Science Scholars Research Articles

Shame – Rupture – Becoming: Resisting complicity in oppression in occupational science

ABSTRACT Shame, a deeply unsettling affect, influences many aspects of daily life and occupations. In this paper, we propose that shame can drive socially transformative scholarship in occupational science. We use Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of ‘minor’ and ‘major’ to explain how shame appears in power relations. Minor shame is experienced by marginalized groups (disabled, Indigenous, psychiatrized, queer, racialized, etc.), who often lack status or recognition. Major shame occurs when individuals recognize their complicity in oppression, seeing themselves as similar to those who dominate and harm others. This realization can cause a rupture, either leading to social inertia, silence, and isolation, or provoking a ‘becoming’—a process of connecting with others and fostering a desire for social change. An occupational perspective shows how human-caused atrocities must be collectively resisted through embodied experiences. Mobilizing affects like major shame can support the development of equity and justice work in occupational science. As a field rooted in settler colonialism, occupational science has a responsibility to address its complicity in these matters.

The Effect of Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles on Dental Caries-Causing Bacteria: A Systematic Review.

In this study, a comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science, as well as selected herbal medicine journals. The inclusion of herbal medicine journals was justified by the growing interest in green-synthesized nanoparticles derived from plant extracts, which are relevant to the focus of this review. Articles published between 2015 and 2023 were evaluated. To ensure a robust selection process, studies were assessed for quality using specific criteria beyond the AXIS checklist, including study design, sample size, and methodological rigor. Any discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. This approach aimed to minimize bias and ensure the inclusion of high-quality studies that contribute meaningfully to the review's objectives. The primary objective of this review was to investigate the therapeutic implications of green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles, such as silver and zinc nanoparticles, in addressing dental caries, with a focus on their antibacterial properties and potential to improve current treatment modalities. In this study, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and herbal medicine journals were searched, and articles from 2015 to 2023 were evaluated. In this study, 22 clinical trials were reviewed, and the effectiveness of synthesized nanoparticles was demonstrated in nearly all of them. The nanoparticles found to be most effective against tooth decay-causing bacteria include silver, zinc, selenium, nickel, and copper nanoparticles. To provide greater clarity, key findings, such as nanoparticle size, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, and specific antibacterial effects, are presented in a table. Additionally, a more in-depth comparison was made between these nanoparticles, focusing on their relative effectiveness under different conditions. For example, silver nanoparticles were consistently effective across various trials due to their strong antimicrobial properties, while zinc and copper nanoparticles showed efficacy in specific concentrations and against particular bacterial strains. Furthermore, green-synthesized nanoparticles were compared with those produced using traditional methods, evaluating factors, such as effectiveness, scalability, and safety, to provide a comprehensive understanding of their potential in dental caries treatment. According to the literature review, nanoparticles with antibacterial properties have the potential to serve as an alternative or complement to conventional chemical treatments for combating tooth decay. Future research should focus on exploring specific types of nanoparticles, such as green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles (e.g., silver and zinc), which have shown promising antibacterial effects. Additionally, more emphasis should be placed on optimizing synthesis methods that enhance biocompatibility and scalability for clinical use. The development of affordable treatment options using medicinal plants for green synthesis is particularly promising and should be further explored to make nanoparticle-based therapies more accessible in clinical settings.

Evaluating virtual reality technology in psychotherapy: impacts on anxiety, depression, and ADHD

