Historical Scholarship Research Articles

Joseph G. Gall (1928-2024): Cell biologist, naturalist, and mentor extraordinaire.

Joseph Grafton Gall (1928-2024), a founder of modern cell biology, made foundational discoveries on eukaryotic chromosomes and RNA biogenesis. His major contributions include the development of in situ hybridization (later called FISH), demonstration of one DNA double helix/chromosome, isolation of the first eukaryote gene, localization of satellite DNA to centromeric heterochromatin, determination of the first telomeric DNA sequence, and elucidating the structure and functions of Cajal bodies. He was an expert microscopist, a scholar of science history, and an avid naturalist. These attributes, together with his ready embrace of new technologies, contributed to his remarkable success. He was also an early and strong supporter of women in science. His contributions to science and mentoring were recognized by numerous awards including the American Society for Cell Biology's E.B. Wilson Medal, the Society for Developmental Biology's Lifetime Achievement Award, the Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award in Medical Research, and the AAAS Mentor Award for Lifetime Achievement.

Recovering, reimagining or reinventing Elizabeth Macarthur in speculative biography

ABSTRACT This investigation of four biographical narratives on the same person, all published since 2018 and inspired by the same epistolary corpus, demonstrates differences in authorial purpose and reader expectation across the ‘speculative spectrum’ of biographical interpretation. The subject, Elizabeth Macarthur, arrived in New South Wales in 1790. Two of the texts are works of historical scholarship, with apublishers’ classification non-fiction biography. The other two are published as novels. The authors’ differing purposes, their interpretations and their stylistic treatments of the same source material, provide an illustrative demonstration of the narrative functions of biography and biofiction. This essay examines the depiction of Elizabeth Macarthur’s life in the four texts to highlight the differences between scholarly biographies and biofictions from the perspective of their writing practices. It examines their use of speculation and literary devices and how these are signposted to the reader by evaluating the authors’ engagement with archival sources, their use of empathy and projection and their narrative techniques. It questions how biofiction can supplement or supplant traditional biography.

A Romani Capital? Romanies and London in the Eighteenth Century

The history of Romanies in England during the eighteenth century has been largely neglected by existing historical scholarship. Yet, the Romani experience of and in London had a notable impact on the capital's culture and the ways in which Romanies or ‘Gypsies’ would be portrayed for years to come. This article explores how, in the early part of the century, the Romani settlement at Norwood in south London enabled interaction and integration between Londoners and their Romani neighbours. During the second half of the century, Norwood was enclosed, and interactions between Romanies and south Londoners diminished. What remained was an experience of Romani culture drawn primarily not through interactions with an established Romani population, but from a stereotypical ‘Cultural Gypsy’ that was portrayed in literature and on stage.

Between Policies and Practices: a Quantitative Analysis of Teacher Training in Private Higher Education in São Paulo

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate, analyze and discuss the aspects, paths and perspectives that permeate teacher training in Higher Education at a private university in São Paulo. Theoretical Framework: This research is based on theories and discussions in the areas of the history and philosophy of education, teaching and learning, teacher training, curriculum theories, active methodologies, reflective and researching teachers, and French discourse analysis. Method: This research will have a mixed approach, i.e. it will be quantitative and qualitative at the same time. It will make use of quantitative processes that require logistical and numerical proof, when we tabulate the answers to the questionnaires answered by the teachers. It will also use qualitative processes when analyzing the responses from the focus group conducted as data collection in this study. Results and Discussion: This study will investigate teacher training by collecting information from the teachers themselves who work in private higher education. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to understand how the training of these educators has been carried out in order to propose new paths and strategies to enrich teaching work. Research implications: One of the possible outcomes of this research will be a proposal for teacher training based on learning communities, in which there is space for discussion, creation and reflection on teaching and learning environments in higher education. Spaces for teachers to exchange and share information. U1, the university that is part of this study, already creates moments of reflection for the institution's teachers, as we will see in the course of this article. Originality/Value: The discussion about the training of higher education teachers at private universities in Brazil does not have many studies investigating the pedagogical work of these professionals, so this study seeks to understand the pedagogical work and training of these specific educators.

