Schiff Base Compound Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of novel 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Schiff bases compounds containing tetrahydrocarbazole moiety

In the present study, easy and efficient synthesis of triazole-3-thione compounds having tetrahydrocarbazole moiety. A complete explanation of the structural properties would make them candidates to be used in many areas of application. In this study, NMR and IR spectroscopic methods were used to elucidate the structural properties of this compound.

Exploring the potent corrosion inhibition properties of phenolic Schiff bases on mild steel in acidic environments, part A: coupling experimental and theoretical investigations.

In this study, we conduct a comparative investigation into the corrosion inhibition properties of two Schiff base compounds, namely 4,4'-((1E,1'E)-(ethane-1,2 diylbis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))diphenol (PSB5) and (1E,1'E)-N,N'-(ethane-1,2 diyl)bis(1-(4-nitrophenyl)methanimine) (PSB6), on mild steel in an acidic environment. The inhibitory efficiency and adsorption behavior of the inhibitors were assessed through electrochemical and gravimetric analyses. The inhibitors' deposition was further verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The findings of electrochemical tests demonstrate that these chemical compounds are potent inhibitors, with 96.5% inhibition provided by PSB5 at 10-3M. Therefore, PSB5 and PSB6 inhibitors are likely of mixed-form, as evidenced by changes in their Ecorr values of 59.8 mV and 33.0 mV, respectively when compared to the blank solution. Furthermore, the adsorption of these inhibitors onto the MS surface, as determined by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, yielded free energy values of - 38.40 kJ mol-1 for PSB5 and - 35.20 kJ mol-1 for PSB6. These findings highlight a robust and spontaneous adsorption process for both inhibitors. Surface analysis using SEM-EDS revealed the preservation of the mild steel surface morphology and the adsorption of inhibitors. Theoretical investigations utilizing density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations supported and complemented the experimental findings. This research enhances the understanding of the corrosion protection potential of Schiff base compounds and their potential applications in various industries.

Comprehensive assessment of schiff base derived from 4-Chloroaniline and 2-Formylphenol: Molecular architecture, experimental with computational bioactivity profiling, emphasizing anticancer efficacy against pulmonary and mammary carcinoma cell models

This study thoroughly analyses the structural and biological properties of a Schiff base compound synthesized from the condensation of 2-formyl phenol and 4-chloroaniline. Single crystal X-ray diffraction examination indicated that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with unit cell parameters a = 13.4232(15) Å, b = 5.7860(6) Å, c = 14.699(2) Å, β = 106.048(6) °, and Z = 4. The molecular structure has an E configuration around the C = N double bond, with a bond length of 1.266(2) Å, and includes an intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. Hirshfeld surface analysis elucidated intermolecular interactions inside the crystal lattice, emphasizing dominant hydrogen-hydrogen, hydrogen-chlorine, and carbon-hydrogen contacts. The chemical exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies on DNA interactions indicate van der Waals forces between the ligand and nucleic acid, whereas it demonstrated considerable binding affinity for BSA with a ΔG value of -6.9 kcal/mol. ADME study revealed values within the recommended range, indicating advantageous pharmacokinetic characteristics. PASS filter-based cytotoxicity predictions indicated significant anti-cancer efficacy against breast adenocarcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and lung cancer. Toxicological assessments in diverse models indicated no possible irritation to skin and ocular tissues, highlighting its safety profile for therapeutic use. This research advances our comprehension of Schiff bases with halogen substituents and their prospective uses in chemistry and biology.

Synthesis of Acetylene‐Functionalized Schiff base for Selective Detection of Al(III) and Exploring Its Antibacterial Properties via In Silico and In Vivo Approach

AbstractThe identification of perilous metal ions and the treatment of diseases induced by microorganisms are critical areas requiring attention. We report herein the design and development of an acetylene‐functionalized Schiff base compound 4, using a low‐cost and straightforward approach. This compound 4 exhibits dual functions in the detection of harmful metal ions, particularly Al(III), as well as in the prevention of disorders caused by bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). It was well characterized through the utilization of diverse spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR (1H and 13C), FT‐IR, and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the complete structure clarification of the Schiff base compound 4 was revealed through the utilization of X‐ray crystallography. The limit of detection (LOD) for Al(III) is 35.5 × 10−8 M, surpassing the WHO drinking water standard of 26.7 µM, underscoring the high sensitivity of compound 4. The antibacterial activity of compound 4 has also been effectively evaluated on Gram‐positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) bacteria. Furthermore, compound 4 was docked to S. aureus and B. subtilis proteins, which represents outstanding outcomes with binding energies of −7.31 kcal/mol and −7.87 kcal/mol, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the compound 4 in both in vitro and docking studies suggests that it possesses the potential to serve as an antibacterial agent in the future.

