Segregation Scheme Research Articles

Intelligent waste classification approach based on improved multi-layered convolutional neural network

AbstractThis study aims to improve the performance of organic to recyclable waste through deep learning techniques. Negative impacts on environmental and Social development have been observed relating to the poor waste segregation schemes. Separating organic waste from recyclable waste can lead to a faster and more effective recycling process. Manual waste classification is a time-consuming, costly, and less accurate recycling process. Automated segregation in the proposed work uses Improved Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). The dataset of 2 class category with 25077 images is divided into 70% training and 30% testing images. The performance metrics used are classification Accuracy, Missed Detection Rate (MDR), and False Detection Rate (FDR). The results of Improved DCNN are compared with VGG16, VGG19, MobileNetV2, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetB0 after transfer learning. Experimental results show that the image classification accuracy of the proposed model reaches 93.28%.

Unconditional optimal first‐order error estimates of a full pressure segregation scheme for the magnetohydrodynamics equations

AbstractIn this article, a first‐order linear fully discrete pressure segregation scheme is studied for the time‐dependent incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations in three‐dimensional bounded domain. Based on an incremental pressure projection method, this scheme allows us to decouple the MHD system into two sub‐problems at each time step, one is the velocity‐magnetic field system, the other is the pressure system. Firstly, a coupled linear elliptic system is solved for the velocity and the magnetic field. Next, a Poisson‐Neumann problem is treated for the pressure. We analyze the temporal error and the spatial error, respectively, and derive the temporal‐spatial error estimates of for the velocity and the magnetic field in the discrete space and for the pressure in the discrete space without imposing constraints on the mesh width and the time step size . Finally, some numerical results are presented to confirm the theoretical predictions and demonstrate the efficiency of the method.

Investigating the Status of Citizen Participation in Urban Waste Separation from Origin and Barriers to Performing it from Their Perspective (Case Study: city of Babol)

Introduction: The best way to recycle municipal waste is when the material is separated at home by the manufacturers themselves. Achieving this goal requires the participation and cooperation of all citizens and providing the necessary infrastructure in the field of waste segregation. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the status of citizens' participation in the separation of urban waste from the source and the obstacles to their implementation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on 476 households in the city of Babol which were randomly selected as clusters.The information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of 21 specific and general questions. For data analysis, t-test, analysis of variance and logistic regression with 0.95 confidence level were used. Results: Of the total households involved in the waste segregation scheme, 27.5% were frequently involved and 15.3% were sometimes involved. 91.8% of households were aware of waste separation and 8.2% were unaware of the issue of segregation.A significant proportion of urban households said that lack of patience (61.3%) and sufficient space to separate household waste (59.5%) prevented segregation, and from the point of view of municipal-related factors, non-delivery of dry waste on holidays (94.7%) , The low number of barracks (95.8%) and the lack of continuous training (95%) were reported as obstacles. Conclusion: Major urban households reported poor municipal performance, facilities, and planning, as well as lack of patience and adequate space as barriers to separation. Planning for urban waste management is essential. .In order not to waste a country's natural resources and reduce the productive waste of citizens, it is necessary to motivate people and provide public education to citizens.

New Thinking of Wealth Management Under Civil Code Implementation - Based on Family Risk Identification and Legal Protection

With the development of economy, the prosperity of the country, the increase of income and the prosperity of people's life, family wealth management has gradually become a part of life. Good household wealth management can not only maintain and increase wealth, but also avoid or reduce the risk of sudden wealth. In order to understand the impact of the estate administrator system on the inheritance of wealth, to eliminate the troubles of Chinese-style wealth inheritance and study the path of wealth inheritance. On May 28, 2020, the first new legal code of China was born -- the Civil Code. As a law most closely related to each individual, the draft Civil Code is the first draft law named after the code since the founding of the People's Republic of China. It is a basic standard of civil law. Based on the Civil Code, this paper considers the following three issues: the impact of the estate administrator system on the inheritance of wealth; How to support children's wealth skillfully under the new Civil Code; Marital debt system and household and enterprise debt segregation scheme. This paper introduces a new strategy of debt isolation to protect family wealth, and skillfully isolates debts through prudent use of guarantee, clever use of assets and financial assets, etc.