Does Perception Determine Knowledge? Evaluation of the Implementation of Historical Thinking as a Factor for Socio-Cultural Sustainability

Historical thinking plays a key role in the education of critical citizens who are committed to the world in which they live. Socio-cultural sustainability promotes respect for one’s own cultural roots (and those of others), averts the consequences of cultural homogenisation and fosters identification with fundamental values and human rights. The main objective of this study is to analyse the consistency between the perception of teaching–learning processes and the historical knowledge of secondary school students following the implementation of a teaching unit based on the methodological theory of historical thinking. A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group was applied to 93 baccalaureate students (16–18 years of age) from the Region of Murcia (Spain). Two teaching units with different methodologies (experimental and control) were developed and compared. The results show a moderate degree of consistency between perceptions and knowledge in some variables in the analysis of the experimental group. Thus, it can be stated that historical thinking as a methodological theory contributes to promoting the idea of multiculturalism and has good academic results in terms of historical learning. In conclusion, the role of historical thinking as an influential factor in the perception and acquisition of knowledge is clear. In addition, it helps to preserve socio-cultural sustainability via community participation, the promotion of social justice and respect for other cultures.

Revolutionary discourses from the past: a digital hermeneutical analysis of widely read academic publications on the social impact and significance of the internet

ABSTRACT From the start, the academic community was deeply involved in both the technological and conceptual development of the internet. Works by Rheingold, Castells, and others put forward influential, intellectual imaginaries. Over thirty years later, these sources offer valuable insights, reflecting the novelty and excitement of the time. Often infused with rhetoric of radical transformation, these authors either consciously or unconsciously foregrounded a revolutionary period marked by digital utopianism, while also presenting critical views. This paper aims to identify and historicize common themes and concepts in influential academic publications on the internet's significance and social impact. By adopting a longitudinal and comparative approach, we aim to provide a historically informed understanding of Internet Studies. Our paper contributes to a tradition of media historical scholarship, examining how new technologies were socially constructed, how dominant discourses shaped popular imaginaries, and their role in the evolution of Internet Studies.

LAIKO JUOSTOS UŽDUOČIŲ TAIKYMAS MOKANT SUPRASTI ISTORINĮ LAIKĄ PRADINĖS MOKYKLOS TREČIOJE KLASĖJE

School history content in recent years has been shifting away from the "grand" story of history towards historical literacy, based on critical thinking and historical research skills. This encourages the explora-tion of the possibilities of developing these skills from primary school onwards, using a variety of ac-tive learning methods in social education classes. The aim of the study was to determine whether the targeted use of timeline tasks in the educational process can improve the historical time comprehension skills of third grade pupils in Lithuanian primary schools. The focus of the study was the use of timeline tasks in the understanding of historical time. The aim of the study was to explore the changes in the historical time comprehension skills of 3rd grade pupils in a primary school when timeline tasks are purposefully applied in the educational process. An action re-search study was carried out, 16 educational activities were organized in two primary school third grade classes. In one classroom, 8 activities involved the purposeful use of timeline tasks. Students' historical time comprehension skills in the category of timeline application were assessed through quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the questionnaires completed by students. It was found that before the educational activities, some of the pupils in grade 3 had not reached the level of devel-oping understanding of historical time at level A in the category of application of the timeline. A com-parative analysis of the data after the educational activities showed that the pupils in Class X who worked on the timeline tasks during the educational activities achieved higher results than their peers in Class Y who did not work on the timeline tasks during the educational activities. The results of the study suggest that the use of timeline activities in history learning enables students to better orient themselves in historical time and to achieve higher learning outcomes. Keywords: understanding historical time, timeline application, primary education, action research

History Teachers' Strategy in Integrating Historical Thinking Skills Through Academic Discussion Activities at SMA Negeri 1 Sangatta Utara

The changes that occur in history learning require critical thinking skill to support the teaching and learning process. The teacher needs to help students improve their historical thinking skill. This research aimed to a) find out and explain history teachers' understanding of historical thinking skill; b) explain the history teachers' strategy in integrating historical thinking skills through academic discussion activity; and c) know the factors that influence history teachers in integrating historical thinking skill through academic discussion activity. This research was qualitative research by using case study method. The research was conducted in SMA N 1 Sangatta Utara, with the research subjects were two history teachers and six students of XI class. Data collected by using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Data analysis technique used Miles and Huberman model. The research result showed that a) the teachers understand historical thinking skill before conducting history learning by using academic discussion; b) the teachers' strategy in integrating historical thinking skill with academic discussipn was giving instruction gradually to students so that they can understand the use of historical thinking skill in history learning in academic discussion; and c) there are two factors that influence the teachers to integrate historical thinking skill and academic discussion namely a change in education system, and students condition which do not understand historical material and unable of students to develop critical thinking skills in history learning.

