School Bag Research Articles

Comparison of muscle activity in school students while carrying backpacks and trolley bags.

Trolley bags have gained popularity among students, but there is limited research comparing them to backpack-style school bags. This study aimed to compare how carrying a backpack versus a trolley bag affects the activity of trunk and lower limb muscles in secondary school students. Electromyographic activity was measured in 25 students (13.4±1.1 years) as they walked on level ground and up/down stairs while carrying both types of bags. The activity of the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, semitendinosus, rectus femoris, lumbar erector spinae, and rectus abdominis muscles was assessed on both the dominant and non-dominant sides. The study found significantly reduced muscle activation in most of the targeted muscles when walking on level ground with the trolley bag and when going up/down stairs with the backpack. Lifting a trolley bag depends on the slope of the walking surface and is more efficient on level ground, while carrying a backpack is more efficient when going up and down stairs. Since it is not practical to switch bags when encountering stairs in schools, a bag with a mixed model design incorporating features of both trolley and backpack may be more beneficial and practical for students to use. Students, parents, and teachers should be aware of the injury risks associated with carrying different types of bags.

Prevalence of spine pain among Tunisian children and adolescents and related factors

BackgroundThe prevalence of back and neck pain is common in children and adolescents, and in some series the numbers are alarming. Various risk factors have been identified, although some are controversial.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of neck and back pain in children and adolescents and to investigate the potential association with various risk factors identified in the literature.MethodsWe established a questionnaire targeting parents of children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years old in Tunisia. The recruitment of participants was done online using the Google Forms application. The questionnaire was divided into 2 parts: Part one collected the sociodemographics characteristics of the participants : age, gender, body mass index (BMI), exposure to passive smoking, the practice of a physical activity, puberty status and age at puberty if applicable, type and weight of the schoolbag, mean daily time spent on electronic devices, type of school the child attends (private/public), mode of transport from home to school, parental history of neck and/or back pain (mid or low back pain (LBP)), posture of the sitting position of the child, and finally whether the child reports neck/ back pain. The second part was aimed at parents whose child reported neck and/or back pain. We asked about the weekly frequency of neck/back pain, school absenteeism due to neck/back pain, whether it prevented the child from practicing physical activity and, finally, whether the child had ever seen a doctor/chiropractor/physiotherapist for their neck/back pain.ResultsEighty-eight children (45 females, 43 males) were enrolled. Mean age was 11.9 ± 3.8 years [6–18]. Mean BMI was 18.8 ± 4.2 [15.8–35.5]. Thirty-four (38.6%) were pubescent. Twenty-five (28.4%) children were exposed to passive smoking. Parental history of spine pain was found in 58% of cases. A poor sitting position was noted in n = 49 (55.7%). Mean daily screen time was 88.3 ± 75.56 min [0-360]. Prevalence of spine pain was 44% (n = 39) distributed as follows: neck pain (n = 21, 23.8%), mid back pain (n = 15, 17%), LBP (n = 26, 29.5%), neck, mid back and low back pain (n = 4, 4.5%) Professional help seeking for spine pain in children was reported by 15 participants (25.3%). Among them, 20.3% visited a physician and 5% consulted a chiropractor or physiotherapist. A significant correlation was found between spine pain and age (p = 0.006) and BMI (p = 0.006). A significant association was found between LBP and exposure to passive smoking, puberty status, type of school bag and poor posture. A positive parental history of spine pain was significantly associated with the presence of spine pain in their children with p = 0.053 (neck pain), p = 0.013 (back pain) and p < 0.00 (LBP) respectively. A significant association was found between the presence of spine pain and school absenteeism, participation in sports, consultation with a doctor or physiotherapist/chiropractor (p < 0.0001 respectively).ConclusionThe prevalence of spinal pain was frequent in our series. A positive parental history of spinal pain, a bad posture while sitting, passive smoking, use of backpack, higher age and higher BMI were potential associated factors.