Modeling the quiet Sun cell and network emission with ALMA

Observations of the Sun at millimeter wavelengths with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) offer a unique opportunity to investigate the temperature structure of the solar chromosphere. In this article we expand our previous work on modeling the chromospheric temperature of the quiet Sun, by including measurements of the brightness temperature in the network and cell interiors, from high-resolution ALMA images at 3 mm (Band 3) and 1.26 mm (Band 6). We also examine the absolute calibration of ALMA full-disk images. We suggest that the brightness temperature at the center of the solar disk in Band 6 is ∼440 K above the value recommended by White et al. (2017, Sol. Phys., 292, 88). In addition, we give improved results for the electron temperature variation of the average quiet Sun with optical depth and the derived spectrum at the center of the disk. We found that the electron temperature in the network is considerably lower than predicted by model F of Fontenla et al. (1993, ApJ, 406, 319) and that of the cell interior considerably higher than predicted by model A. Depending on the network/cell segregation scheme, the electron temperature difference between network and cell at τ = 1 (100 GHz) ranges from ∼660 K to ∼1550 K, compared to ∼3280 K predicted by the models; similarly, the electron temperature, Te ratio ranges from ∼1.10 to 1.24, compared to ∼1.55 of the model prediction. We also found that the network/cell Te(τ) curves diverge as τ decreases, indicating an increase of contrast with height and possibly a steeper temperature rise in the network than in the cell interior.

Modelling and implementation of an intelligent stowage simulator for container ships

To solve the problems that conventional loading master for container ship merely provides the stability, strength, floating condition, etc. a comprehensive intelligent simulator was worked out, which can also obtain the amount of restowage containers, verify segregation scheme for dangerous containers, etc. BLOCK algorithm is proposed for the first time for restowage problems with respect to the containers on deck jam that in hold and all in hold or on deck. In the case of all in hold or on deck, independent stowage and mix stowage are studied in some detail. A fast and effective algorithm is also put forward to perform the segregation verifying. At last, the above proposed algorithms are verified by the loading condition from the loading manual.

Modelling and implementation of an intelligent stowage simulator for container ships

To solve the problems that conventional loading master for container ship merely provides the stability, strength, floating condition, etc. a comprehensive intelligent simulator was worked out, which can also obtain the amount of restowage containers, verify segregation scheme for dangerous containers, etc. BLOCK algorithm is proposed for the first time for restowage problems with respect to the containers on deck jam that in hold and all in hold or on deck. In the case of all in hold or on deck, independent stowage and mix stowage are studied in some detail. A fast and effective algorithm is also put forward to perform the segregation verifying. At last, the above proposed algorithms are verified by the loading condition from the loading manual.

A fractional step method for computational aeroacoustics using weak imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions

In this work we consider the approximation of the isentropic Navier–Stokes equations. The model we present is capable of taking into account acoustic and flow scales at once. After space and time discretizations have been chosen, it is very convenient from the computational point of view to design fractional step schemes in time so as to permit a segregated calculation of the problem unknowns. While these segregation schemes are well established for incompressible flows, much less is known in the case of isentropic flows. We discuss this issue in this article and, furthermore, we study the way to weakly impose Dirichlet boundary conditions via Nitsche’s method. In order to avoid spurious reflections of the acoustic waves, Nitsche’s method is combined with a non-reflecting boundary condition. Employing a purely algebraic approach to discuss the problem, some of the boundary contributions are treated explicitly and we explain how these are included in the different steps of the final algorithm. Numerical evidence shows that this explicit treatment does not have a significant impact on the convergence rate of the resulting time integration scheme. The equations of the formulation are solved using a subgrid scale technique based on a term-by-term stabilization.

Kinematics of chromodynamic multicomponent lattice Boltzmann simulation with a large density contrast.

The utility of an enhanced chromodynamic, color gradient or phase-field multicomponent lattice Boltzmann (MCLB) equation for immiscible fluids with a density difference was demonstrated by Wen etal. [Phys. Rev. E 100, 023301 (2019)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.100.023301] and Ba etal. [Phys. Rev. E 94, 023310 (2016)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.94.023310], who advanced earlier work by Liu etal. [Phys. Rev. E 85, 046309 (2012)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.85.046309] by removing certain error terms in the momentum equations. But while these models' collision scheme has been carefully enhanced by degrees, there is, currently, no quantitative consideration in the macroscopic dynamics of the segregation scheme which is common to all. Here, by analysis of the kinetic-scale segregation rule (previously neglected when considering the continuum behavior) we derive, bound, and test the emergent kinematics of the continuum fluids' interface for this class of MCLB, concurrently demonstrating the circular relationship with-and competition between-the models' dynamics and kinematics. The analytical and numerical results we present in Sec.V confirm that, at the kinetic scale, for a range of density contrast, color is a material invariant. That is, within numerical error, the emergent interface structure is isotropic (i.e., without orientation dependence) and Galilean-invariant (i.e., without dependence on direction of motion). Numerical data further suggest that reported restrictions on the achievable density contrast in rapid flow, using chromodynamic MCLB, originate in the effect on the model's kinematics of the terms deriving from our term F_{1i} in the evolution equation, which correct its dynamics for large density differences. Taken with Ba's applications and validations, this result significantly enhances the theoretical foundation of this MCLB variant, bringing it somewhat belatedly further into line with the schemes of Inamuro etal. [J. Comput. Phys. 198, 628 (2004)JCTPAH0021-999110.1016/j.jcp.2004.01.019] and the free-energy scheme [see, e.g., Phys. Rev. E. 76, 045702(R) (2007)10.1103/PhysRevE.76.045702, and references therein] which, in contradistinction to the present scheme and perhaps wisely, postulate appropriate kinematics a priori.