Design, Synthesis, and In-Silico Analysis of Thiazole-Embedded Schiff Base Derivatives for Breast Cancer Therapeutic Potential

Thiazole-derived Schiff base compounds possess significant pharmacological properties, influencing various enzymes in metabolic pathways and exhibiting antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities. This study delves into the synthesis, characterization, and in-silico analysis of ten thiazole-embedded Schiff base derivatives (TZ1-10), benchmarking them against five Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved breast cancer drugs. Molecular docking against multiple therapeutic targets related to fatty acid synthase and cell proliferation (PDB IDs: 4FX3, 4OAR, 3NUP, and 3ERT) alongside ADME and Lipinski rule assessments were conducted. Compounds TZ6 and TZ8 emerged as promising candidates with docking scores of -8.0 kcal/mol and -8.2 kcal/mol respectively against the 4FX3 protein. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of thiazole-embedded Schiff base derivatives, showcasing their potential for future medicinal and scientific applications.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Thiadiazole Derivatives Derived from 2-Amino-5-Thio-1,3,4-Thiadiazole

This manuscript introduces a series of novel Schiff base and heterocyc-licring compounds, focusing on derivatives of 1,3-oxazepine and thiazo-lidinone.The derivative (2-Hydroxy-N-(5-mercapto-[1,3,4] thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-phenyl-acetamide was created by reacting ethyl mandelate ester[M1] and 2-amino-5-thio-1,3,4-thiadiazole compound to produce new compound [M2] and after that, compound [M2] was reacted with hydrazine hydrate 99% in dry DMF solvent, yielding the compound (N-(5-Hydrazino-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetamide [M3]. In contrast , the Schiff base compound [M4] were synthesized by reacting compound [M3] with aromatic heterocyclic aldehyde (furan-2-carbaldehyde) in the presence of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst, and then Schiff base [M4] was reacted with maleic anhydride in dry benzene as a solvent to produce (1,3-Oxazepine) derivative [M5]. Additionally, the thiazolidinone derivative [M6] was synthesized through the reaction of equimolar amounts of (N-[5-(N'-Furan-2-yl-methylene-hydrazino)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetamide [M4] with thioacetic acid compound in chloroform as a solvent. The structural formula of all derivatives was confirmed by FT-IR and (1HNMR, 13CNMR) spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives [M1-M6] were screened for their evaluated for antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and the fungus Candida albicans. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent. Also, the ampicillin compound was used as the standard drug for comparison.

Unveiling Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulations: Interactions Between Protein and 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Schiff Base.

In this study, we aimed to explore the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a Schiff base compound derived from 2,4-dinotrophenyl hydrazine (L) using various spectroscopic techniques. The interaction between BSA and synthesizing molecule can provide insights into binding affinity, conformational changes and potential applications in drug delivery or biochemistry. The interaction between BSA and L was studied by using UV-Vis and fluorescence titration analysis. The fluorescence quenching emission was observed at 343nm, upon addition of L to the buffer solution of BSA. The binding between BSA and ligand is static in nature using fluorescence quenching emission. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the temperature-dependent binding constants (i.e., ∆H = -0.318kcal/mol, ∆G = -7.857kcal/mol and ∆S = 0.023kcal/mol), which indicated that the protein-ligand complex formation between L and BSA is mainly due to the electrostatic interactions. The experimental and theoretical results showed excellent agreement with respect to the mechanism of binding and binding constants. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic analysis experiments were performed to establish the interaction between protein and ligand.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial activity Study Via some new Schiff bases for Trimethoprim