BackgroundMental health issues pose a significant challenge for medical providers and the general public. The World Health Organization predicts that by 2030, mental health problems will become the leading cause of global disease burden, highlighting the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Virtual reality-cognitive behavioral therapy (VR-CBT) has emerged as a promising treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders, offering immersive and engaging therapeutic experiences.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the advancements in applying virtual reality (VR) technology for diagnosing and treating mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with VR technology in mental health treatment and introduces the CBT-CHAT Treatment Framework to enhance cognitive behavioral therapy.MethodA systematic search was conducted across the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, followed by a scoping review. Duplicates were removed using the EndNote literature management software. Each article was then carefully read and evaluated for its research content, methodology, results, and contribution to the application of VR technology in mental health domains.ResultsThe search retrieved 686 articles, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 articles were ultimately selected. These articles covered the application of VR in anxiety, depression, and ADHD. The research results indicate that VR shows promising outcomes in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of anxiety, depression, and ADHD, particularly in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of ADHD.ConclusionThe previously published studies consistently demonstrate that VR is an effective tool for supporting the treatment of mental illnesses across various settings and recommend its incorporation into clinical practice.

Application of sensing methods in agricultural sector for the detection of pesticide residues: An overview

Pesticides negatively affect the environment and human health, primarily through bioaccumulation in the food system. The detection of pesticides in the agriculture system is needed to reduce their negative impacts. Furthermore, there are several conventional methods such as chromatography, etc. available to detect and quantify the different types of pesticides, but these methods have limitations including higher cost, requirement of complex methodology, expertise and specialized gear and are inappropriate for real-time field screening. To overcome the challenges posed by conventional methods, nanotechnological approaches are gaining huge popularity in agriculture sector as nano-sensing strategies played an important role for remediation, detection and pollution control in the environment. Nano-sensors have potential advantages such as low cost, selectivity, sensitivity, robustness and real-time monitoring of the pesticides present in the food system and helps in improving the crop productivity management. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the importance and role of nanotechnology approaches in the agriculture sector for real time detection of pesticides. This review also describes the different types of biosensors such as optical, enzymatic, colorimetric, electro-chemical, potentiometric and immune sensors while highlighting their mechanism and nanoparticle interactions in the agriculture sector for pesticide detection. The recent study on the development of low-cost nanoparticle based nano sensors for pesticide detection is focused on gathering detailed information using databases such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science, etc.

Local institutional strategies and responses to climate change risks in the Indian Sundarbans: A political economic analysis

In this article, we use a political economic analysis in arguing that climate change risks and vulnerabilities are often produced and sustained through inappropriate, loosely designed and socially contested institutional mechanisms. Using ethnography, we contribute to the existing social science scholarship on climate vulnerability and risk by focusing on a political economic analysis of how risks are framed and responded at local institutional levels in the Indian Sundarbans. Our paper offers place-based nuances of climate politics to show how local institutions are characterised by power relations, economic incentives and political influences while facilitating and deploying climate risk management strategies. Empirical findings from our study highlight that neoliberal approaches to climate risk management facilitated by local institutions reveal predominant market mechanisms, patron–clientele relations and technologically engineered solutions to create local climate economies. From our findings, we conclude that political economy of climate change can explain why and how adaptation policies become ineffective in everyday experiences of precarious living.

Physical activity and wellbeing in prisoners: a scoping review.

This scoping review aims to evaluate the impact of physical activity interventions on the well-being of incarcerated individuals. It seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research on various forms of physical activity, including structured exercise programs, yoga and mindfulness, and their effects on both mental and physical health within prison populations. A scoping review was conducted by searching Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science in June 2024. Keywords used included "physical activity," "exercise," "fitness," "sports," "prisoners," "inmates," "incarcerated individuals," "well-being," "mental health," "physical health," "psychological well-being" and "emotional well-being." After screening 1,736 potential articles, 54 relevant studies were selected. These included structured exercise programs, yoga/mindfulness programs and evaluations of physical activity levels. Two authors independently reviewed and selected studies based on predefined inclusion criteria, ensuring a comprehensive overview of the literature on physical activity interventions in prison settings. The review identified 12 relevant studies, revealing that physical activity interventions, including structured exercise programs, yoga and mindfulness, positively impact the psychological and physical well-being of incarcerated individuals. Consistent improvements were noted in mental health outcomes, such as reduced depression and anxiety, and enhanced physical health indicators, including lower body mass index and increased fitness levels. The findings underscore the necessity for age- and gender-specific interventions to address the unique health challenges faced by different inmate demographics, highlighting the importance of incorporating diverse and culturally relevant exercise programs in prisons. This review uniquely synthesizes the impact of various physical activity interventions on the well-being of incarcerated individuals, emphasizing the necessity for tailored, culturally relevant programs. Notably, no previous review has comprehensively analyzed this aspect. By comparing diverse types of interventions, it provides comprehensive insights into the benefits of structured exercise, yoga and mindfulness in prison settings. This work highlights the importance of implementing physical activity in various forms, especially for female inmates, to enhance health and well-being. It offers valuable guidance for developing effective rehabilitation strategies in correctional facilities.