English

A higher order pressure segregation scheme for the time-dependent incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations is presented. This scheme allows us to decouple the MHD system into two sub-problems at each time step. First, a coupled linear elliptic system is solved for the velocity and the magnetic field. And then, a Poisson-Neumann problem is treated for the pressure. The stability is analyzed and the error analysis is accomplished by interpreting this segregated scheme as a higher order time discretization of a perturbed system which approximates the MHD system. The main results are that the convergence for the velocity and the magnetic field are strongly second-order in time while that for the pressure is strongly first-order in time. Some numerical tests are performed to illustrate the theoretical predictions and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

„Hallottuk, hogy Robi bá’ kint volt a telepen.”

Ez az esettanulmány, amely egy vidéki nagyváros egyházi (református) fenntartású iskoláját írja le, a szegregáció/ integráció kérdését részletesen és árnyaltan tárgyalja. A Szamóca iskolában azonosítható intézményi és pedagógiai gyakorlatok azért érdekesek, mert távol esnek mind a szívtelenül szegregáló egyházi iskola egyre gyakrabban megjelenő rémképétől, mind a vizsgált iskola befogadáspárti önképétől. Távolról nézve a – mintegy 30%-nyi bejáró tanulót beiskolázó – intézmény klasszikus iskolán belüli szegregációt folytat, de történetileg (összevonás, fenntartóváltás hatásai), illetve közelebbről szemlélve, a szelekció és inklúzió sajátos gyakorlatainak komplex mintázataival találkozunk. A „felvételi” során a „roma” vs. „nem roma” fogalompár kettős átalakuláson megy át: első lépésben a tanítható/nehezen-tanítható diák, illetve érdeklődő/nem-érdeklődő szülő („fontos, hogy a szülők eljöjjenek a kapunyitogatóra”) ellentétpárra fordítják le, majd magának a kategóriába sorolásnak az aktusát is elleplező „angolos osztályba jelentkezett”/„nem angolos osztályba jelentkezett” szabad osztályválasztás elvnek adja át a helyét a pedagógiai diskurzusban; ezt a szülők is interiorizálják (pl.nem kifogásolják, hogy azért nem mehet a gyerekük angolos osztályba, mert nem járt óvodai angolra), a kivételek (esetlegesség) pedig legitimálják. Ugyanakkor (a) a gyerekhiány, (b) a fluktuáció, (c) az osztálytermi és korrepetálási pedagógiai gyakorlat, valamint (d) a keresztyén befogadásdiskurzus és konkrét inklúziós támogatás (iskolalelkész, KIP) működése mindezt árnyalja.

Segregation scheme of indium in AlGaInAs nanowire shells

Quaternary alloys enable the independent optimization of different semiconductor properties, such as the separate tuning of the band gap and the lattice constant. Nanowire core-shell structures should allow a larger range of compositional tuning as strain can be accommodated in a more effective manner than in thin films. Still, the faceted structure of the nanowire may lead to local segregation effects. Here, we explore the incorporation of indium in AlGaAs shells up to $25%$. In particular, we show the effect of In incorporation on the energy shift of the AlGaInAs single-photon emitters present in the shell. We observe a redshift up to 300 meV as a function of the group-III site fraction of In. We correlate the shift with segregation at the nanoscale. We find evidence of the segregation of the group-III elements at different positions in the nanowire, not observed before. We propose a model that takes into account the strain distribution in the nanowire shell and the adatom diffusion on the nanowire facets to explain the observations. This work provides novel insights on the segregation phenomena necessary to engineer the composition of multidinary alloys.