This search reports the synthesis of some new series of Schiff base compounds for trimetheprim derivatives which known high been known as a medicinal effectiveness. Trimetheprim was condensed with several substituted aldehydes compounds.(4-dimethyl amine benzaldehyde , propanal , salicaldehyde, 2.4 dimethoxy benzaldehyde and 4- methyl benzaldehyde) to obtain Schiff base products(1a-5a) and several substituted ketones compound (4-aminoacetophenone,4-chloroacetophenone, isobutyleketone, acetylacetone and acetophenone) to obtain Schiff base products(6b-10b) in ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst to yield the Schiff base. The structure of synthesized compounds has been established on the basis of their Chemical structures of all products were confirmed by spectrophotometric methods such as U.V. visible and FTIR.. All these compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity in vitro against Gram + ve bacteria (bacillus) , Gram –ve bacteria (E-Coli).Most Compound under investigation exhibited potent antibacterial activity

Non-destructive visual detection of fresh food spoilage

Two coumarin derivatives SWJT-33 and SWJT-34 were synthesized as probes for the detection of cadaverine (Cad). Among them, SWJT-34 exhibits high selectivity and low detection limits for Cad using fluorescence or UV–vis spectrum. The detection limits for Cad were calculated to be 0.018 μM by fluorescence spectrum and 0.34 μM by UV–vis spectrum, which was much lower than those of most of reported probes. The probe could realize colorimetric and ratiometric detection of Cad because an aza-Michael addition reaction occurred between SWJT-34 and Cad to form the Schiff base compound as a product. In addition, SWJT-34 could be fabricated as portable test strips for the selective detection of Cad in vapor, and the corresponding detection limits were calculated to be 1.88 ppm in the fluorescent mode and 57 ppm in UV–vis mode, respectively. Additionally, these test strips could be used to test the freshness of Rottweiler shrimp and pork at different temperatures.

Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory and in silico Studies of few novel 1,2,4-Triazole Derived Schiff Base Compounds

Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory and in silico Studies of few novel 1,2,4-Triazole Derived Schiff Base Compounds

Isatin-Fluorene Schiff base as potent antidiabetic agent: Synthesis, DFT calculations, Topology, in silico ADME analysis and molecular docking studies

Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly evolving planetary challenge with substantial societal, salubrity, and financial connotations. Derivatives of isatin with hydrazides, coumarin and aldehydes have proven to possess anti-diabetic activities. Hence, as a novel perspective, isatin was merged with a polycyclic aromatic compound, 2-amino fluorene to build a Schiff base compound with anti-diabetic activity. The anti-diabetic characteristics of the designed compound were scrutinised through in silico molecular docking studies. The designed compound, (Z)-3-((9H-fluoren-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-one (FII) was synthesised in the laboratory using a simple condensation procedure. NMR, HRMS, and Infrared spectral analyses did the experimental structural characterisation of FII. The theoretical investigations of FII were evaluated via density functional theory (DFT). The DFT studies provide insight into the structure, reactivity, and electronic properties of compound FII. The most stable conformation of FII was identified and confirmed by the B3LYP method. The basis set 6-31+G(d) was used for the calculations. The DFT studies include frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis to define the global parameters and molecular orbital energy gap, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map to find out the reactive sites and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis for understanding the electron density and charge delocalisation of the title compound, FII. Topological analyses such as ELF, LOL, RDG, and QTAIM were performed to investigate the electronic bonding parameters. Additionally, UV-visible and photoluminescence spectra were performed to investigate the optical properties of FII. The biological potential of the title compound was validated by calculating the physicochemical properties using Lipinski's rule. The molecular docking of the synthesised compound, FII, has been computed using two different proteins, exhibiting inhibitory activity against the α-Glucosidase enzyme. The binding energy and ligand efficiency of both the selected proteins with the ligand molecule were also calculated.