Overview of perianeurysmal edema following the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms: A pooled analysis of 48 cases.

Perianeurysmal edema occurring after endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms is uncommon compared to surgical clipping. The clinical aspects and the exact explanation are poorly understood. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. We used the following keywords: "endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms," "perianeurysmal cerebral edema," "perianeurysmal cerebral edema after endovascular treatment endovascular treatment," "intracranial aneurysms with perianeurysmal edema," and "vessel wall enhancement after endovascular therapy." For each case, demographic, clinicopathological, therapeutic, and follow-up data were gathered and analyzed. Perianeurysmal edema after endovascular treatment has a clear female predilection, with a male: female ratio of 12:29 (25%; 60.41%). The average time from EVT to the onset of edema ranged from 1day to about 8years. The aneurysm dimension ranged from 6.8 to 25mm as the largest size reported. Most patients were asymptomatic (18 [37.5 %]), and headache was the presenting symptom in 10 patients (20.8%). Aneurysmal wall enhancement was reported in 16 (33.3 %) patients with perianeurysmal edema. About 12 patients (25%) developed post-EVT hydrocephalus. The most common coil used was the platinum type (31 [64.58%]). Most of the patients were treated expectantly with follow-up (17 [35.41 %]), while steroids were used only in 14 (29.16%) patients. Most of the patients have their edema resolved (29 [60.41%]) or stable (9 [37.5%]). There is growing evidence supporting the incidence of post-embolization inflammatory reactions involving the vessel wall and the surrounding parenchyma; however, the exact clinical perspectives and the predisposing factors are not fully uncovered. This analysis highlights the possible presentations and short-term outcome of patients presenting with perianeurysmal edema after endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms.

Nigerian medicinal plants with potential anticancer activity—a review

Despite the fact that life expectancies are increasing and the burden of infectious diseases is decreasing, global cancer incidence rates are on the rise. Cancer outcome metrics are dismal for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including sub-Saharan Africa, where adequate resources and infrastructure for cancer care and control are lacking. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, exemplifies the miserable situation. However, the investigation of medicinal plants for better and safer anti-cancer drugs has now increased tremendously. While scientific evidence is emerging of the potential of some constituents of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Nigeria to have anti-cancer effects, there is now a critical need for platforms that integrate ethnomedicinal information on such plants with emerging scientific data on them, to support and accelerate the discovery and development of more efficacious and safer anti-cancer drugs and recipes. Thus, this review highlights the scientific evidence to date for the anti-cancer potential of plants commonly used in traditional medicine to treat cancers in Nigeria. Scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, as well as related sources, were searched to retrieve relevant information on anti-cancer medicinal plants. Ethnobotanical/ethnomedicinal details of the identified plants were then linked with the available scientific data on their anti-cancer potential, including the cytotoxicity to cancer and normal cells of the extracts and constituent compounds responsible for the activity. This annotated chronicle of Nigerian medicinal plants with potential anticancer activity is a great resource for all stakeholders in the prevention and management of cancers.

