School Children In Bangladesh Research Articles

Factors Associated with Overweight/Obesity among Rural Secondary School Children in Bangladesh

Background & Objective: Unhealthy dietary patterns in combination with a sedentary lifestyle could be contributing to some major health issues worldwide. Obesity in children and adolescents can have short- and long-term adverse health consequences including early mortality. Although previously limited to urban areas, with the rapid adoption of urban lifestyle by the rural people the problem is now ubiquitous. It is difficult to develop a policy for promoting health and reducing obesity among adolescents living in rural regions since there is a lack of information on the factors that contribute to this problem. The present study was, therefore undertaken to evaluate the factors influencing overweight and obesity among rural adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done based on data collected by students of Rajshahi Medical College as part of their RFST (Rural Field-site Training) in 2019 from a rural area of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. A total of 535 students from two rural secondary schools participated in the study. Every alternate student of those schools from class VI-X was then included in the study as a respondent. The weight and height of the selected students were first taken followed by data collection on variables of interest. Using weight and height data, the body mass index (BMI) of the respondents was first determined and was plotted on a growth chart (recommended by CDC, Atlanta) to find the percentile. Then the nutritional status of the individual respondents was determined based on their percentile status and was classified as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. Results: Almost one-fifth (18.2%) of the respondents was found overweight or obese. Upon comparing respondents’ demographic characteristics, food and exercise behaviour between overweight & obese and normal & underweight groups, the former group was found younger than the latter group. Respondents’ socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with their nutritional status with overweight & obese adolescents being significantly higher in the Middle- and rich SES group (78.4%) than in the poor and lower middle-class (61.4%). Neither dietary nor exercise behaviour was associated with the nutritional status of the respondents. Although the majority (84.2%) of normal & underweight adolescents preferred low to medium-calorie snacks, overweight and obese adolescents were more likely to choose high-calorie snacks. Fast walking and running were the more common forms of exercise behaviour and of longer duration among the overweight & obese cohort than those among normal & underweight cohorts. Conclusion: The study concluded that the period of early adolescence is vulnerable to developing obesity. Adolescents belonging to middle and well-off SES are more prone to be overweight or obese than those belonging to lower middle & poor SES. However, exercise, physical activity, and dietary habits of adolescents do not influence their nutritional status. Ibrahim Card Med J 2023; 13 (1&2): 19-25

Effects of school nurse-led health education to reduce malnutrition among primary school children in Bangladesh: Cluster nonrandomized controlled trial.

Malnutrition is a major health concern among children especially in low and middle-income countries. However, there are limited studies on school health in Bangladesh. This study aimed to reduce malnutrition among primary school children in Bangladesh by increasing awareness and knowledge through school nurse-led health education. A prospective, open-label, parallel-group (1:1), cluster nonrandomized controlled trial on primary school children conducted in rural Bangladesh. The study lasted 13 months between September 2021 and September 2022. Four schools were selected and assigned to the intervention and control groups (CGs). Next, school nurses provided evidence-based health education to the children in the intervention group (IG) for 9 months to improve awareness and knowledge of malnutrition. Data were collected at baseline, midline, and endline. Overall, 604 children were enrolled at the baseline; among them, 455 (CG, n = 220; IG, n = 235) completed the study. Changes in the malnutrition rate-the primary outcome-were not significant (P = 0.225). However, after adjusting the endline data with baseline and sociodemographic data, the children's body mass index improved significantly in the IG than in the CG (P < 0.05). Changes in eating behavior, and awareness and knowledge of malnutrition-the secondary outcomes-significantly differed between the groups (P < 0.001). The school nurse-led health education program significantly improved primary school children's awareness and knowledge of malnutrition. This study revealed the effectiveness of school nurses in reducing malnutrition among children, which may decrease future morbidity and mortality rates in children.

Conducting tobacco control surveys among schoolchildren in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: A feasibility study.