Determination of the interactions of a schiff base with different targets via molecular docking and cytotoxic activity studies

The pyrimidine nucleus is a vital pharmacophore that exhibits excellent pharmacological activity. A Schiff base containing a pyrimidine nucleus was obtained in two steps. This compound was assessed on the human prostate (PC3) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines using the MTT method. The prepared compound 3 was determined to have a high cytotoxic effect towards prostate cancer with an IC50 value of 9.32 μM. Since experimental prostate and liver cancer studies were examined, the molecular docking study's target structures were determined accordingly. In molecular docking studies, compound 3 interacted in silico with the crystal structure of the human HER2 kinase domain (PDB Id: 3PP0), the crystal structure of VEGFR-2 (PDB Id: 4ASD), and the crystal structure of EGFR tyrosine kinase (PDB Id: 4HJO), respectively. As a result of these interactions, binding energy values were calculated, and binding modes were determined. Additional in vitro and in vivo experiments targeting other cancer cell lines will provide deeper insight into the anticancer spectrum of this compound and new studies on this compound will be planned in the following years. Furthermore, optimizing and studying such pyrimidine-based Schiff base compounds for improved selectivity and potency against prostate cancer is also considered to be valuable as it may increase the potential to capture potential drug candidates.

Fabrication, structural, DFT, biological and molecular docking studies of Fe(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes based on Schiff-base derived from benzene-1,4-diamine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde

This study presents the design & comprehensive characterization of three novel metal complexes derived from a Schiff base compound (H2PDN) synthesized from benzene-1,4-diamine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, coordinated with Fe (III) (FePDN), Ni (II) (NiPDN), & Cu (II) (CuPDN). Structures of both the H2PDN ligand & its metal complexes were proposed utilizing various analytical methods, having elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, mass spectrospcopy, infrared spectroscopy, magnetic properties, conductivity measurement, & thermal analysis. The obtained data revealed octahedral geometries for both FePDN and CuPDN complexes, denoted as [Fe2(PDN)(H2O)4(Cl)4] and [Cu2(PDN)(H2O)6(Cl)2], respectively, while the NiPDN complex exhibited a distorted tetrahedral structure, represented as [Ni2(PDN)(H2O)2(Cl)2]. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were employed to validate the molecular structures & explore quantum chemical parameters of both H2PDN & its metal complexes. The synthesized H₂PDN Schiff base and its metal complexes (FePDN, NiPDN, CuPDN) showcased significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. NiPDN exhibited the highest inhibition zone against P. aeruginosa (21.44 ± 0.28 mm) and S. aureus (19.37 ± 0.40 mm), while CuPDN showed strong inhibition against E. coli (18.42 ± 0.13 mm). NiPDN demonstrated excellent antibacterial efficacy with a low MIC against B. cereus (21.00 ± 0.98 μM), and CuPDN displayed potent anti-inflammatory (IC50: 121.65 μM) and antioxidant activity (IC50: 84.7 ± 0.77 μM). These results indicate the therapeutic potential of the H₂PDN complexes. Molecular docking studies targeting specific proteins (2VF5 for Escherichia coli, 3CKU for Aspergillus flavus, 5IKT for Human Cyclooxygenase-2, & 5IJT for human peroxiredoxin 2) were performed to assess the binding affinities & interactions of H2PDN & its metal complexes. The results propose promising potential for the application of H2PDN and its metal complexes as novel therapeutic agents with diverse biological activities.

Schiff base substituted non-peripheral symmetrical cupper, cobalt, and manganese phthalocyanines: Synthesis, design, electrochemistry, and spectroelectrochemistry

Novel CoII (nANTHCoPc), CuII (nANTHCuPc), and MnIIICl (nANTH-MnClPc) phthalocyanines were obtained by substituting the 3-(4-((1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-ylimino)methyl)phenoxy) Schiff base compound (nANTHOH) obtained by the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of 4-aminoantipyrine and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde at non-peripheral positions. By using various spectroscopic techniques, (NMR, MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, and UV–Vis), the structures of green-colored phthalocyanine compounds and precursor phthalonitrile compounds were identified. The electrochemical responses of cobalt (II) (nANTHCoPc), cupper (II) (nANTHCuPc), and manganese (III) (nANTH-MnClPc) phthalocyanines were determined, and their redox responses were analyzed based on the different metal centers. The results indicated that using redox-active Co2+ and Mn3+ cations instead of Cu2+enhanced the redox richness of the complexes due to the observation of extra metal-based electron transfer reactions in addition to the Pc-based ones. In-situ spectroelectrochemical analyses of the complexes were used to support the peak assignments of the redox processes and the spectrum and color of the electrogenerated species during the redox reactions. Supported these redox mechanisms. Multi-electron transfer processes and distinct color changes during these processes indicate the possible usage of these complexes in various electrochemical and opto-electrochemical processes. Metal-based electron transfer reactions illustrated different spectral changes than those of the Pc-based ones, and these spectral changes significantly differed the color of the anionic and cationic species.

