Secure Direct Communication Scheme Research Articles

Use of Nash equilibrium in finding game theoretic robust security bound on quantum bit error rate

Nash equilibrium is employed to find a game theoretic robust security bound on quantum bit error rate (QBER) for DL04 protocol which is a scheme for quantum secure direct communication that has been experimentally realized recently. The receiver, sender and eavesdropper (Eve) are considered to be quantum players (players having the capability to perform quantum operations). Specifically, Eve is considered to have the capability of performing quantum attacks (e.g., Wójcik’s original attack, Wójcik’s symmetrized attack and Pavičić attack) and classical intercept and resend attack. Game theoretic analysis of the security of DL04 protocol in the above scenario is performed by considering several game scenarios. The analysis revealed the absence of a Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium point within these game scenarios. Consequently, mixed strategy Nash equilibrium points are identified and employed to establish both upper and lower bounds for QBER. Further, the vulnerability of the DL04 protocol to Pavičić attack in the message mode is established. In addition, it is observed that the quantum attacks performed by Eve are more powerful than the classical attack, as the QBER value and the probability of detecting Eve’s presence are found to be lower in quantum attacks compared to classical ones.

Problems of a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on intermediate-basis

Problems of a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on intermediate-basis

A quantum secure direct communication scheme based on intermediate-basis

A quantum secure direct communication scheme based on intermediate-basis

Quantum secure direct communication scheme with identity authentication

Aiming at the problem that traditional quantum secure direct communication schemes need to assume the legitimacy of both parties in advance, a GHZ state (a quantum state involving at least three subsystems or particles entanglement) based quantum secure direct communication scheme with identity authentication is proposed. The scheme first encodes GHZ state particles into eight types, divides the particles into three parts, and sends them three times. Each time, eavesdropping is added to detect whether the particle detection channel is secure, and identity authentication is added when sending particles for the second time to verify the identity of the receiver. Specifically, according to the value of the ID key IDA, the specified particles (such as <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20230114055019-1">\begin{document}$ |0\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20221684_Z-20230114055019-1.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20221684_Z-20230114055019-1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> particles or <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20230114055019-2">\begin{document}$ |+ \rangle $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20221684_Z-20230114055019-2.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20221684_Z-20230114055019-2.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> particles) are found in the two particles. Then their positions are marked as <i>L</i> and they traverse down until all the identity keys are traversed, obtaining a position sequence <i>L</i>. After sending the two particles to Bob for eavesdropping detection, Bob measures the <i>L</i> position of the two particles on the corresponding basis according to the value of the identity key, the measurement results are coded, and compared with the identity key IDA to complete the identity authentication. After sending the particles for the third time. the receiver extracts all the detected particles, and then the GHZ state particles are jointly measured, and the original information is recovered through the previously given coding rules, so as to realize quantum safe direct communication. The design of this scheme is simple and efficient, and the communication can be realized without complex unitary transformation. The correctness analysis proves that the scheme is correct in theory. The security analyses of interception/measurement retransmission attack, Trojan horse attack, denial of service attack, auxiliary particle attack, identity impersonation attack, and other attacks prove that the scheme can resist common internal attacks and external attacks, and solve the problem of information leakage. The transmission efficiency of the scheme is 1, the quantum bit utilization is 1, and the coding capacity is a quantum state carrying 3 bits of information. Compared with some previous schemes, this scheme has obvious advantages in these three aspects. The biggest advantage is that the sender does not need to assume the legitimacy of the receiver when sending information, so it has high practical application value.

Quantum secure direct communication scheme based on the mixture of single photon and Bell state with two way authentication