PELATIHAN PENCATATAN KEUANGAN BERBASIS AKUNTANSI BIAYA PADA PENGUSAHA KECIL DI DESA MEKARPAWITAN KECAMATAN PASEH KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Community Service (PKM) which was carried out in Mekarpawitan Village, Paseh District, Bandung Regency, aims to organize training for small entrepreneurs in financial recording based on cost accounting, then to be applied to each field of business. Small businesses are part of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The training venue was held in the Mekarpawitan Village Office Hall. The participants who took part in the training activities totaled 13 people, in the field of industrial products amounted to 5 people and food products amounted to 8 people. Industrial products such as: clothes made of t-shirts, veils and school bags. Meanwhile, food products such as: cassava chips, banana chips, and processed corn. They are small entrepreneurs with limited individual and group capital, which are managed independently. Some of the products are sold locally and some are sold outside Bandung. The problem experienced by small entrepreneurs is that financial recording has not been done in an orderly manner, and some have not even done any financial recording in the business. So that it has difficulties in determining capital, production costs, cost of production and cost of goods sold. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to hold training for small entrepreneurs on financial recording based on cost accounting. The implementation of the training is assisted by the appointed committee, which is in charge of preparing the implementation instructions and financial recording modules that have been made, as well as the provision of the necessary facilities and infrastructure. The process of implementing the training went smoothly in accordance with the provisions. The result of the training is that small entrepreneurs should apply financial recording based on cost accounting in each field of their business. Financial recording is based on cost accounting such as capital, production costs, cost of production, cost of goods sold, balance sheet and profit/loss statements. With the implementation of financial recording based on cost accounting, it will be easy to predict the development and sustainability of the business in a short time.

Capacity Limit Measuring Tool on Children's School Bags Using Esp32 Microcontroller and GPS Tracker

Backpacks are the main choice for students as a means of carrying school supplies and materials, but often they do not pay attention to the weight of the load they carry every day, potentially causing injuries and pain in the back. This study aims to design and implement a capacity limit measuring device on children's school bags using the ESP32 microcontroller as the control center. The tool is equipped with a 10kg load cell sensor to accurately measure the weight of the bag, as well as a keypad as a user interface to easily enter the child's weight. Safety is also considered with the addition of a buzzer as an alarm if the weight of the bag's capacity exceeds the set limit. GPS trackers are also integrated to monitor the geographical location of bags, allowing parents to monitor the movement of children and the location of bags directly through Telegram bots. With ESP32 as the brain, this tool provides a comprehensive solution to maintain the health and safety of children in carrying their school load. This tool also utilizes Telegram technology to provide direct notifications about the weight and location of children's bags to parents or other users. Telegram bots connected to this tool automatically transmit this information, providing additional convenience and security for users.

IJCM_218A: Association between school bag weight and trunk strength among children in Mangalore

Background: School bags serve as a practical means for students to transport essential academic materials and personal items, including food. The significance of school bag weight has garnered increased attention in recent years due to its potential impact on the musculoskeletal health of school children. Excessive school bag weight has been identified as a significant contributor to various health issues, ranging from neck pain and shoulder discomfort to headaches, general fatigue, decreased muscle strength, and, notably, back injuries among children. Methods: The study involved 178 school children in Mangalore, ranging from 10-15 years, for a period of 23 days. School bag weights were measured using calibrated scales, and trunk strength was assessed using a hand held dynamometer. Statistical analysis, including Chi-square test, student’s ‘t’ test and Karl Pearson correlation test were employed to identify any significant relationships between these variables. Results: Preliminary findings revealed a positive correlation between school bag weight and trunk strength among the participants. Results indicated that a considerable proportion (83.1%) of students were burdened with an excessive load of bags. The evaluated muscular strength was discovered to be diminished in these individuals, and they experienced symptoms that were interconnected, highlighting the potential impact of school bag weight on the musculoskeletal health of children in Mangalore. Conclusion: These findings advocate measures to alleviate the burden on children’s musculoskeletal health. Further research and interventions are warranted to promote a balanced and healthy school environment for the well-being of the younger generation.

Preventive education on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in junior high school students at Surakarta

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural disorder of the vertebrae characterized by vertebral curvature exceeding 10°, commonly identified in children aged 10-18 years. Several contributing factors for AIS include genetic factors, abnormalities in connective tissue and skeletal muscles, biomechanical factors, and the use of school bags with associated weight. The primary issue identified from the preliminary study is the relatively high AIS rate, reaching 10.2%, with no previous preventive education programs implemented for students. The targeted participants for this program are students from Muhammadiyah Middle School 5 and Muhammadiyah Middle School 7 in Surakarta. The team conducted AIS prevention health education sessions in April-May 2023 for students aged 12-15 years. The educational activities involved the use of informative materials such as pocket books and videos, covering topics like the definition of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, physical examination methods for AIS, and preventive measures through posture correction exercises and the proper use of school bags.Results from the influence test, employing the Paired Sample T-Test, indicate a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.023. This implies a significant difference in the average knowledge level before and after receiving education on AIS prevention.

