Scholastic Factors Research Articles

The Transgression List in Šurpu Tablet IV and Its Sordid Moral Implications

Abstract Modern scholarship has become more attentive to the interrelation between performative and scholastic factors in the production of ancient Near Eastern ritual texts. This article aims to shed light on the compositional processes responsible for the integration of a list of transgressions into Šurpu Tablet 4. This analysis is facilitated by the identification of a close parallel from the Namerimburruda tradition. The comparison of these texts illuminates the subtle manner by which scribe responsible for Šurpu IV appropriated earlier materials to fit the theological and rhetorical aims of the new composition. This focused case study can serve as a point of departure for further research on the flexible roles of interpolated sin lists in ancient Near Eastern literature.

Resident factors associated with American board of internal medicine certification exam failure

ABSTRACT Introduction Performance on the certifying examinations such as the American Board of Internal Medicine Certification Exam (ABIM-CE) is of great interest to residents and their residency programs. Identification of factors associated with certification exam result may allow residency programs to recognize and intervene for residents at risk of failing. Despite this, residency programs have few evidence-based predictors of certification exam outcome. The change to pass-or-fail score reporting of the USA Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 removes one such predictor. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective study of residents from a medium-sized internal medicine residency program who graduated from 1998 through 2017. We used univariate tests of associations between ABIM-CE result and various demographic and scholastic factors. Results Of 166 graduates, 14 (8.4%) failed the ABIM-CE on the first attempt. Failing the first attempt of the ABIM-CE was associated with older median age on entering residency (29 vs 27 years; P = 0.01); lower percentile rank on the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) in each of the first, second, and third years of training (P < 0.001 for all); and lower scores on the USMLE Steps 1, 2 Clinical Knowledge, and 3 (P < 0.05 for all). No association was seen between a variety of other scholastic or demographic factors and first-attempt ABIM-CE result. Discussion Although USMLE step 1 has changed to a pass-or-fail reporting structure, there are still other characteristics that allow residency programs to identify residents at risk of ABIM-CE first time failure and who may benefit from intervention.

The Impact of Scholastic Factors on Physical Activity Levels during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Prospective Study on Adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Scholastic factors (academic achievement) are hypothesized to be important determinants of health-related behaviors in adolescents, but there is a lack of knowledge on their influence on physical activity levels (PAL), especially considering the COVID-19 pandemic and the imposed lockdown. This study aimed to investigate the associations between scholastic factors and PAL before and during the pandemic lockdown. The participants were adolescents form Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 525, 46% females), who were observed prospectively at the baseline (before the pandemic lockdown) and during the lockdown in 2020 (follow-up). The scholastic factors (grade point average, behavioral grade, school absences, unexcused absences) were evidenced at the baseline (predictors). The outcome (PAL) was evaluated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents at the baseline and the follow-up. Gender, age, parental/familial conflict, and sport participation were observed as confounders. No significant influence of the predictors on PAL were evidenced at the baseline or at the follow-up. The scholastic variables were significantly associated with the changes of PAL which occurred due to pandemic lockdown, with a lower risk for negative changes in PAL among adolescents who were better in school (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.34–0.81, and OR = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.34–0.97, for the grade point average and behavioral grade, respectively). Students who do well in school are probably more aware of the health benefits of proper PAL, and therefore are devoted to the maintenance of their PAL even during the home-confinement of lockdown. Public health authorities should focus more on helping adolescents to understand the importance and benefits of proper PAL throughout the school system.

Analyzing online impression management ability of Chinese teenagers

Internet and new media have been highly integrated into the growth process of teenagers, along with their learning, life and social interactions. It becomes an important part of Internet literacy to mold and manage one’s impression to others. In this paper, we study the influential factors of online impression management ability from personal factors, domestic factors and scholastic factors. We design questionnaire for survey, and then interview with teenagers, their parents and teachers. By analyzing the collected data, we get the main findings as follows: (1) Among the personal factors, gender, year group, the proficiency of Internet use skills, the self-efficacy of Internet usage, and the number of Internet access devices have impact on the ability of managing online impression, while other factors such as grades and household registration have no explicit impacts. (2) Among the domestic factors, family atmospheres, the frequency of discussions on the content of Internet information between parents and children, the frequency of parental intervention concerning Internet activities, and the degree of closeness between students and their parents have effects of different degree on the ability of managing Internet impression and its components. However, the degree of parents’ education background and the family income have no significant influences. (3) Among the scholastic factors, the frequency of the discussion on Internet information and content between peers as well as the perception of students in the Internet technology literacy class have different effects on the middle school students’ online impression management ability. This research could help teenagers to improve the ability of online impression management which is important for their learning and life in Internet era.