In response to the demand for identity authentication in quantum secure direct communication, this paper proposes a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on a mixture of single photon and Bell state, by combining the bidirectional identity authentication. Before communication begins, both parties share a series of secret information to prepare a series of single photon and Bell state particles. Encoding four single photons and four Bell states yields eight types of encoded information, followed by identity authentication. The first step in identity authentication is to use a single photon to verify the legitimacy of the receiver. If the error exceeds the given threshold, it indicates the presence of eavesdropping. Otherwise, the channel is safe. Then, Bell state particles are used to verify the legitimacy of the sender, and the threshold is also used to determine whether there is eavesdropping. The present method is the same as previous one. If the error rate is higher than the given threshold, it indicates the existence of third-party eavesdropping. Otherwise, it indicates that the channel is secure. As for the specific verification method, it will be explained in detail in the article. Afterwards, Bell state particles are mixed with a single photon as a transmission carrier, and eavesdropping detection particles are added whenever the quantum state is sent. However, once the eavesdropper intercepts the transmitted particles, owing to incomplete information obtained, the eavesdropper is unable to recover the original information, and the eavesdropping behavior will be immediately detected, thus terminating communication. In this scheme, single photon and Bell states are fully utilized, and hybrid communication can effectively improve transmission efficiency, encoding capability, and quantum bit utilization. Security analysis shows that this scheme can resist common external and internal attacks such as interception/measurement replay attacks, auxiliary particle attacks, and identity impersonation attacks. The analysis of efficiency and encoding capacity shows that the transmission efficiency of this scheme is 1, the encoding capacity is 3 bits per state, and the quantum bit utilization rate is 1. Compared with other schemes, this scheme has significant advantages because it uses different particles for bidirectional authentication, making it more difficult for attackers to crack, and thus it has higher security than traditional schemes.

Efficient quantum secure direct communication scheme based on single photons

In this work, we first introduce the specific steps of a quantum-secure direct communication scheme that sends a single photon at a time. Based on the basic steps of the scheme, it is gradually extended to a quantum secure direct communication scheme that transmits single-photon sequences twice and four times, with emphasis on the coding rules corresponding to each scheme. The purpose is that through the above scheme, it can be intuitively seen in the subsequent efficiency analysis that with the increase of the number of transmissions, the classification of single photons can be increased, and the encoding capacity of each single photon and the transmission efficiency of quantum states in the entire communication can be greatly improved. Finally, a universal scheme and coding rules for quantum secure direct communication by sending single photons in an integer power of 2 are proposed, and after security analysis the scheme proves to be safe and feasible. Through the efficiency analysis, the communication efficiency of this scheme is higher than that of the existing scheme, and the implementation of this scheme only uses a single photon, does not involve with quantum entanglement, and this scheme has more application values.

Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Mutual Authentication using a Single Basis

In this paper, we propose a new theoretical scheme for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with user authentication. Different from the previous QSDC protocols, the present protocol uses only one orthogonal basis of single-qubit states to encode the secret message. Moreover, this is a one-time and one-way communication protocol, which uses qubits prepared in a randomly chosen arbitrary basis, to transmit the secret message. We discuss the security of the proposed protocol against some common attacks and show that no eaves-dropper can get any information from the quantum and classical channels. We have also studied the performance of this protocol under realistic device noise. We have executed the protocol in IBMQ Armonk device and proposed a repetition code based protection scheme that requires minimal overhead.

Continuous variable direct secure quantum communication using Gaussian states

Continuous variable one-way and controlled-two-way secure direct quantum communication schemes have been designed using Gaussian states. Specifically, a scheme for continuous variable quantum secure direct communication and another scheme for continuous variable controlled quantum dialogue are proposed using single-mode squeezed coherent states. The security of the proposed schemes against a set of attacks (e.g., Gaussian quantum cloning machine and intercept resend attacks) has been proved. Further, it is established that the proposed schemes do not require two-mode squeezed states which are essential for a set of existing proposals. The controlled two-way communication scheme is shown to be very general in nature as it can be reduced to schemes for various relatively simpler cryptographic tasks like controlled deterministic secure communication, quantum dialogue, quantum key distribution. In addition, it is briefly discussed that the proposed schemes can provide us tools to design quantum cryptographic solutions for several socioeconomic problems.

A quantum secure direct communication protocol using entangled beam pairs

We propose a feasible high-dimensional two-step quantum secure direct communication scheme by using the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled beam pair. Accoding to the quality of the two superposition forms of the EPR entangled state (two-mode squeezed vacuum state), we select the mutually unbiased bases for quantum measurement. With the unitary operation, we can subtly encode the confidential information in the quantum state. We also conducted a more detailed analysis of the security of this protocol.