Most of the world's 300 million smokeless tobacco (ST) users live in South Asia but ST policies for that region are poorly researched, developed and implemented. Longitudinal studies to understand the uptake and use of ST and smoking, and influences on these, such as health promotion strategies, are lacking. We planned to conduct longitudinal surveys among secondary school students in three countries with the highest ST burden: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan to explore ST and smoking uptake, use and health promoting strategies. Before running that longitudinal study, we assessed the feasibility of conducting such a multi country survey using a mixed-methods design. The survey (and feasibility study) was conducted in 24 secondary schools (eight per country, three classes per school). Three data sources, researcher records/fieldnotes, survey data of 1179 students, and interview/focus group discussion data from 24 headteachers, 64 teachers and 76 students, were used to understand the feasibility of three study tasks: 1) selecting, recruiting, and retaining schools and student participants; 2) survey administration; and 3) robustness of the data collection instruments. The datasets were analysed separately and triangulated. Overall, we could select and recruit schools and students using consistent methods across countries although recruitment was challenged by securing higher authority permissions and parental consent. Recommended improvements were for permission/consent processes. Survey administration was generally feasible and acceptable with recommendations for scheduling and researcher-student ratios. Questionnaire completion was 83%-100% across countries, with suggestions to improve readability and understanding, addressing students' queries and questionnaire simplification. Due to COVID-19, we could not conduct follow-up surveys, so were unable to assess school or student retention. In conclusion, incorporating the lessons learnt from this study would improve the feasibility of conducting such a multi-country survey in the future. Reported benefits included increasing tobacco health risks' knowledge with potential for increased tobacco control support.

Nutritional status and prevalence of helminthic infection among primary school children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.

Malnutrition and infectious diseases, such as helminthic infections, are widespread among primary school children, especially in low- and middle-income countries. However, there are limited studies on school health in Bangladesh, particularly in rural settings. This study aimed to explore the nutritional status and prevalence of helminthic infections in relation to associated health behavior, awareness, and knowledge regarding malnutrition and helminthic infections which were evaluated by school nurses among primary school children in Bangladesh. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey study with a total duration of 1 month, from September to October, 2021. This study formed part of a school nurse project as a cluster non-randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh. Selected variables from that clinical trial were analyzed and reported in the results section. The study participants were primary school children from four schools in rural Bangladesh. In total, 604 children participated in the baseline survey and health checkups. Among them, 163 (27.0%) children were classified as malnourished according to the World Health Organization growth reference standard 2007. The prevalence of helminthic infections was 53 (8.8%). Approximately >50% of the children responded that they never/rarely practiced hygiene-related behaviors and had no awareness and knowledge regarding malnutrition and helminthic infections. However, differences between the variables were not statistically significant. Children's nutritional status and prevalence of helminthic infections with related deprived health behaviors, and minimal awareness and knowledge, reinforce the importance of implementing educational interventions in the future.

Personal Hygiene Practices among Selected Rural School Children in Bangladesh

Background: Proper hygiene practices play vital roles in prevention of communicable diseases and maintenance of health for children in developing countries.&#x0D; Objective: To assess the status of personal hygiene practices among the rural school children.&#x0D; Materials and method: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to June 2014 among the children of class VIII, IX and X of Defalbari and Nagarbathan high school of Jhenaidah district, Bangladesh. A total of 240 children were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through face to face interview with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: Total 240 students’ mean age was 15.36±1.69 years and 56.3% was boy. About 52.5% of the students’ monthly family income was below 10,000 taka, 42.5% were living in kacha house. About 77.1% students practiced hand washing before meal and 73.3% after using toilet. About 47.5% students had sanitary latrine in their home and 56.2% had practices of wearing shoes in toilet. About 72.9% students had daily bathing practices and 39.6% students trimmed their nail weekly. Students’ mothers’ education status had significant association with hand washing practices both before meal and after using toilet.&#x0D; Conclusion: Proper practices of personal hygiene keep young children away from many diseases and help in maintaining growth and development. Mothers’ education status was found to have significant association with students’ personal hygiene practices. So, effort should be made to aware every school going children and their parents about the benefits of regular practice of personal hygiene for a bright and healthy life.&#x0D; Delta Med Col J. Jul 2020 8(1): 28-31

Pilot of a Low-Cost Elementary School Handwashing Intervention in Bangladesh: Acceptability, Feasibility, and Potential for Sustainability.