Analysis on Online Impression Management of Chinese Teenagers

This paper uses impression management related theory knowledge to analyze the questionnaire collected from 4464 students and the interview data. In addition to online impression management, influential factors for individual’s ability of network impression management, such as personal, domestic, and scholastic, were also categorized and studied. Through prudently research and analysis, middle school students’ average network impression management ability score is 2.92 points. Influential factors for network impression management ability are studied from aspects including personal factors, domestic factors and scholastic factors. Based on the research results, this paper put forward the following suggestions: to improve the ability of middle school students in managing network impression, we should continue to adjust related policies and take measures from individual, family and school level. Only with the combined effort can we improve the network literacy of middle school students.

Factors Influencing Child Marriages among Muslim Girls: A Qualitative Study in Malabar Context

The prevalence of child marriage is relatively common among Muslim girls in Malabar, Kerala. The data for this study was collected through in-depth interviews with ten married girls, five parents and five religious leaders belonging to the community. The study found that social and parental pressures, physical maturity, age difference among partners, family size and parental age, cognitive immaturity, scholastic factors, lack of congruency regarding marriageable age, discrepancies in views across religious groups, early marriage of parents, the practice of Nikah, and economic considerations were predisposing factors for early marriages.

A Prospective Study on the Influence of Scholastic Factors on the Prevalence and Initiation of Illicit Drug Misuse in Adolescence.

Background: This study aimed to prospectively investigate the scholastic factors related to illicit drug misuse (IDM) and the initiation of IDM among older adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: This 2-year prospective study included 436 participants (202 females), who were an average of 16 years old at the beginning of the study (baseline). The participants were tested at baseline and follow-up (20 months later). The predictors included variables of scholastic-achievement (grade point average, school absences, unexcused absences and behavioral grade). The criteria were: (i) IDM at baseline; (ii) IDM at follow-up; and (iii) initiation of IDM over the study course. Results: Logistic regression indicated increased odds of IDM in adolescents who were more frequent absent from school (baseline: Odds Ratio (OR): 3.73, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.12–6.57; follow-up: OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.90–4.65). The lower grade point average and more unexcused absences were evidenced for adolescents who consumed drugs on follow-up (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.11–2.51; OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.30–2.32 for grade point average and unexcused absences, respectively). Initiation of IDM was predicted by frequent absences from school (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3–3.8), and lower behavioral grades (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2–3.3). Conclusions: The findings confirmed strong correlations between scholastic failure and IDM. Absences from school and lower behavioral grades at baseline were predictive of the initiation of IDM in older adolescents.

Sport and scholastic factors in relation to smoking and smoking initiation in older adolescents: a prospective cohort study in Bosnia and Herzegovina

ObjectiveSport and scholastic factors are known to be associated with cigarette smoking in adolescence, but little is known about the causality of this association. The aim of this study was...

Nonmarital Pregnancies and Marriage in the United States

One important change in postwar American family-formation patterns has been a sharp decline in the probability that single women pregnant with their.first child marry during their pregnancies and thus legitimate the birth. In this article we.first discuss the social context surrounding this change. Our empirical analysis offour national cross-sectional fertility surveys covering the early 1950s throughl the late 1980s then documents the decreasing likelihood of legitimation for women from most racial, social, and family backgrounds. Finally, we use longitudinal data for recent cohorts of young women to investigate the attitudinal, familial, and scholastic factors that shape their decisions about legitimating a nonmarital pregnancy. One of the most significant changes in family formation in the postwar U.S. has been a dramatic rise in childbearing outside of marriage. In 1991, about 1,214,000 births, almost 30% of the nation's total, occurred to unmarried women (National Center for Health Statistics 1993). Most of the research and public policy initiatives spurred by these increasingly high levels of nonmarital childbearing have focused on women's premarital sexual activity and pregnancy (Hayes 1987). Yet nonmarital childbearing, by definition, involves marriage behavior as well as fertility. Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in women's marriage behavior have played a major role in the increases in the numbers of nonmarital births (Nathanson & Kim 1989; Smith & Cutright 1988). During the late 1950s, over 50% of women who were single when they conceived their first child married before the child's birth (O'Connell & Rogers 1984), but by 1988 only 22% did so (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1989). In this article we examine trends and patterns in the legitimation' of first births in the U.S. over the last three decades. In the first section, we show * This research was partially suipported by a contractfrom the U.S. National Instituite of Child Health and Huiman Development (NOl-HD-42815) with the Carolina Popullation Center. Ida Harper Simpson provided helpfiul comments on an earlier version. Direct correspondence to Allan Parnell, Department of Sociology, Box 90088, Dulke University, Duirham, NC 27708. ? The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, September 1994, 73(1):263-87 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.64 on Sat, 03 Sep 2016 04:06:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 264 / Social Forces 73:1, September 1994 declines in the likelihood of legitimating marriages from 1955 through 1984 using retrospective data pooled from cycles I-IV of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). In the second section, we use longitudinal data from the High School and Beyond Study (HS&B) to investigate the attitudinal, familial, and scholastic factors that shape young women's decisions about legitimating a nonmarital pregnancy.