Diego Barnett Winner of the Eric Williams “School Bags” Essay Competition

Diego Barnett Winner of the Eric Williams “School Bags” Essay Competition

An Analysis of Women, Education and Minangkabau Songket

This study aims to describe the woman and education ​​in Minangkabau songket. Songket cloth is a sacred cultural object for the Minangkabau people. Besides showing the existence of culture, songket cloth is also not just anyone who is allowed to wear it. However, songket cloth is starting to be converted by the community. Songket cloth is not only used by datuak and bundo kanduang in Minangkabau traditional ceremonies. But it is also used for various non-sacred events, including attending birthday shows, farewell events between students at schools, graduation ceremonies, khatam qur'an, and is also used for wallets where money is kept, room interior decoration, souvenirs/souvenirs, as sandals, school bags, as car accessories, uniforms for stand keepers in performances such as exhibitions, bazaars and other trade missions, as ethnic identity in a performance in another cultural sphere. However, not many people know about how the birth process and the value of a piece of Minangkabau songket cloth. Interview methods and literature studies are used as data collectors to describe the processes and values ​​in Minangkabau songket.

Ergonomic School Bags: Can Additional Straps Make a Difference in Posture?

Ergonomic School Bags: Can Additional Straps Make a Difference in Posture?

Design and Functional Requirements for School bags for children with Down Syndrome

Design and Functional Requirements for School bags for children with Down Syndrome

The effect of the properties of Artificial Leather used in the production of school bags on the quality of sewing performance

The effect of the properties of Artificial Leather used in the production of school bags on the quality of sewing performance

THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL BAG WEIGHT ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH: AN URGENT CALL FOR ACTION

In recent years, the issue of school bag weight and its impact on the health of children has gained significant attention from health experts, educators, and concerned parents alike. The consensus among experts is clear: a heavy backpack can have detrimental effects on a child’s physical well-being. The repercussions of lugging around an overloaded bag are far-reaching, with potential consequences ranging from headaches and shoulder pain to lower back pain, neck discomfort, and even arm pain. It is an issue that demands immediate attention and action, as it directly affects the health and well-being of our future generations.&#x0D; One might wonder why this issue persists when governments, like that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan, have taken steps to address it. In 2020, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government introduced the School Bags Limitation of Weight Act, aiming to regulate the weight of school bags and protect the health of young students. Under this act, specific weight limits were established for school bags based on grade levels, with the intention of preventing excessive loads. For instance, nursery class children were advised not to carry bags weighing more than 1.5kg, while class one students were recommended to limit their bags to 2.4kg. The weight limits increased incrementally as students advanced in grade, with students in class 11 and 12 advised to carry bags not exceeding 7kg. The introduction of such legislation was a significant step toward ensuring the well-being of young students.&#x0D; However, despite these commendable efforts by the government, the implementation of these regulations remains a challenge. Reports from parents, educators, and students suggest that many schools have yet to adhere to these guidelines effectively. This raises the question of whether the regulations are being enforced rigorously and whether the well-being of children is truly being prioritized. It is crucial for both government and private schools to take this issue seriously and implement the weight limits as stipulated by the law.

Effect of static and dynamic loading of backpack on cervical and shoulder posture in school going children of age group 10-15 years old - pre-test and post -test experimental study

Abstract: Background: Musculoskeletal problems associated with use of backpack have become an increasing concern with school children due to its direct and indirect effect on health. School bag loads are reported to cause many problems in children such as body pain, cardio?respiratory changes, postural changes, and balance impairment. Method: A pre-test and post-test experimental study carried out to study the effect of static and dynamic loading of backpack on cervical and shoulder posture in school going children of age group 10-15 years old. Result: The result shows that there is significant effect of static and dynamic loading of backpack on cervical and shoulder posture in school going children of age group 10–15 years old.Conclusion: The study concludes that backpack weighing 10% of body weight shows significant changes in cervical and shoulder posture. These changes are more after dynamic activities when compared with static loading and unloaded condition.