Machine learning based algorithms for virtual early detection and screening of neurodegenerative and neurocognitive disorders: a systematic-review

Background and aimNeurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s) lead to neuronal loss; neurocognitive disorders (e.g., delirium, dementia) show cognitive decline. Early detection is crucial for effective management. Machine learning aids in more precise disease identification, potentially transforming healthcare. This comprehensive systematic review discusses how machine learning (ML), can enhance early detection of these disorders, surpassing traditional diagnostics’ constraints.MethodsIn this review, databases were examined up to August 15th, 2023, for ML data on neurodegenerative and neurocognitive diseases using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Two investigators used the RAYYAN intelligence tool for systematic reviews to conduct the screening. Six blinded reviewers reviewed titles/abstracts. Cochrane risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment.ResultsOur search found 7,069 research studies, of which 1,365 items were duplicates and thus removed. Four thousand three hundred and thirty four studies were screened, and 108 articles met the criteria for inclusion after preprocessing. Twelve ML algorithms were observed for dementia, showing promise in early detection. Eighteen ML algorithms were identified for Parkinson’s, each effective in detection and diagnosis. Studies emphasized that ML algorithms are necessary for Alzheimer’s to be successful. Fourteen ML algorithms were discovered for mild cognitive impairment, with LASSO logistic regression being the only one with unpromising results.ConclusionThis review emphasizes the pressing necessity of integrating verified digital health resources into conventional medical practice. This integration may signify a new era in the early detection of neurodegenerative and neurocognitive illnesses, potentially changing the course of these conditions for millions globally. This study showcases specific and statistically significant findings to illustrate the progress in the area and the prospective influence of these advancements on the global management of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative illnesses.

Between Innovation and Standardization: Best Practices and Inclusive Guidelines in Computational Communication Science

Computational communication science is transitioning from an emerging to an established field within communication research, creating a need for proper guidelines and methodological standards. This forum gathers experienced computational communication science scholars to debate the merits and drawbacks of standardization and discuss the tension between innovation, rigor, and inclusion. The assembled perspectives review current standards for data collection, sharing, and documentation, offering best practices for future research. They argue that high standards and inclusive practices can coexist, enhancing creativity and accessibility. By adopting inclusive guidelines, the computational communication science community can welcome diverse scholars, foster innovation, and advance the field collectively.

Diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerve monitoring during rectal surgery: a systematic review

PurposeAnorectal and urogenital dysfunctions are common after rectal surgery and have a significant impact on quality of life. Intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerve monitoring (pIONM) has been proposed as a tool to identify patients at risk of these functional sequelae. This systematic review aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pIONM in detecting anorectal and urogenital dysfunction following rectal surgery.MethodsA systematic review of articles published since 1990 was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies describing pIONM for rectal surgery and reporting anorectal or urogenital functional outcomes were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADS-2 tool. The diagnostic accuracy of pIONM was established with pooled sensitivity and specificity alongside summary receiver-operating characteristic curves.ResultsTwenty studies including 686 patients undergoing pIONM were identified, with seven of these studies including a control group. There was heterogeneity in the pIONM technique and reported outcome measures used. Results from five studies indicate pIONM may be able to predict postoperative anorectal (sensitivity 1.00 [95% CI 0.03–1.00], specificity 0.98 [0.91–0.99]) and urinary (sensitivity 1.00 [95% CI 0.03–1.00], specificity 0.99 [0.92–0.99]) dysfunction.ConclusionsThis review identifies the diagnostic accuracy of pIONM in detecting postoperative anorectal and urogenital dysfunction following rectal surgery. Further research is necessary before pIONM can be routinely used in clinical practice.PROSPERO Registration DetailsCRD42022313934.

Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict: a Comprehensive Review of Strategies for Sustainable Coexistence in Support of SDG 15

Introduction: Human-elephant conflict (HEC) presents a growing challenge as shrinking habitats and rising human populations increase the frequency of these interactions, threatening both livelihoods and elephant conservation. This review systematically examines and categorizes HEC mitigation strategies, focusing on early warning systems, crop protection, community-based conservation, and conservation corridors, to promote sustainable human-elephant coexistence. Theoretical guidance is provided by frameworks on biodiversity conservation and community participation, with a methodological approach involving an extensive literature search across Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science for studies published between 2015 and 2024. A Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) was employed to assess the effectiveness, sustainability, cost-efficiency, community acceptance, and scalability of these strategies. Results indicate that while early warning systems and crop protection demonstrate strong scalability and effectiveness, community-based conservation outperforms in sustainability and community support. This study underscores the need for an integrated approach that combines technological solutions, community engagement, and landscape management to effectively address HEC. The findings hold significant implications for interdisciplinary research and policy development, aiming to support sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 15—Life on Land. The originality of this review lies in its holistic evaluation of HEC mitigation strategies, offering valuable recommendations for future research and intervention design. Objective: The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness and viability of different human-elephant conflict (HEC) mitigation strategies to identify the most effective, sustainable, and community-accepted approaches. This will guide future research and interventions aimed at promoting sustainable coexistence between humans and elephants. Theoretical Framework: The Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) Theory examines interactions and conflicts between humans and elephants due to resource competition, while the Community-Based Conservation Model emphasizes local involvement in conservation. Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is used to evaluate and compare HEC mitigation strategies based on various criteria. Together, these frameworks offer a comprehensive understanding of HEC complexities and help assess the effectiveness of potential solutions. Method: The research methodology involves a systematic review and assessment of human-elephant conflict (HEC) mitigation strategies. The study design included a comprehensive literature search in databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, focusing on studies from 2015 to 2024. Data collection involved extracting and synthesizing relevant articles, followed by using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) to evaluate the effectiveness, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, community acceptance, and scalability of various HEC measures. The process included criteria evaluation and framework development to make recommendations for future research and interventions. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that while Early Warning Systems and Crop Protection Measures are effective and scalable, Community-Based Conservation is the most impactful due to its high effectiveness, sustainability, and community support. The study highlights that combining technology with local community involvement provides a comprehensive solution to human-elephant conflict (HEC). Limitations include variability in strategy success across contexts and the subjective nature of Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). Future research should address these limitations and examine strategies in various settings to improve their applicability. Research Implications: The research emphasizes the need for integrated, community-focused mitigation strategies for human-wildlife conflict management. It suggests enhancing conservation policies through technology and local involvement, and advocates for interdisciplinary approaches combining ecological, technological, and social perspectives. Additionally, it recommends improving policy frameworks and resource allocation to foster better human-elephant coexistence. Originality/Value: This study enhances the literature by systematically evaluating human-elephant conflict (HEC) mitigation strategies through a holistic approach that integrates technology and community-based conservation. Its originality stems from the comprehensive analysis and integration of these methods. The research is valuable for shaping policy and improving conservation practices, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary solutions and local involvement to effectively address HEC.

Big Data and Oral Health Disparities: A Critical Appraisal.

Big data has emerged as a pivotal asset in addressing oral health disparities in recent years. Big data encompasses the vast pool of health care-related biomedical information sourced from diverse channels, such as claims data, patient registries, and electronic health records (EHRs). This study is a critical review that synthesizes the evidence, identifies gaps in knowledge, and discusses future implications regarding big data analytics and oral health disparities. Published reports from 2014 to 2023 that studied associations between big data, social determinants of oral health, and oral health disparities, published in English and available in electronic databases, were included. Search engines were MEDLINE via PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. A total of 23 studies were included in the review, and all were retrospective data analytics. Studies have used a variety of big data sources, including EHRs, claims, and national or regional registries. This study used a framework of data quality dimensions with intrinsic (data attributes) and contextual values (information provided by the data, in this case, oral health disparities) to critically appraise the included studies. Big data revealed disparities in oral health outcomes and dental care utilization based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location, insurance category, access to care, and other barriers to care. For the intrinsic data dimension, none of the studies addressed or reported data missingness or consistency of the data. The studies clearly provided contextual data dimensions. From a value-added perspective, several studies provided novel and new information related to racial oral health inequities. Several studies used more than one oral health disparities variable or a composite variable. However, the conclusions from several studies were based on association-based analytics, and few studies used artificial intelligence approaches to understand the population's oral health inequities-gaps were seen in the study designs and causal analytics.