ABSTRACT.Schoolchildren frequently transmit respiratory and gastrointestinal infections because of dense person-to-person contact in schools. We piloted a low-cost handwashing intervention among elementary schoolchildren in Bangladesh. We trained teachers to lead behavior change communication sessions using flipcharts to encourage students’ handwashing before eating, after defecating, and after cleaning school toilets; provided handwashing stations (reservoirs with taps and stool + basin + soapy water solution [mix of 30 gm detergent with 1.5 L water] + pump top bottle with steel holder); and formed hygiene committees for maintenance and covering the recurrent cost of detergent. We evaluated intervention acceptability, feasibility, and potential for sustainability at 1 and 14 months after the intervention. At baseline, of 300 before eating events, no one washed hands with soap, and 99.7% (299) did not wash hands at all as soap was unavailable. Out of 269 after toileting events, 0.7% (2) washed hands with soap, and 88% (237) did not wash hands. After 4 weeks of the intervention, 45% (87/195 before eating events), 83% (155/186 after toileting events), and 100% (15/15 after cleaning toilet events) washed both hands with soapy water as children found it accessible, low cost, and child friendly. After 14 months, 9.4% (55/586 before eating events) and 37% (172/465 after toileting events) washed both hands with soapy water for health benefits. The intervention was acceptable and feasible; it overcame limited access to soap and water and was affordable as schools covered the recurrent costs of detergent. Further research should explore long-term habit adoption and impact on health and attendance.

Promoting healthy foods among urban school children in Bangladesh: a qualitative inquiry of the challenges and opportunities

BackgroundIn Bangladesh overweight and obesity among urban school children are on the rise. Urban school children tend to consume foods dense in calories and few fruits and vegetables which is associated with overweight and obesity. The current study explored the barriers and opportunities for promoting healthy diets among school children from the perspective of teachers and parents in Dhaka, Bangladesh.MethodsWe conducted 14 key informant interviews with teachers and principals, six focus group discussions with 31 mothers of school children (5 to 15 year old) and 14 structured observations of the school food environment. Inductive thematic analysis was performed manually.ResultsSchools were important for development of food preferences of children, however, most school cafeterias provided foods based on profit rather than health considerations. A shift in food culture resulted in making eating out acquire many meanings beyond convenience. Mothers, especially those who were employed, struggled to prepare healthy foods due to time pressure. Mothers were generally concerned about chemicals added to raw foods in markets which led to limited fruit and vegetable consumption.ConclusionsThere were many challenges to promoting healthy foods to school children within and outside the school. It is important to formulate policies and guidance to create a supportive environment for healthy foods in and in the proximity of schools. It is also important to educate consumers about identifying and choosing healthy foods. Laws related to food safety should be adequately implemented to boost the population’s confidence in safety of available healthy foods in the food system.

The effectiveness of a child rights education program in Bangladesh

This study conducted a child rights education program for elementary school children in Bangladesh through official development assistance (ODA) and examined its effectiveness. The program’s contents focused on four major child rights and educated 842 elementary school children between 10 and 15 in Bangladesh. Elementary school teachers taught the program using tablets. The research, first, examined the program’s overall effect and, second, analyzed whether the children’s perception of child rights developed. Pre-and-post questionnaires about child rights recognition investigated whether children’s perceptions of their rights advanced. The results showed that the child rights education program in Bangladesh had an overall educational effect. Additionally, it confirmed that children’s perceptions of their four major rights increased significantly after participating in the program. The results led to two conclusions. First, the nation should expand the child rights education program and operate it qualitatively and quantitatively to support children around the world to lead healthy and happy lives. Second, it is vital to approach children’s socio-cultural contexts when operating educational programs for them through ODA.