Frequency of Scoliosis among School Going Students Carrying Heavy Bags: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lahore, Pakistan

Objective: Scoliosis is structural change that occurs in a diversity of conditions. Development of the scoliosis during time periods of rapid child growth may consequence in severe abnormality. This survey had the purpose to find out the scoliosis frequency among school going students with age 11-16 years and determine possible associations among scoliosis and bodyweight and the bagpacks weight.&#x0D; Method: A Cross-Sectional study was conducted on 374 students with age of 11-16 years old boys and girls were having no abnormality or any MSK deformity was involved in the survey. All students were monitored by Adam's forward bend test and physical inspection test and for this purpose SRS-22r patient questionnaire was used. All data collected via a questionnaire which coded it into SPSS version 26. Data was constituted in configuration of bar charts, graphs and tables.&#x0D; Results: This inquiry contains 374 participants, and means weight of students 43.83±11.98, and mean weight of bags 5.21±1.99. The frequency of scoliosis among respondents was 48.66%, 103(27.54%) students were suffering from right Scoliotic hump, and 79(21.12%) have left Scoliotic hump. The frequency of shoulder &amp; scapular asymmetry 73%, uneven hips 19.7%, head deviation 50.8%, body overweight 1.9%, carrying immoderate heavy school bag packs material 4%.&#x0D; Conclusion: The scoliosis frequency among the sample of school going students was high. The statistical analysis showed that scoliosis was positively correlated with weight of students with statistically significant (p=0.000). No association was found among frequency of scoliosis and bags weigh.

Impact of Educational Intervention in Reducing the Weight of School Bags in Selected School Children.

To assess the effectiveness of educational intervention to reduce the weight of school bags. The study design was one group pre- and posttest experimental Research design. Government Senior Secondary School Dhanas, Chandigarh, and Shri Guru Harkrishan Model Senior Secondary School Sector-38D, Chandigarh (A private school) between July and November 2018. Names of the schools can be avoided. Total 760 students from selected sections nursery to 10th class of school were enrolled in the study. At baseline and end line weight of children, school bags and its content were weighed using weighing scale. Length of bag strap, breath of bag, torso of children, and their shoulders size were measured by measuring tape. Bag carrying style, posture, etc., were observed by observation checklist. Interviewed children (5th to 10th class) were using Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire for musculoskeletal system assessment. Educational intervention was provided to the children for one month to reduce weight of school bag by teaching in assembly and displaying the charts in school. (Use of softbound thin textbooks, breaking thin books in 2-3 thin softbound books, use lightweight bag, pencil box, lunch box, and water bottles. Pack bag as per timetable.). The result revealed that heavy school bags were carrying 69.7% children from government school and 80.2% from private school. Children carrying heavy bags reported musculoskeletal problems 5 times higher than their counterparts. After intervention, there was significant reduction in the weight of school bags (P < 0.001 as per paired t-test). Provide the weight of the bags before and after intervention in addition to the P value. Children carrying heavy bags were suffering from musculoskeletal problems. Intervention helped in reducing the weight of school bag.

Academic-related factors and daily lifestyle habits associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most prevalent spinal deformity, which may have long-term negative consequences on adolescents. The research on the etiology is of great importance for identifying high-risk population and formulate tailored prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the association between academic-related factors and daily lifestyle habits and AIS. In this population-based case-control study, 491 AIS cases and 1,346 healthy controls that frequency-matched by age and sex were recruited in Shenzhen, Southern China. AIS was diagnosed as a Cobb angle ≥ 10° on standing posteroanterior radiographs of the whole spine. The academic-related factors (e.g., reading and writing posture) and daily lifestyle habits (e.g., intake of milk and dairy products) were collected by a self-reported questionnaire. The logistic regression analysis was performed. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, multivariable logistic regression models demonstrated that academic-related factors were associated with AIS. Individuals with poor reading and writing posture were more likely to have AIS (AOR: 2.06, 95%CI: 1.58-2.68). Moreover, there was a significant association between heavy school bags and AIS (AOR: 2.22, 95%CI: 1.50-3.31). Additionally, adolescents who reported daily screen time on weekdays over 2 hours were more likely to develop AIS (P < 0.001). Regarding daily lifestyle habits, individuals without the habit of taking milk and dairy products had a higher risk of developing AIS (AOR: 1.87, 95%CI: 1.29-2.71). Academic-related factors and daily lifestyle habits were associated with AIS among Chinese adolescents. Schools, families, and related facilities are recommended to take actions on developing effective prevention and management strategies that integrates "Student-Family-School-Education-Health-Sports" for AIS.