Variability and clinical anatomy of the superior gluteal nerve-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The superior gluteal nerve (SGN) is a mixed nerve of the sacral plexus that arises from the posterior divisions of the L4, L5, and S1 nerve roots. Its motor branch plays a crucial role in innervation of hip muscles, which allows for physiological gait or walk-pattern. As for its sensory branch, it provides innervation for the hip joint capsule, especially its superior part. The understanding of this nerve is crucial as it may be injured during many operations involving mostly pelvic surgery, both arthroscopic and open procedures. The risk of injury is especially high during total hip arthroplasty (THA). These lesions often result in the presentation of major walk-pattern abnormalities. The most classical and commonly known would be the Trendelenburg sign, which presents with pelvic instability characterized by having the patient standing on one leg whereby the pelvis on the contralateral side will be dropping, resulting in a positive sign. The aim of this meta-analysis was to obtain all relevant data on SGN and its variations, in order to emphasize its anatomical, physiological, as well as clinical implications. A large-scale search was conducted in all major databases (PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) in order to determine and pool all available and relevant SGN data. No restrictions were applied to date or language. The data collection was categorized by prevalence, branching, patterns, course, origin, and distance from anatomical landmarks. A total of 41 studies (n = 869 hemipelves) were included in our analysis. The most common branching pattern of SGN was a spray pattern, 70.4% (95% CI: 54.4-96.8; p < 0.001) of the general population. We found that the closest branch to the greater trochanter of the femur and concurrently the most at risk during surgery was a muscular branch to gluteus minimus muscle. As the trend of pelvic surgeries, especially THA continues to rise, SGN lesions are now more than ever at risk. Yet to the authors' knowledge, this does not seem to be reflected in the current literature thereby making this the first meta-analysis concerning this important anatomical structure. The authors believe it is paramount for surgeons, especially in the orthopedic specialty, to thoroughly understand the SGN with its anatomical variability and clinical tie-ins.

Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment in Educational Testing: A Score Strategy-Based Evaluation

Cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA) represents an innovative approach in educational testing, utilizing cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) to uncover specific cognitive attributes that influence students' responses to assessment items. Unlike traditional assessments, CDA offers detailed, actionable insights into individual learning processes, enabling more targeted and personalized educational interventions. However, the implementation of CDA is still underexplored compared to other psychometric theories, especially in Malaysia. Therefore, this study seeks to describe the application of CDA in Malaysia through the SCORE analysis model method. The SCORE model of CDA is evaluated across five key elements: Strengths (S), Challenges (C), Options (O), Responses (R), and Effectiveness (E) by analyzing past literature sourced from reputable databases such as Google Scholar, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. The findings indicate that CDA offers strengths like granular feedback, enhanced validity, and data-driven decisions, but faces challenges in complex implementation and resource demands. Its effectiveness hinges on efficient implementation and appropriacy, while exploring opportunities, managing risks, and considering stakeholders' responses help optimize its transformational and commercial value. The findings provide educators with a framework for utilizing CDA to enhance instructional strategies and tailor interventions to meet individual student needs. For policymakers, the implications of the strengths, challenges, and opportunities of CDA emphasize the importance of supporting its implementation through professional development, infrastructure investment, and policy alignment. Future studies are recommended to explore the long-term impacts of CDA on student achievement and educational equity, scalability across educational levels, and development of user-friendly tools to enhance accessibility for educators.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Tool to Address Academic Challenges in South African Higher Education