Health and Disease among Primary School Children: A Snapshot from Rural Bangladesh

Aims: There is scarcity of research on the health and disease status of primary school children in Bangladesh. This study aimed at assessing prevalence of medical diseases and surgical conditions among rural primary school children.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in 2018 on 2 public and 2 private primary school children in Bakila and Gogra village of Chandpur district. History of immunization, deworming, major current or previous illness, allergy, trauma, surgery and drug history were recorded. Anthropometric measurements, milestones of development, body build and nutritional status; and other general and systemic examinations were carried out. Comparison was made between the public and private primary school students.&#x0D; Results: 227 primary school children (99 public school students and 128 private school students), were evaluated. Median age was 7 years and male to female ratio was 1.39:1. At least one medical disease or surgical condition was present in 146 (64.3%) students. Medical disease was present in 114 (50.2%) and surgical condition was present in 40 (17.6%) children. About 96.48% children completed immunization and 76.65% children were having regular deworming. Overall, 19.38% children were underweighted and 24.23% children were stunted. Bronchial asthma was the most common medical disease (11.89%), followed by rhinitis (8.37%) and food allergy (5.73%). Dental caries was the most common surgical condition, followed by tonsillitis (4.41%) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), 2.64%.&#x0D; Conclusion: A diverse medical diseases and surgical conditions were prevalent among primary school children and most of these are preventable. These did not vary significantly between public and private schools.

Effectiveness of a Behavior Change Intervention with Hand Sanitizer Use and Respiratory Hygiene in Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza among Schoolchildren in Bangladesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Schoolchildren are commonly linked to influenza transmission. Handwashing with soap has been shown to decrease infections; however, improving handwashing practices using soap and water is difficult in low-resource settings. In these settings, alternative hygiene options, such as hand sanitizer, could improve handwashing promotion to reduce influenza virus infections. We conducted a cluster randomized control trial in 24 primary schools in Dhaka to assess the effectiveness of hand sanitizer and a respiratory hygiene education intervention in reducing influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza during June-September 2015. Twelve schools were randomly selected to receive hand sanitizer and respiratory hygiene education, and 12 schools received no intervention. Field staff actively followed children daily to monitor for new ILI episodes (cough with fever) through school visits and by phone if a child was absent. When an illness episode was identified, medical technologists collected nasal swabs to test for influenza viruses. During the 10-week follow-up period, the incidence of ILI per 1,000 student-weeks was 22 in the intervention group versus 27 in the control group (P-value = 0.4). The incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza was 53% lower in the intervention schools (3/1,000 person-weeks) than in the control schools (6/1,000 person-weeks) (P-value = 0.01). Hand sanitizer and respiratory hygiene education can help to reduce the risk of influenza virus transmission in schools.

Piloting a Shared Source Water Treatment Intervention among Elementary Schools in Bangladesh.

.Hundreds of thousands of children continue to die each year from diarrhea. We piloted a low-cost liquid chlorine point-of-use (POU) water treatment among elementary school children in Bangladesh. We began the 1-month intervention in four schools (two urban and two rural) by introducing POU drinking water hardware and behavior change communication. We trained teachers to deliver sessions encouraging students to drink chlorinated water from their own small plastic bottles to avoid disease transmission. We used cue cards and flip charts as visual aids. We evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, and potential for sustainability after 1 month and after 14 months of the intervention. During 1-month follow-up, among 141 drinking events observed, 141 students (100%) drank chlorinated water. In 93 or 66% of events, students used their own bottles, and in 43 (30%) of the events, they used common cups or hands washed before drinking. During the 14-month follow-up, we observed 732 drinking events. In 653 of 732 events (89%), students drank chlorinated water; in 78 events (11%), they consumed water from untreated drinking water sources. Among those who consumed chlorinated water, 20% (131/653) used their own bottles to drink water, 72% (467/653) used common cups, and 8% (55/653) used both hands to drink water. Most stated that they drank chlorinated water because it is safe, it has health benefits, and treatment reduces germs. Introduction of specific hardware, weekly hygiene sessions, and education materials enabled schools to treat water at POU and students to consume treated water.