Synthesis, Computational Studies, and Biological Evaluation of Sulpha-methoxazole-Based Schiff Bases as Antimicrobial Agents

Background: Sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff-base compounds display poten-tial antibacterial and antifungal activity. Sulphamethoxazole is considered to be a versatile pharmacophore that can be utilized for designing and developing numerous bioactive lead compounds. In this work, some new sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff base compounds were synthesized, which are expected to possess antimicrobial activity, making them potentially useful for treating microbial infections. Objective: Concerning issues of drug resistance in presently available drugs, this study aimed to synthesize new sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff bases and evaluate their antimi-crobial activity. Methods: New sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff bases were synthesized by condensing sul-phamethoxazole with various acetophenones in methanol in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The synthesized compounds were characterized using various techniques, such as TLC, melting point, IR, NMR, and mass analysis. The computational properties of the com-pounds were also assessed using online software programs, and the similarity of the target compounds was also calculated as compared to sulphamethoxazole and clotrimazole. The antimicrobial activity of the target compounds was tested against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Candida albicans. Results: The target compounds (3a-f) were successfully synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods. The results of computational properties, similarity, and antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans of new sulphamethox-azole-based Schiff bases showed significant antimicrobial potential. result: The results of computational properties, similarity and antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli and C. albicans of new sulphamethoxazole based Schiff bases showed significant antimicrobial potential. Conclusion: The synthesized new Schiff bases, particularly compound 3c, exhibited prom-ising antimicrobial activity and good physicochemical properties as compared to standard drugs, indicating their potential for further development as antimicrobial agents.

Synthesis, crystal structure, biological and docking studies of 5-hydroxy-2-{[(2-methylpropyl)iminio]methyl}phenolate.

Background: Schiff base compounds are potential drugs.Results: A Schiff base compound prepared by condensing 2,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde and isobutylamine was characterized for structure, thermal, physicochemical and biological properties. The keto-enol tautomerism and azomethine functionality enhances electron delocaliZation and biological activity. The compound showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity at 40μg/ml against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and fungi like Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The docking study exhibits a moderate binding affinity for the GyrB protein in E. coli with a binding energy of -4.26kcal/mol.Conclusion: The compound exhibits enhanced biological activity and suppression of cell growth at concentrations as low as 30μg/ml. The IC50 for MFC-7 was found to be 41.5μg/ml.

2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-(4-nitrobenzylidene)amine: Investigating the inhibition of breast cancer: Synthesis, structure, in-silico–Computational predictions & potent antibacterial properties

The synthesis and characterization of a novel Schiff base compound, [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-(4-nitrobenzylidene)amine (2IE4NBA), are described and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and UV–VIS spectroscopic analysis. The crystal structure was determined by monoclinic space group P21/c, with lattice parameters a = 15.8372(8) Å, b = 11.0720(5) Å, c = 8.5464(4) Å, β = 97.780(2) °, and Z = 4. The intermolecular interactions in the Schiff base 2IE4NBA were theoretically examined by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The optimized structure, HOMO and LUMO energy gap, mulliken population analysis, and molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) of the compound were calculated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation with the B3LYP/6–311 G basis set method. In addition, we compared calculated and experimental spectral values. Molecular docking studies indicated that the synthesized compound, 2IE4NBA, interacts with the binding pocket of mutated TP53 with a binding affinity of -8.0 kcal/mol. The docking results demonstrated favourable molecular-level interactions with the anticancer drug target, exhibiting strong interactions with active site residues. In vitro studies revealed that the compound exhibited the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against Staphylococcus aureus and demonstrated an effect on MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. This study investigated its potential as a breast cancer therapeutic agent. 2IE4NBA exhibited promising anti-breast cancer activity against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, as confirmed by MTT assay.