Scientific and technical business trips of scientists to Germany in the 1920s as one of the factors in the development of the Leningrad industrial complex

In the article, the author examines Leningrad scientists’ business trips to Germany in the 1920s as one of the directions of technology transfer mechanism implementation. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the example of Leningrad shows the substance of this line of transfer, as well as a general assessment of its effectiveness. Thus, the historical memory of a unique experience is restored, which may be of interest at the present stage of Russia’s development. The study focuses on the problems of scientific and technical international cooperation with local scientific communities. This fills a gap in historical scholarship, as the specifics of such cooperation are considered mainly either at a community level or at the level of an individual organisation or individual. The main goal of the study is to determine the extent to which the contacts between Leningrad scientists and German specialists, established in the 1920s, influenced the modernisation of the Leningrad industrial complex. Research objectives are: to analyse the main cooperation directions between Leningrad scientists and German institutes, scientific centres, and laboratories in the period under consideration; to classify business trips, to identify general patterns, and to analyse the specific features of different types of business trips and their results. The article draws on a broad source base that includes previously unpublished archive documentation of the Russian State Academy of Economics, Central State Archive of St. Petersburg, and the Central State Academy of Technical Sciences of St. Petersburg. In the course of the study, drawing on specific cases, it was demonstrated that the active involvement of scientific personnel in Petrograd/Leningrad contributed to the accelerated development of a number of Soviet industries, such as diesel engineering, turbo and hydraulic turbine engineering, chemical processing of peat and shale, etc., made it possible to form the necessary technical base, as well as develop the human resources of scientific institutions and enterprises of the city.

Application of Kahoot Interactive Quiz Learning Media to Increase Interest in Learning History of Class XI Comet Students at SMA Negeri 2 Medan

The aim of this research is to see the effectiveness of implementing Kahoot-based interactive quiz learning media in increasing interest in learning history in class XI Komet students at SMA Negeri 2 Medan. The method used in this research is classroom action research (PTK) methodology which consists of II stages (Cycles) using a quantitative approach. Questionnaires and observations are data collection instruments (techniques) that are used to see the level of students' interest in learning after using the Kahoot quiz learning media. The population taken was students from SMA Negeri 2 Medan with a sample of class XI Komet students consisting of 36 students consisting of 10 male students and 26 female students. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is known that the results of the analysis of observation and questionnaire data in stage I which was carried out on 09 August 2024 obtained a percentage of 72.69% and in stage II which was carried out on 12 August 2024 it increased by 89.40%. Based on the conclusions that have been produced, the researcher states that the use of Kahoot-based interactive quiz learning media has been proven to stimulate and foster students' interest in learning.

Application of Learning Models Gamification With the help of Wordwall Media on theoretical material about the entry of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia

Study done For look for answer will a problem with he gave an action in the form of a considered solution can solve problem the. Study with title Application of Learning Models Based Gamification Assisted by Wordwall Media The aims of students' history learning outcomes in theoretical material on the arrival of Hindu-Buddhism in Indonesia in class X at SMAN 14 Medan For know influence use of wordwall media with a learning model based game to improvement results student History learning. Research conducted by researchers started with arrangement formulation problems that have made based on apparition real in the field schooling place carry out introduction field schooling. As for who became background behind so that did it study is there is a number of problem studying in class which hinders the process learning so that No Again deemed optimal. Consequence from problem the make results Study participant educate experience significant decrease. Demonstrative activities problem in class is like student No capable answer question cognitive with OK, then student not enough control Study material, students No has the above Solution problems faced, values students on the material theory the arrival of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia is still classified low, the task is done still on the verge mark not enough until Enough. This matter happen because at the time delivery material by the teacher to participant educate not in the optimal phase, Where is the remainder No Can absorb with Good the knowledge provided and teachers are lacking appropriate select the media or model in carry out learning, planning prepared by the teacher is not can fulfil need Study participant educate so that results given ending No satisfying too. Therefore That researcher endeavor provide solutions with hit the media wordwall and play interesting game for students interested with learning and creating impression more different easy understood and remembered by participants educate. Collection, processing and analysis of data in study This done with use method quantitative, Where is the answer end in study served with systematic figures so that the result nature objective and descriptive circumstances real in the field study. Type of research used is Classroom Action Research or PTK in it through two cycles research, cycle second done For perfect values or average that does not pass the cycle first, each cycle arranged over two series each meeting 2 hour lesson duration. Compiled classroom action research on a number of stage ie planning, giving action, observing and reflecting. Subject in study This is class X 2 SMAN 14 Medan consisting of of 38 students in one class unit. Deep data analysis study This state that application of Wordwall media based learning gamification can increase results Study students on the material theory the entry of Hindu Buddhism in Indonesia in class X 2 at SMAN 14 Medan, with calculation results ie Based on the results of the data obtained above, it appears that there has been a significant change after the implementation of the gamification-based learning model assisted by wordwall media in students' understanding as seen from the learning outcomes by answering multiple choice questions with a score of 10-100. At the first and second meetings of the first cycle, the average scores were obtained. The average value was 72 with this value still below the KKM, so adjustments were given to the application of the model and media in the second cycle, where the average value obtained increased to 89, where the value had passed the KKM threshold of 75 and stated that the model and media had an influence. the positive.