Toward integrated and sustainable waste management system in University of Malaya: UM zero waste campaign

With the escalated increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Malaysia reaching a shocking 38,000 ton/day in 2017, a sustainable waste management system is much desired. Nationwide, there are 176 landfills but only 8 are sanitary landfill with the rest are open dumpsites. In the campus of University of Malaya, UM Zero Waste Campaign (UM ZWC) was introduced in 2011 to start a long-term campaign to achieve an integrated and sustainable waste management model and ultimately a zero-waste campus. Since year 2015, UM ZWC is fully funded by Sustainability Science Research Cluster of UM (Susci) as one of the living labs of UM as well as by JPPHB under the RMK-11 budget. UM ZWC operating projects including in house composting center, food waste segregation scheme, research composting emission and waste characterization, anaerobic digestion (AD), used clothes collection program, wood waste separate collection, e-waste collection and drop-off recycling collection were initiated under the campaign. Since the inception of the project in 2011 until December 2017, almost over 620 tons of solid waste has been diverted from disposal in landfill with composting, AD, recycling, re-use and energy recovery. A roadmap of UM ZWC was drawn up in 2013, with a goal to achieve 60% landfill diversion by year 2040. In the next 5-10 years, UM ZWC plays a vital role to formalize the recycling collection in UM and further increase the organic waste recycling with green waste shredding and composting. Besides environmental benefits (pollution prevention and carbon emission reduction), UM ZWC brings various benefits such as academic research opportunities for UM, contribute in UM LCCF (Low carbon city framework) target and serve as platform to improve students soft skills and entrepreneur skill. Multi stakeholders participation, support form top management and industrial collaboration are the key factors that are able to drive the development of a sustainable waste management model in UM campus.

Local synaptic integration enables ON-OFF asymmetric and layer-specific visual information processing in vGluT3 amacrine cell dendrites

A basic scheme of neuronal organization in the mammalian retina is the segregation of ON and OFF pathways in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where glutamate is released from ON and OFF bipolar cell terminals in separate inner (ON) and outer (OFF) sublayers in response to light intensity increments and decrements, respectively. However, recent studies have found that vGluT3-expressing glutamatergic amacrine cells (GACs) generate ON-OFF somatic responses and release glutamate onto both ON and OFF ganglion cell types, raising the possibility of crossover excitation in violation of the canonical ON-OFF segregation scheme. To test this possibility, we recorded light-evoked Ca2+ responses from dendrites of individual GACs infected with GCaMP6s in mouse. Under two-photon imaging, a single GAC generated rectified local dendritic responses, showing ON-dominant responses in ON sublayers and OFF-dominant responses in OFF sublayers. This unexpected ON-OFF segregation within a small-field amacrine cell arose from local synaptic processing, mediated predominantly by synaptic inhibition. Multiple forms of synaptic inhibition compartmentalized the GAC dendritic tree and endowed all dendritic varicosities with a small-center, strong-surround receptive field, which varied in receptive field size and degree of ON-OFF asymmetry with IPL depth. The results reveal a form of short-range dendritic autonomy that enables a small-field, dual-transmitter amacrine cell to process diverse dendritic functions in a stratification level- and postsynaptic target-specific manner, while preserving the fundamental ON-OFF segregation scheme for parallel visual processing and high spatial resolution for small object motion and uniformity detection.

Source segregation and food waste prevention activities in high-density households in a deprived urban area

A waste audit and a household questionnaire survey were conducted in high-density housing estates in one of the most economically and socially deprived areas of England (Haringey, London). Such areas are under-represented in published research. The study examined source segregation, potential participation in a food waste segregation scheme, and food waste prevention activities in five estates (1034 households). The results showed that: contamination of recyclables containers was low; ca. 28% of the mixed residual waste’s weight was recyclable; food waste comprised a small proportion of the waste from these residents, probably because of their relatively disadvantaged economic circumstances; and the recycling profile reflected an intermittent pattern of behaviour. Although the majority of respondents reported that they would participate in a food waste separation scheme, the response rate was low and many responses of “don’t know” were recorded. Municipalities committed to foster improved diversion from landfill need to recognise that there is no “quick and easy fix”, regardless of local or national aspirations. Lasting and sustained behaviour change requires time and the quality of service provision and associated infrastructure play a fundamental role in facilitating residents to participate effectively in waste management activities that maximise capture of source-segregated materials. Populations in deprived areas that reside in high-rise, high-density dwellings are “hard-to-reach” in terms of participation in recycling schemes and exceptional efforts and additional resources are usually required to improve performance.