Novel tryptamine decorated cyclotriphosphazene derived Schiff base compounds: Synthesis, characterization and molecular docking studies

In this study, new cyclotriphosphazene derivative Schiff base compounds including tryptamine units were synthesized for the first time. The structures of all compounds (2–9) were characterized by FT-IR, mass, 1H and 31P NMR spectra. In addition, the solid-state structure and geometry of salicylaldehyde-substituted cyclotriphosphazene compound 6 using as the precursor were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Molecular docking studies were performed to elucidate the interactions between target molecules and the compounds under investigation, aiming to assess their therapeutic potential and predict their biological activities. Screening results revealed significant interactions between the compounds and key protein structures, including IGFBP, PI3K, LE, JAK3, and PTP-2, which are involved in critical cellular processes. Furthermore, in silico evaluations were conducted to analyze the physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological profiles of synthesized compounds.

Investigation of the anticancer effect of newly synthesized palladium conjugate Schiff base metal complexes on non-small cell lung cancer cell line and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents on normal cells and the development of resistance by cancer cells, there is an urgent need for alternative new pharmacological agents. Palladium (Pd)-conjugated Schiff base (SB) compounds represent an alternative approach with promising potential applications in cancer treatment. This study aims to identify novel therapeutic agents on A549 cells through the synthesis and characterization of Schiff base conjugated-Palladium complexes (Pd-L1 and Pd-L2). Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds on both the A549 and NIH/3T3 cell lines. In the present study, two new Pd-L1 and Pd-L2 were synthesized for the first time and characterized mainly by single crystal X-ray diffraction and 1H, 13C, 31P NMR techniques. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was evaluated by MTT assay on A549 and NIH/3T3 cell lines for 24 and 48 h. Cisplatin was used as a positive control group. Based on the cytotoxicity results, the complexes were evaluated for their anticancer activities against A549 cell lines for 48 h through reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, apoptotic, and necrotic cell analyses. The most potent cytotoxic effects were determined for Pd-L1 (IC50: 23.33 μM), Pd-L2 (IC50: 3.19 μM), and cisplatin (IC50: 33.27 μM) on A549 cells (p < 0.05). The compounds exhibited a significant cytotoxic effect at lower concentrations on A549 cells compared to NIH/3T3 cells (p < 0.05). All compounds showed a significant increase in ROS levels in A549 cells compared to the control group (p < 0.05). While necrosis and apoptosis was observed in A549 cells treated with cisplatin, induction of apoptosis was effective in cell death for A549 cells treated with Pd-L1 and Pd-L2 (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was observed that the compounds inhibited cell proliferation in the G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle phases (p < 0.05). All compounds induced cell cycle arrest and cell death in A549 cells by increasing ROS levels. The results obtained in the present study could advance the utilization of the compounds as anticancer agents.

EFFECTS OF HYDRAZONE COMPOUND DERIVED FROM 4-AMINO ANTIPYRINE AND BUTANEDIONE AND ITS Ni (II) COMPLEX ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD COUNT OF ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

In this study, the effect of Schiff base compound derived from 4-Aminoantipyrine and 1-phenylbutan-1,3-dione and its Ni(II) complex, on the haematology indices of diabetic rats was investigated. A single intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight), induced diabetes. The rats were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight of 3-[2-(1,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo-2-Phenyl-2,3-Dihydro-1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)Hydrazinylidene]-1-Phenylbutanedione (HL) and its Ni(II) complex ([Ni(HL)2]Cl2) respectively for 14 days, following which they were humanely sacrificed under chloroform. A heart puncture was used to collect blood, and some of the blood samples were analyzed to evaluate white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and differential blood count profiles. Red blood cells, hemoglobin and packed cell volume concentrations in rats treated with HL and [Ni(HL)2]Cl2 in (low and high doses) increased when compared with untreated group B diabetic rats. The Eosinophils, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes were observed to be bad in the diabetic rats; this was significantly better in the treatment groups. HL and [Ni(HL)2]Cl2 have therapeutic promise as functional medicines against diabetes and complete blood count alterations linked to diabetes mellitus, as demonstrated by these studies. In the diabetic group, oxidative stress results in RBC dysfunction, platelet destruction, and tissue injury. These affect the functions of blood cells and the haemostatic parameters which may lead to various complications. As a result, these substances may be used as medication therapy for diabetes since they lower the glucose concentration without alterations in blood cells.