Attention-Defecit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Assessment and Treatment

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Assessment and Treatment Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with ADHD Children: Child, Family, and School Interventions. Braswell, Lauren, & Bloomquist, Michael L. New York: The Guilford Press, 1991. (391 pp.) $40.00 (hard cover). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represents a significant childhood and adolescent disorder whose symptoms are thought to be exhibited by approximately 3%-5% of school-age children (Barkley, 1988). Because the major features of ADHD (i.e., attention-span difficulties and distractibility, impulsivity, hyperactivity) can interfere with a child's academic performance and social functioning, an extensive body of literature, empirical and otherwise, has accumulated relative to the assessment and treatment of this troublesome disorder. In their comprehensive text, Braswell and Bloomquist provide an overview of the etiological, diagnostic and assessment, and treatment issues related to ADHD. Because the disorder can no longer be considered a problem that affects only prepubertal children (Henker & Whalen, 1989), it is encouraging to find a text that adopts a life-span developmental perspective in which the authors have outlined age-group specific (i.e., preschoolers, elementary school-age children, adolescents, adults) treatment needs and suggested intervention strategies. Braswell and Bloomquist describe various assessment methods (i.e., parentchild interviews, parent-teacher rating scales, observational approaches, intellectual and achievement testing, laboratory measures, and parent-report measures) which when used in combination will facilitate "moving away from an oversimplified view of assessment (and) adopting a whole-child approach rather than a diagnosis-focused viewpoint" (p. 49). Recognizing the variability that exists from one ADHD child to the next, the authors address the diagnostic challenge of differentiating ADHD from other disorders (e.g., anxiety, bipolar disorder) whose symptoms may resemble those of ADHD. Likewise, attention is given to coexisting problems (e.g., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) which can further complicate the diagnostic process. The authors emphasize the need for a multimodal approach to treatment. After reviewing the literature on pharmacotherapy, behavior therapy, and cognitivebehavioral interventions, Braswell and Bloomquist state that "it is clear that no one form of intervention is adequate for meeting the needs of most ADHD children" (p. 103). As such, the authors recommend an interdisciplinary team approach which involves the participation of medical, psychological, and educational professionals. Following their general review of basic issues, the authors offer what represents the major contribution of their text: "an ecological-developmental model of cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD children and adolescents" (p. 104). Braswell and Bloomquist acknowledge that die "domain of cognitive-behavioral intervention with ADHD children is afflicted by having more reviews of treatment outcome than actual treatment outcome studies" (p. 91). Accordingly, they apologize that their ecological-developmental model, when taken as a whole, has not been empirically tested. Despite die clear need for empirical scrutiny, the model does offera very practical, almost step-by-step approach to dealing with the individual, familial, and scholastic factors which clinicians must consider in their work with ADHD children. For example, treatment planning is conceptualized according to the child's cognitive (e.g., problem-solving deficits) and behavioral (e.g., noncompliant behavior) areas for growth, the parents' cognitive needs (e.g., dysfunctional attributions), and the family's, behavioral (e.g., ineffective discipline) as well as cognitive and behavioral (e.g., dysfunctional communication) deficits. The authors emphasize the need to form a working relationship with the child and his or her family to evaluate clients' motivation to engage in treatment as well as individual members' resistance to intervention. …

Early Predictors of Career Achievement in Academic Medicine

To identify early personal and scholastic factors that predict academic career choice and long-term career achievement among academic physicians. A longitudinal cohort study. Nine hundred forty-four male physicians who graduated from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, from 1948 through 1964. Career achievement outcomes included attained faculty rank in 1990 and the number of citations (20 to 24 years after graduation) to published work. Of the 944 physicians, 424 (45%) had chosen academic careers. Scholastic performance and research experience in medical school were independently associated with having chosen an academic career (P less than .001). Among academicians, higher attained rank in 1990 was independently associated with the following: (1) membership in Alpha Omega Alpha (relative risk [RR] = 4.94, P = .0001); (2) rank in the top third of the graduating class (RR = 2.68, P = .01); and (3) research experience in medical school (RR = 3.11, P = .0001). These three factors were also independently associated with more citations to participants' published work (P less than .05). These data suggest that scholastic performance and research experience during medical school predict career achievement in academic medicine over 20 years in the future.

Demographic, situational, and scholastic factors in medical school attrition.

In an investigation of withdrawals and delays among students enrolled at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine over a four-year period, we found significantly higher rates of attrition among minority than nonminority students and among female than male enrollees. There were, however, no significant sex-related differences in the nature of delays (ie, voluntary versus involuntary) or in the timing of their occurrence within the curriculum (preclinical versus clinical). Academic problems were cited for most of the students who were required to delay or withdraw, while voluntary attrition was related to family, psychologic, and career-choice problems. When compared with successful matched control students, the study group of all delays and withdrawals had significantly higher scores on the verbal and general knowledge MCAT subtests, while the subgroup of involuntary delays had significantly lower science MCAT scores than their controls. In addition, significantly more of the successful controls had attended a superior private liberal arts college, had an undergraduate science major, and came from professional families. We suggest that these findings indicate the need for substantial revision in curricula and selection processes if we are to achieve the goal of producing well rounded physicians who are an ethnically and socioeconomically representative group.