Assessing future scenarios for health care waste management using a multi-criteria decision analysis tool: A case study in the Turkish West Black Sea Region

The aim of this paper is to identify the best possible health care waste management option in the West Black Sea Region by taking into account economic, social, environmental, and technical aspects in the concept of multi-criteria decision analysis. In the scope of this research, three different health care waste management scenarios that consist of different technology alternatives were developed and compared using a decision-making computer software, called Right Choice, by identifying various criteria, measuring them, and ranking their relative importance from the point of key stakeholders. The results of the study show that the decentralized autoclave technology option coupled with the disposal through landfilling with energy recovery has potential to be an optimum option for health care waste management system, and an efficient health care waste segregation scheme should be given more attention by the authorities in the region. Furthermore, the discussion of the results points out multidisciplinary approach and the equilibrium between social, environmental, economic, and technical criteria. The methodology used in this research was developed in order to enable the decision makers to gain an increased perception of a decision problem. In general, the results and remarks of this study can be used as a basis of future planning and anticipation of needs for investment in the area of health care waste management in the region and also in developing countries that are dealing with the similar waste management problems.Implications: Alternative technologies are not capable to treat some categories of health care wastes, and Turkish practice has to be revised urgently. In doing so, internal health care waste separation is critical for determination of treatment technology. The author verified the methodology in a decision-making framework for a real-world problem. Results indicated that incinerating all health care wastes is not a feasible option due to high cost.

Preface to Special Topic: Selected Papers from the Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2014 Conference in Honor of Professor Hsueh-Chia Chang's 60th Birthday.

Preface to Special Topic: Selected Papers from the Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2014 Conference in Honor of Professor Hsueh-Chia Chang's 60th Birthday.

Formal Specification and Validation of a Localized Algorithm for Segregation of Critical/Noncritical Nodes in MAHSNs

Timely segregation of critical/noncritical nodes is extremely crucial in mobile ad hoc and sensor networks. Most of the existing segregation schemes are centralized and require maintaining network wide information, which may not be feasible in large-scale dynamic networks. Moreover, these schemes lack rigorous validation and entirely rely on simulations. We present a localized algorithm for segregation of critical/noncritical nodes (LASCNN) to the network connectivity. LASCNN establishes and maintains a k-hop connection list and marks a node as critical if its k-hop neighbours become disconnected without the node and noncritical otherwise. A noncritical node with more than one connection is marked as intermediate and leaf noncritical otherwise. We use both formal and nonformal techniques for verification and validation of functional and nonfunctional properties. First, we model MAHSN as a dynamic graph and transform LASCNN to equivalent formal specification using Z notation. After analysing and validating the specification through Z eves tool, we simulate LASCNN specification to quantitatively demonstrate its efficiency. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the performance of LASCNN is scalable and is quite competitive compared to centralized scheme with global information. The accuracy of LASCNN in determining critical nodes is 87% (1-hop) and 93% (2-hop) and of noncritical nodes the accuracy is 91% (1-hop) and 93% (2-hop).

Spatial index of educational opportunities: Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte

The main focus of the study is map the objective geography of educational opportunities in Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. Our approach was the construction of a Spatial Index of Educational Opportunities that combines two basic dimensions: demand for fundamental schools (6-14 aged pupils) and provision of schools. Both cities have similar center-peripheral segregation schemes, but differ in their educational policies. While in Rio de Janeiro the parents have free choice of the school to enrollment their children, Belo Horizonte is divided into school catchment area and the parents make the enrollment of their children in the school according to their address. The methodological approach considers different analysis tools offered by Geographic Information System (GIS). The demand for schools is being approached by calculating the spatial density of children between 6 and 14 years. The basis for this calculation is the 2000 census of the Brazilian Institute of Statistics and Geography (IBGE) that is available in census tracts. The data basis for the provision of schools is the record of all public schools of the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixira (INEP). All fundamental schools in the two cities in that list have been georeferenced by address in order to be able to calculate spatial statistics. The results show that the different policies of education in the two analyzed cities do not have effects on the general scheme of the spatial distribution of educational opportunities.

Automated star–galaxy segregation using spectral and integrated band data for TAUVEX/ASTROSAT satellite data pipeline

We employ an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based technique to develop a pipeline for automated segregation of stars from the galaxies to be observed by Tel-Aviv University Ultra-Violet Experiment (TAUVEX). We use synthetic spectra of stars from UVBLUE library and selected International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) low-resolution spectra for galaxies in the ultraviolet (UV) region from 1250 to 3220 Å as the training set and IUE low-resolution spectra for both the stars and the galaxies as the test set. All the data sets have been pre-processed to get band integrated fluxes so as to mimic the observations of the TAUVEX UV imager. We also perform the ANN based segregation scheme using the full length spectral features (which will also be useful for the ASTROSAT mission). Our results suggest that, in the case of the non-availability of full spectral features, the limited band integrated features can be used to segregate the two classes of objects; although the band data classification is less accurate than the full spectral data classification.