Application of Wordwall Media to increase learning motivation in learning the History of Colonialism and Imperialism in class XI-6 SMA Negeri 5 Medan

This research aims to increase student motivation in studying in class XI-6 students at SMA Negeri 5 Medan in studying the history of colonialism and imperialism through the use of the Wordwall web media. The classroom action research method was applied in three stages. The research results showed a significant increase in students' learning motivation after using Wordwall. In the second stage, student learning motivation reached 81%, an increase from 50% in the initial stage. These findings indicate that Wordwall has the potential to be an effective tool for increasing student interest and engagement in history learning.

Implementation of STAND Type Cooperative Learning Model Assisted by Kahoot Media to Increase Motivation in History Subjects for Class X.12 SMA Negeri 5 Medan

This study aims to improve students' learning motivation in history subjects by implementing of STAND Type Cooperatif learning model assisted by Kahoot Media at SMA Negeri 5 Medan. This research method adopts a qualitative approach by collecting data through questionnaires and observing student activities.. Cycle I showed poor results with a presentation of 60%, but in cycle II there was a significant increase with a presentation of 93%. The findings from this study show that application of this learning model and media has succeeded in increasing students' motivation in learning history subjects.

Increasing Student Learning Activities Through Model Application Problem Based Learning (PBL) Material on the History of Colonialism and Imperialism in Class XI Asteroid at SMA Negeri 2 Medan

This study seeks to detail how class XI Asteroids students at SMA Negeri 2 Medan were able to increase their learning activities by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) paradigm to content related to the history of colonialism and imperialism. The classroom action research (PTK) approach is used in this study to address a range of issues that transpire inside the educational setting. The four steps of this PTK are preparation, execution, evaluation, and review. Increasing students' historical learning activities is the primary goal of this study, and these four steps repeat themselves in a cycle to achieve this goal. The study was place in July and August of 2024 at SMA N 2 Medan and included students from class XI ASTEROID. Each of the two cycles of this study included two sessions. The study shows that with each cycle, pupils get more engaged in learning about history. The average proportion of student learning activities, which was 48.91% in cycle I and 75.78% in cycle II, shows this growth. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the research success indicator has been met, with an average proportion of student learning activity reaching or above 70%, during cycle II.

Application of the Jigsaw Learning Model to Improve Learning Outcomes in History Subjects Class XI-4 at SMA Negeri 14 Medan

This study seeks to enhance student learning achievements by implementing the Jigsaw learning model with Class XI-4 at SMA NEGERI 14 Medan. Currently, the learning outcomes and student engagement have not met expectations. Learning methods that are inappropriate and do not suit students' characteristics in implementing learning are one of the causes of the learning outcomes and student activity that are not achieved as expected. In using jigsaw learning, students work in small groups to solve tasks that have been divided, each group member is responsible for studying and understanding part of the learning material and then sharing their knowledge with other group members. In this process, In this approach, each student specializes in a specific section of the material and gains a deeper comprehension through teamwork with their peers on the content provided by the teacher. The findings of this study demonstrate that applying the Jigsaw learning model effectively enhances history learning outcomes for Class XI-4 at SMA NEGERI 14 Medan. The research indicates a notable improvement in student performance, with scores rising from 65.5% in the first cycle to 86.9% in the second cycle. Additionally, the study highlights improvements in students' communication, collaboration, and respect for the opinions and contributions of other groups.