Life-style of Rural Secondary School Children in Bangladesh with Particular Emphasis to Physical Exercise and Diet

Background &amp; objective: With rapid improvement of socioeconomic condition of developing countries in the last two decades, a rapid change in the nutritional behaviour and activity of adolescents is evident leading to increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among them. The present cross-sectional survey was undertaken to evaluate the dietary and exercise behavior of the adolescents studying in rural secondary schools.&#x0D; Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi from April-May 2019. Data were collected from secondary schools of Puthia. A total of 535 students from two secondary schools participated in the study. In order to ensure an equal representation from both sexes we chose one boys‟ and one girls‟ schools. Every alternate students of those schools from class VI-X were then included in study as respondents. Weight and height of the selected students were first taken followed by interview.&#x0D; Result: In the present study 15% of the secondary school children were found underweight and 18% were overweight or obese. About 65% of the of the respondents‟ family were more or less financially solvent. Fifty percent of the adolescents reported that they were accustomed to a healthy balanced diet with 45% reportedly taking fruits and 60% taking plenty of vegetables every day. But only 17.3% took 3 or more servings of fruits a day (the minimum recommended fruit intake). Thirty percent of the adolescents were used to having high carbohydrate and fat. In terms of exercise practice, two-thirds (67.3%) of the students had healthy practice. The predominantly practiced exercise was running (65%) followed by cycling (64.4%), playing cricket (63.6%), football (57.2%) and fast walking (52.2%). However, with respect to number of days of exercise in a week and duration of exercise each day a sizable portion of the students‟ practice was not considered an ideal one. The respondents who did not practice any kinds of exercise or sports activities, most frequently mentioned their „preoccupation with coaching or private tutors‟ (79.4%) as reasons of inactivity, followed by non-encouragement about playing by their parents (71.4%) and teachers (65.5%). Nearly 60% were interested to play but they did not have any playing field nearby home. Nearly one-third of the students pass &gt; 1 hour of their leisure time by watching TV or sitting at computer or playing games or other activities on mobile. Opinion-seeking questionnaire revealed that 20-50% of the respondents had misconception on healthy diet, food, energy-rich food, balanced diet and their ability to make a healthy choice for food in any one of these food &amp; diet-related issues. Boys are more likely to be obese and underweight than the girls.&#x0D; Conclusion: Unhealthy dietary behavior is widespread among secondary school adolescents in rural area. About one-third of the rural secondary school children are physically inactive and predominant reasons of their inactivity are preoccupation with coaching center or private tutors or no incentive for playing from the parents or teachers. The knowledge level of the students on healthy diet and food is not up to the desired level to make healthy choices for food themselves. Both unhealthy dietary behavior &amp; inactivity might have contributed to inappreciably adverse nutritional status of the secondary level school children.&#x0D; Ibrahim Card Med J 2018; 8 (1&amp;2): 39-47

The Relation Between Socioeconomic Characteristics and the Use of Physical Punishment in Bangladeshi Elementary Schools

Corporal punishment (CP) refers to the deliberate infliction of physical pain on children in response to an apparent disobedience or disapproved behavior. It is still used in educational settings in numerous nations worldwide, including Bangladesh. Despite the government’s efforts to ban corporal punishment in Bangladesh, the practice is prevalent, with children routinely enduring various punishments in the school system. Questions remain related to how widespread this practice is and whether certain groups of children (e.g., low income or rural) are being affected more severely than others. This article explores the use of physical punishment in Bangladeshi elementary schools and the socioeconomic variables that may be predictors of its use. The primary research questions that guide this article are: (1) do socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, education, school type, parental socio-economic status) predict physical punishment in the school system in Bangladesh? and (2) is there a statistically significant relation between poverty and physical punishment for elementary school children in Bangladesh? Findings indicate that of the 450 children included in the sample, more than 86.6% were subjected to at least one form of physical abuse (e.g., hit with a stick or slapped) and types of abuse varied by their demographics. Findings also show that poverty status is a strong predictor of physical punishment in the school within Bangladesh.

Lifestyle has Significant Influence over Obesity among School Children in Bangladesh

Lifestyle has Significant Influence over Obesity among School Children in Bangladesh

‘There is no better way to study science than to collect and analyse data in your own yard’: outdoor classrooms and primary school children in Bangladesh

ABSTRACTThe design and use of outdoor spaces for primary school teaching and learning has been given little consideration in the present context. The existing evidence base is mostly from western perspectives. In this study, an outdoor classroom was designed and built in a primary school in Bangladesh and used to teach children (n = 30) their science curriculum. Multiple methods were used to investigate the impact of the outdoor classroom on students’ learning and engagement, including achievement tests, a questionnaire and focus groups with children and teachers. Children’s science scores were significantly higher after they had been taught outdoors, compared to indoors. Physical qualities of their outdoor classroom (lighting, acoustics, seating), in addition to greater enjoyment and active participation in learning likely explained improved attainment. Qualitative insights from children and teachers supported the quantitative findings. These results provide empirical support for building outdoor classrooms as an effective environment for teaching and learning.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND ASTHMA: A CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH

RespirologyVolume 22, Issue S3 p. 276-276 APSR Poster Abstracts ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND ASTHMA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH First published: 23 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13207_510Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume22, IssueS3Supplement: 22nd Congress of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology, International Convention Centre, Sydney, Australia, 23–26 November 2017November 2017Pages 276-276 RelatedInformation

Knowledge and Perception about Food Adulteration Problem among School Children in Bangladesh

Knowledge and Perception about Food Adulteration Problem among School Children in Bangladesh

Impact of fortified biscuits on micronutrient deficiencies among primary school children in Bangladesh.

BackgroundMicronutrient deficiencies can compromise the development potential of school-aged children, and their later health and productivity as adults. School feeding and school-based fortification approaches have been utilized globally to redress nutritional deficiencies in this age group.ObjectiveWe explored the acceptability and micronutrient impact of a Bangladesh Government supported school-based micronutrient fortification program for children attending rural primary schools in 10 disadvantaged sub-districts.MethodsWe applied a mixed methods approach. The quantitative component assessed the impact of micronutrient fortification on 351 children aged 6–11 years using a cohort pre-post research design with a control group. The qualitative component explored the acceptability of the intervention using focus group discussions, body mapping and semi-structured interviews with teachers, school-going children and school authorities.ResultsDaily consumption of fortified biscuits by primary school children had a significant positive impact on mean levels of iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, retinol and vitamin D controlling for sex, baseline deficiency status, CRP, and H. pylori. Levels of anemia and vitamin D deficiency were also significantly reduced. Qualitative findings indicated the widespread acceptability of the daily biscuit. Teachers perceived students to be more attentive in class, less tired, and some attributed better school performance to biscuit consumption. Children reported similar improvements in concentration and energy levels.ConclusionsThis study is among the first in Bangladesh to comprehensively assess a school-based fortification program in terms of its acceptability and impact on micronutrient status of children aged 6–11 years of age. While results strongly support this modality of school feeding, research on the cognitive impacts of micronutrient fortified biscuits will help clarify the case for scaled-up investments in school- based feeding program in Bangladesh and other low and middle income countries.

Fasting Serum Insulin Level Among Overweight and Obese School Children

Background: The rising prevalence of obesity in developing countries is largely due to rapid urbanization and mechanization which has led to reduction in the energy expenditure. It is accompanied along with an increase in energy intake due to increased purchasing power and availability of high fat, energy dense fast food. A high prevalence of obesity in children can be attributed to the lack of knowledge about adverse effects of unhealthy nutrition in urban school children in Bangladesh. So there is a need to identify overweight and obesity as one of the risk factors leading to condition of metabolic syndrome and or central obesity and give baseline information to approach for its prevention at childhood with the assistance from continuation of medical research as early as possible.Methods: This was a case control study. A total of 100 subjects were included in this study. Among them 50 were considered as cases (Whose BMI was &gt;85th percentile) and 50 were considered as controls (Whose BMI was &gt; 5th percentile to 84th percentile). BMI were calculated by standard protocol used for children. Children suffering from DM, renal diseases and other endocrine diseases were excluded. Serum insulin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG were measured in all samples in fasting state. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA-IR value.Results: Result showed that serum insulin and HOMA-IR values were significantly higher in cases (Overweight and obese children) than in controls of same age and sex (p=&lt;0.001). Result also showed that there were positive correlation among Total Cholesterol (p=&lt;0.001), LDL-C (p=&lt;0.001), TG (p=&lt;0.001) and HOMA-IR value.Conclusion: We found that insulin resistance was strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and its components.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (2); Jul 2016; Page 21-24

Study on Knowledge, Attitude &amp; Practice about Rabies &amp; Pet Animals among School Children in Bangladesh

Study on Knowledge Attitude Practice about Rabies Pet Animals among School Children in Bangladesh