This systematic literature review (SLR) study explores artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool to address academics challenges in South African higher education. Numerous difficulties beset higher education system in South Africa, such as a lack of funding, high student-to-lecturer ratios, and unequal access to high-quality education. Relevant academic databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ERIC, and Web of Science, was searched using a combination of keywords relating to South African higher education, AI in education, academic issues, and AI technologies. A total of twenty (20) documents were identified and used in this study. The examination looks at how AI is currently being used, how it affects how people teach and learn, and the opportunities and challenges that come with using it in this setting. The results show that artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, including automated assessment tools, intelligent tutoring systems, and adaptive learning platforms, have the potential to improve personalized learning experiences, boost student engagement and academic performance, and facilitate effective management of educational resources. However, overcoming several issues, such as a lack of technological know-how, restricted infrastructure, concerns about equity, and ethical implications is necessary for the successful integration of AI in South African higher education. It encourages educators, politicians, and technology experts to work together to establish long-term solutions for incorporating AI into teaching and learning processes while maintaining inclusivity, equity and ethical issues.

Effects of Apartheid Legacy on South African Judo: A Sys-tematic Review

Presently, the sport of Judo in South Africa (JSA) has substantially failed to grow and gain publicity nationally and internationally due to the low number of judokas representing the country. Concurrently, each country has unique motivators and barriers to engagement in sports. On that note, during the period of apartheid (1948-1994), South African (SA) government enacted Group Areas Act to ensure that whites and blacks did not stay together leading in segregated sport trainings and match facilities, which culminated in skewed career opportunities in sport. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to reflect on how SA apartheid system impacted the development of judo in SA. An in-depth search strategy was conducted from inception to April 2023, which involved PubMed, SportDiscuss, Google Scholar and Web of Science. This study’s findings indicate that the system of apartheid disrupted sport in South Africa particularly with sport opportunities and resources being reserved for white athletes. Further, this study’s results indicate that JSA was segregated based on race, location, and social standing. In conclusion, sport participation and access to resources by all should be created to ensure equity and justice for all athletes and coaching staff. This leads to an all-inclusive integrated sports development plan which will increase sport involvement by the citizens. In this effect, JSA introduced free and development registration for athletes who cannot afford to pay fees and this gesture has helped poor athletes access judo.

A Preliminary Assessment of Barriers and Facilitators to Accessing Footcare in Homeless Shelters: A Scoping Review

ObjectiveBy examining the scientific literature, this scoping review aims to explore the most common foot problems people experiencing homelessness (PEH) experience, as well as to explore the potential strategies for addressing foot problems in PEH, such as foot clinics, foot screening and foot care for adults experiencing homelessness. MethodsA scoping review of the literature from MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, Google Scholar and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant articles published from inception to April 14, 2023. Literature discussing foot problems, foot care and intervention in PEH were included. 61 articles were retained after screening by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted by three independent reviewers and disagreements were resolved by a fourth reviewer. Outcomes were determined after data extraction given the nature of the scoping review. Primary outcomes include foot problems, their severity, and their prevalence. The quality of studies included for data extraction was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale and the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool when applicable. ResultsWe present a summary of the prevalence of foot pain and foot problems along with gender differences when data was available. Frostbites, foot ulcers, peripheral arterial disease, foot infections (including diabetic foot infection), and related amputations were also found to be prevalent in PEH, with data suggesting that homelessness is an independent risk factor for these foot problems. Strategies and interventions to address foot health for PEH were divided into: 1) direct interventions in the field, such as wound care, moisturization, or education of PEH during clinical encounters, and 2) organizational interventions, such as expanding outreach efforts, coordinating resources to avoid interfering with shelter hours, or improving the timeliness of interventions by first responders. The literature shows that foot exams, appropriate footwear and education, which can be provided in the context of mobile clinics, play a critical role in the detection and prevention of foot pathologies. Barriers to care were broken down into four categories: accessing and receiving care, comorbid health issues or substance use, emotional barriers and social inequalities. ConclusionFoot problems in PEH, which have been reported in the literature for decades, remain unchanged. Interventions and strategies to address this issue include provision of holistic care, enrollment in insurance programs, provision of supplies and education, and development of outreach services. Indeed, mobile clinics have been shown to eliminate multiple barriers to care for PEH. Although some screening tools were reported, their relevance and reliability have yet to be defined in further studies. While remaining gaps and barriers such as stigma, lack of follow-up care and gratuity of services have been identified, alternative methods other than the aforementioned outreach efforts have yet to be described.

