality and ensuring sports safety. However, existing recognition technologies still have poor recognition and accuracy in large amounts of posture data. Therefore, to further improve the performance of the existing posture recognition techniques, this study assumes that postures during movement can be effectively represented through the time series of skeletal key points, and the local similarity of these postures can be captured through the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. Based on this assumption, the existing DTW algorithm is improved by introducing the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm and combining it with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for feature dimensionality reduction. A novel algorithmic model for postures recognition is proposed. The experimental results showed that the improved algorithm performed well in postures recognition rate and accuracy. Especially, when the k value was 5, the recognition rate reached up to 89%, and the accuracy reached 87%. Compared with the existing algorithm, the improved KNN-DTW algorithm has significant improvement in accuracy and computational efficiency. In summary, the new algorithm shows significant advantages in terms of accuracy and stability, providing a powerful tool for the analysis of athletic postures in the field of sports. Meanwhile, this research result has important application prospects in fields such as sports training, sports medicine, and virtual reality.

Physical Education, Sports and Educational Reforms: The Assistance Agreement Between the Argentine Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (1961–1980)

Between 1961 and 1980, a group of bilateral actions were developed jointly the Argentine Republic (AR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) regarding physical education and sports. Based on these agreements, training and advice were provided for the reform of physical education teachers’ training and school physical education, the construction of infrastructure was encouraged, and sports medicine was promoted. This paper analyzes how the relationship between the FRG and the AR for the promotion of ‘sports science’ was shaped. The aim is to delve into the temporalities of the different topics and their processes of translation and approval by local actors. The analysis shows that the construction of this bilateral agenda took place in the interaction of the policies for physical education and sport of the AR and the FRG, resulting in translations and re-appropriations of the proposed programmes. In addition, the agenda was also structured by the relationship networks built for almost two decades. Understanding such nuances makes it possible to point out how these exchanges took place.

قياس سرعة أداء بعض المهارات الهجومية لدى ناشئات رياضة التايكواندو

Taekwondo is one of the individual competitive sports with multiple and complex motor skills at the same time. The abundance of correct and effective kicks of all kinds in Taekwondo fights constitutes one of the basic pillars of the game, which will lead to deciding the outcome of the fight and its success when the fight ends with points. Tests and measurements in physical education and sports science are among the important factors that aim to establish the principles of programmed scientific planning based on the essence of modern scientific theories to reach the highest athletic levels in any game or sporting event. Taekwondo enjoys a prominent position among sporting events due to the beauty of its movements and art, in addition to its position in the Olympic and World Games. Perhaps one of its most prominent features is that it is an Olympic sport among other combat sports. The aim of the study is to identify tests measuring the speed of performance of some offensive skills among young women in Taekwondo. The researcher used the descriptive method using the survey method, and determined the research sample intentionally, which included the female junior team, whose number reached (12). Emerging, with a rate of (6) emerging, and their percentage constituted (50%) of the original population. After obtaining the raw results from the tests, they were processed statistically. Based on the researcher's conclusion of the devices used, we can follow the development of skill performance over time. Accordingly, the researcher recommended the necessity of using the devices in conjunction with other skills.

أثر منهج تعليمي باستخدام أسلوب التمرين العشوائي والمتسلسل مع التغذية الراجعة الآنية في تعلم أهم المهارات الاساسية بالتنس الأرضي والاحتفاظ بها

The problem of research was summarized with the lack of interest in the use of various methods to teach the basic skills in the game of ground tennis and the lack of knowledge of the best methods to teach them, as well as the misuse of the types of feedback during the application of performance and the failure to determine the appropriate timing to present them to learners by the teacher or teacher in proportion to the stages of learning the skill from the beginning to the end. Hence the idea of this research came in making an educational curriculum and choosing a method of one of the methods to schedule the exercise in motor learning, which is the method (random exercise and sequential exercise) to know its impact on the research community The research sample and its chosen sample. The research aims to identify the impact of the educational curriculum in the method of random and sequential exercise with real-time feedback and to identify the best practice method with feedback in learning the most important skills of ground tennis. As for the research duties, they were summarized by the existence of statistically significant differences between the tribal and remote tests, and there are statistically significant differences between the dimensionsal tests between the two styles using random and sequential exercise with real-time feedback in learning and retaining the most important ground tennis skills. The researcher used the experimental approach to design the two equivalent sets with tribal and post-test and retention to suit the nature of the problem to achieve the research objectives. As for the research community and its sample, it included the students of the third stage (evening study) in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Wasit University, numbering (40 students). His most important conclusions were that learning in the way to schedule the exercise in the random and sequential exercise method had a positive impact in learning to perform the most important tennis skills of the two experimental groups, but there was an advantage in learning and in favor of the sequential exercise method. The educational curriculum in the random and sequential exercise method and the role of the effective teacher by giving immediate feedback had a positive role and effect in learning the tennis skills under research, but there was an advantage for the experimental group that used the sequential exercise method; because it took into account individual differences and provided greater opportunities and sufficient time to learn and practice skills by students in a new, fun and interesting way. As for the most important recommendations, it was the need to use educational curricula by scheduling exercise methods with other methods in learning to perform other tennis skills, and the need to conduct research and other studies to identify the impact of educational curricula and other educational methods in learning to perform basic skills, whether in individual or group games and other games in the colleges of physical education, clubs, sports forums and all ages because of their positive impact on learning. Keywords: The random and sequential exercise method, Immediate feedback.