Exploration Of The Cultural Heritage Potential In Tasikmalaya City As Enrichment Of Local History Teaching Materials

Cultural heritage potential plays an important role in presenting meaningful history learning, unfortunately this has not been done in the Tasikmalaya city. This research aims to: 1) describe the use of cultural heritage in local history teaching materials; 2) describe a brief history of the city of Tasikmalaya, and; 3) Analyze the use of cultural heritage in the city of Tasikmalaya as enrichment of local history teaching materials. This research is qualitative research with a descriptive method where data is obtained through documentation and observation. The research results show that cultural heritage has an important role as a source of learning local history. There are 63 cultural heritage potential sites in the city of Tasikmalaya. There are a number of cultural heritage sites that can be used to enrich local historical material, including: 1) Lingga Yoni Indihiang as material to enrich local historical material during the Hindu-Buddhist era; 2) Sheikh Abdul Ghorib's grave in Kawalu during the Islamic era; 3) The Tasikmalaya Regent's official residence complex and cultural heritage in the center of Tasikmalaya city during the colonial period, and 4) the PETA Monument and the Cooperative Monument during the independence revolution. The use of the cultural heritage potentials in Tasikmalaya City in history learning can be done through two things, namely the application of the field trip method and the design of cultural heritage-based history teaching materials. This is expected to provide meaningful local history learning for students.

Building National Character: The Role of Character Education in History Learning

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to determine the general description of Senior High School Number 1 Gunung Talang and the implementation of character education in history learning at Senior High School Number 1 Gunung Talang. Methodology: This research is qualitative-descriptive. To conduct the research, data sources are needed, both primary and secondary sources. Data collection used is observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques include collecting data, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Triangulation data validity techniques. Main Findings: Senior High School Number 1 Gunung Talang was established to address the lack of high schools in Solok Regency, especially for students from Cupak and nearby areas. Character education is integrated into the lesson plans and history learning process through group discussions, respect for others' opinions, religious habits, and discipline. It is evaluated based on students' attitudes during learning. Supporting factors include ample time and adequate facilities, but challenges arise as teachers cannot monitor students' behavior outside the classroom, where environmental influences play a role. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study shows that history learning can be an effective means of forming national character through the instillation of moral values. With the integration of educational character, students not only learn historical events, but also develop attitudes of discipline, mutual respect, and religious values ​​that support the formation of national character.

Beyond the end of history: rethinking Britain’s nineties

ABSTRACT Historical scholarship on Britain’s 1990s is in its infancy. Historians have not yet produced the volume of rich empirical work which has transformed recent understandings of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, an absence which this special issue begins to address. This introductory essay outlines existing frameworks for historicising the decade of the 1990s, from the influential ‘Holiday from History’ metanarrative to the idea of a neoliberal consensus, before setting out alternative stories and trajectories. In the political sphere, these include a heightened focus on questions of rights, citizenship and democracy, whilst in the arena of social and cultural change emphasis is placed on new forms of chosen community and the complex effects of digital technologies on selfhood and identity across the decade. The essay concludes with a discussion of the archive available to historians of the 1990s, encompassing the increasing prominence of the ‘born-digital record’. Rather than constituting a coherent periodisation, ‘the nineties’, we suggest, offers a useful lens for thinking more broadly about change and continuity at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first.

The Effectiveness of the Discovery Learning Model on the Quality of Islamic Cultural History Learning

Learning the history of Islamic culture can train students to think chronologically and foster nationalism in planning the future based on past experiences. This research aims to test the effectiveness of the discovery learning model in improving the quality of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) learning and determine learning models that can produce quality SKI learning. The research uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method, involving an experimental class that applies the discovery learning model and a control class that uses the conventional lecture method. Data sources were taken from the pretest and post-test in both classes. The research was conducted at Madrasah Aliyah Ibadul Ghofur with a sample of class 10 MIA 1 students as the experimental class and class 10 MIA 2 as the control class. The research showed that the discovery learning model effectively improved the quality of SKI learning, with the average post-test score for the experimental class (86.91) being higher than the control class (72.50). The N-gain score measurement shows that the experimental class is in the practical category (70.49), while the control class is ineffective category (35.10). This research concludes that the discovery learning model has also been proven to increase student activity and motivation in learning compared to conventional methods. In conclusion, there is a significant difference in the quality of SKI learning between the control and experimental classes, where the discovery learning method is more effective in improving the quality of learning.

DHKFN

Knowledge tracing is effective in modeling learners' knowledge levels to predict future answering situations based on their past learning history and interaction processes. However, current methods often overlook the impact of knowledge point correlations on answer prediction. This paper design a model based on deep hierarchical knowledge fusion networks (DHKFN). It utilizes statistical approaches to construct correlation matrices to capture the correlations between knowledge points. Subsequently, it constructs a topology graph structure of questions and knowledge points and utilizes a multi-head attention network to learn student interaction information from multiple perspectives, effectively constructing adjacency matrices. Finally, it uses GCN to learn the interaction information representation between deep-level knowledge points from dynamically constructed a topology graph structures. Experimental results on three large public datasets show that DHKFN effectively considers the influence of correlations between different knowledge points, thus showing promising effectiveness.