Association between sport participation and knee symptoms: a cross-sectional study among undergraduate medical students at King Abdulaziz University

Background: The engagement of university students in sports activities was associated with sports injuries involving the knee. The present study aimed at evaluating the association between sports involvement and knee symptoms and other risk factors in King Abdulaziz University Medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 358 undergraduate medical students at King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from the second to the sixth academic years. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect data about participants&amp;apos; demographics, body mass index, smoking, coffee intake, academic activities, smartphone, Internet, computer use, type of school bag, work surface, part-time job, sports activities, and its types were added. Data about musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the knee and other body parts and their patterns and practicing of sports were collected. Results: The prevalence of life experience of musculoskeletal in the knee was 35.5%. While 27.4% experienced it in the last 12 months, and 16.2% experienced it in the previous week. Of the participants, 9.8% were currently experiencing MSDs in the knee. The mean pain intensity of those with musculoskeletal disease was 5.44 ± 1.8, with 8.7% skipping school because of their MSD and 50.8% souk medical advice. Ex-smokers, those with a lower mean of hours per week of engagement in clinical sessions, who were playing fitness sports, and who experienced MSDs in other body parts had a significantly higher percentage of having a history of knee symptoms. Conclusion: Health education programs about the relationship between knee disorders and sports and other risk factors should be directed to university students.

Use of Single Shoulder Handling Bag: Scoliosis and Musculoskeletal Pain in School Going Children. “A Cross Sectional Study”

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the Frequency of musculoskeletal pain, and to check whether single strapped bags are culprit of causing scoliosis in school going children or not as compared to other types of school bags i.e. double strapped and trolley type bags.Methodology: The study design was an observational cross-sectional. The process of data collection from the school going children (n=398) between the ages of 8 and 16 years was carried out in the government schools of the Faisalabad through a simple random sampling technique. Measurements of weight were taken through spring scale and subjective self-administered questionnaire was completed from each student along with cobb’s angle to measure the curvature and Adam forward bend test was also performed on each pupil.Results: Majority of the students used to carry single strapped bag with average value of 50.5% while double strapped bag with average percentage of 48.0%. Most of the students were used to carry bag on one side of shoulder with an average value of 68.3% and only 31.7% carried bag on both sides of shoulders. Most of the children reported pain in the neck and shoulder region with average percentage of 73.6% and in back/buttock were 105 with percentage of 26.4%. 92.5% of the children stated that their pain was relieved when they took off their bags and 51.3% were used to take medicine for pain reduction. On visual analogue rating scale, 57.8% of the children reported the moderate level of pain. Mean ± SD of students using single strapped and double strapped bags were 2.2438± 0.579 and 1.7958 and 0.64497. Adam forward test was also most frequently positive in students using single strapped bag as compared to other types of bags (p value = 0.000) reflecting scoliosisConclusion: Students majority who used to wear one side shoulder bag were prone to suffer scoliosis and pain in neck and shoulder region.

Relationship between Musculoskeletal Disorder and School Bag Characteristics among Mentally Retarded Students

Relationship between Musculoskeletal Disorder and School Bag Characteristics among Mentally Retarded Students

Neglected problem: Influence of school bag on lumbar segment in children.

School bag (SB) load causes significant changes in the height and symmetry of the intervertebral discs at each level of the spine from T12-L1 to L5-S1. This study aims to determine the change in the size of the lumbar segment angle at a particularly critical point L3-L4 of the spine in relation to the load of the average weight of SB in healthy male children (students) at standing and after 2-minute gait. 47 boys, aged 12.2 ± 0.92 years, underwent photogrammetric measurements in the sagittal plane in statics and dynamics, walking on a laboratory treadmill. Measurements were repeated with the weight of SB with a constant load of 6,251 kg, which represents 13.78% of the average body weight of our sample. The lumbar angle (LA) connecting the point of the big toe, the lumbar point L3-L4 and the processus spinosus C7 was measured. In gait, LA was measured in the phases of the middle support and the initial contact of the heel. T-test of paired samples was used to estimate the change in LA at standing from 4.953° and walking phases from 6.295° to 7.332° in relation to the unloaded state, and the value of the effect size (ES) indicates that the impact of SB load is significant. Cumulatively, microtraumas caused by SB load significantly affect the increase in intervertebral pressure at the L3-L4 point, which is susceptible to degenerative processes and which can be the cause of lumbar syndrome (LS). Preventive measures are needed in order to lighten SB in this population and introduce up to 10% of students' body weight into the safe zone.