Lifestyle and the Gut-Brain Axis Insights into Mental Health and Microbiome Interactions

Introduction: The intricate relationship between lifestyle factors and gut health has become a focus of recent research, emphasizing the significant role of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in regulating both physical and emotional well- being. Unhealthy lifestyle choices, including a diet high in ultra-processed foods, irregular sleep patterns, physical inactivity, and substance abuse, have been closely associated with gut dysbiosis, leading to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and mood disturbances such as anxiety and depression. The gut microbiota, through the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, as well as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), influences mood and mental health via the GBA. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, characterized by balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and good sleep quality, is critical in fostering a diverse and stable gut microbiome, which in turn supports emotional stability.  Aim: This review aims to examine the existing literature on the impact of lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, sleep, smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress management, on gut health and emotional well-being. The goal is to highlight the importance of gut microbiota in mental health and the potential therapeutic strategies to enhance gut health for improved emotional outcomes.  Methodology: A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journal articles was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Keywords like "lifestyle," "gut health," "emotional well-being," "dietary habits," "physical activity," "sleep patterns," and "gut-brain axis" were used to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria focused on human clinical trials and observational studies published within the last 16 years. Studies involving animal subjects, non-peer- reviewed articles, and outdated research were excluded.  Results: The literature shows that diets high in fiber and low in processed foods support a healthier gut microbiome, while high consumption of ultra-processed foods disrupts gut bacteria, leading to GI symptoms and mood disorders. Regular physical activity was found to enhance gut microbiota diversity, contributing to better emotional well-being. Conversely, poor sleep quality and chronic stress were linked to gut dysbiosis, which exacerbated mood disturbances. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption further damaged gut health, contributing to mood dysregulation. Probiotic and prebiotic interventions, particularly synbiotics, were found to restore gut balance and improve both GI and mental health outcomes.  Conclusion: This review underscores the pivotal role of lifestyle choices in shaping gut health and emotional well-being. A balanced diet, regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and stress management are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, which, in turn, supports emotional stability. Therapeutic strategies involving prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics offer promising avenues for improving both gut health and mood. Addressing lifestyle factors and promoting gut health can potentially serve as an effective approach for enhancing overall well-being and preventing mood disorders.

The diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative near-infrared spectroscopy in carotid artery endarterectomy under general anesthesia: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) carries a risk of perioperative stroke, particularly during carotid cross-clamping. While neurological monitoring is reliable for patients under regional anesthesia, alternative options are needed for those unsuitable for regional anesthesia. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is commonly used during CEA, but its diagnostic accuracy varies, particularly under general anesthesia. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative NIRS in detecting clamp-associated hemodynamic cerebral ischemia in patients under general anesthesia. MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched for studies that compared NIRS with the occurrence of immediate or early postoperative neurological deficits in patients undergoing CEA under GA. Meta-regression was performed to explore causes of heterogeneity. A total of 28 studies involving 5729 patients were included. The results show that NIRS has a summary sensitivity of 47.5% and a summary specificity of 90.3% in diagnosing clamp-associated cerebral ischemia under general anesthesia, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.85. The presence of a contralateral carotid occlusion (CCO) increased summary sensitivity while smoking history the presence of CCO and smoking history decreased summary specificity. For postoperative stroke prediction, NIRS has a summary sensitivity of 49.5% and summary specificity of 88.5%, with an AUC-ROC of 0.85. NIRS is a specific but not highly sensitive tool for detecting cerebral ischemia during CEA, and its use in combination with more sensitive neuromonitoring methods is recommended, in order to guide intraoperative neuroprotective strategies.