一种基于4维Bell态粒子和单光子混合的量子安全直接通信改进方案

一种基于4维Bell态粒子和单光子混合的量子安全直接通信改进方案

Establishing rational networking using the DL04 quantum secure direct communication protocol

The first rational quantum secure direct communication scheme is proposed, in which we use the game theory with incomplete information to model the rational behavior of the participant, and give the strategy space and utility function. The rational participant can get his maximal utility when he performs the protocol faithfully, and then the Nash equilibrium of the protocol can be achieved. Compared to the traditional schemes, our scheme will be more practical in the presence of rational participant.

Semi-quantum Secure Direct Communication Scheme Based on Bell States

Recently, the idea of semi-quantumness has been often used in designing quantum cryptographic schemes, which allows some of the participants of a quantum cryptographic scheme to remain classical. One of the reasons why this idea is popular is that it allows a quantum information processing task to be accomplished by using quantum resources as few as possible. In this paper, we extend the idea to quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) by proposing a semi-quantum secure direct communication scheme. In the scheme, the message sender, Alice, encodes each bit into a Bell state $|\varphi ^{+}\rangle =\frac {1}{\sqrt 2}(|00\rangle +|11\rangle )$ or $|{\Psi }^{+}\rangle =\frac {1}{\sqrt 2}(|01\rangle +|10\rangle )$ , and the message receiver, Bob, who is classical in the sense that he can either let the qubit he received reflect undisturbed, or measure the qubit in the computational basis |0〉, |1〉 and then resend it in the state he found. Moreover, the security analysis of our scheme is also given.

Two-step quantum secure direct communication scheme with frequency coding**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11175094, 91221205, and 11547035) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB921002).

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. It can transmit secret information directly without establishing a key first, unlike quantum key distribution which requires this precursory event. Here we propose a QSDC scheme by applying the frequency coding technique to the two-step QSDC protocol, which enables the two-step QSDC protocol to work in a noisy environment. We have numerically simulated the performance of the protocol in a noisy channel, and the results show that the scheme is indeed robust against channel noise and loss. We also give an estimate of the channel noise upper bound.

Quantum Voting using Single Qubits

Objectives: A novel quantum binary voting scheme that uses only single qubits is proposed. Specifically, the protocol is designed by modifying a single qubit based scheme for controlled deterministic secure quantum communication. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: The security of the protocol is analyzed over some specific attacks. Further, qubit efficiency of the protocol is also calculated. Findings: It is established that in the case of binary voting, the proposed single qubit based quantum voting protocol is more efficient than some of the recently proposed protocols for binary voting. Further, it is also shown in some of the recent papers that the original single qubit based quantum secure direct communication scheme that has been modified to design the proposed quantum voting scheme is less affected than corresponding multiqubit based scheme. This further establishes the relevance of the present results. Application/Improvements: As the proposed scheme does not require complex quantum resource like entanglement & qudits, it seems to be experimentally realizable using the available technology.

Dynamic (2, 3) Threshold Quantum Secret Sharing of Secure Direct Communication* *Supported in part by an International Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship (iMQRES), Australian Research Council Grant DP0987734. This work is also supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2010CB923200, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No. 61377067, Fund of State

In this paper, we show that a (2, 3) discrete variable threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication can be achieved based on recurrence using the same devices as in BB84. The scheme is devised by first placing the shares of smaller secret pieces into the shares of the largest secret piece, converting the shares of the largest secret piece into corresponding quantum state sequences, inserting nonorthogonal state particles into the quantum state sequences with the purpose of detecting eavesdropping, and finally sending the new quantum state sequences to the three participants respectively. Consequently, every particle can on average carry up to 1.5-bit messages due to the use of recurrence. The control codes are randomly prepared using the way to generate fountain codes with pre-shared source codes between Alice and Bob, making three participants can detect eavesdropping by themselves without sending classical messages to Alice. Due to the flexible encoding, our scheme is also dynamic, which means that it allows the participants to join and leave freely.

Quantum Secure Direct Communication Scheme in the Non-symmetric Channel with High Efficiency and Security

By analyzing the basic properties of a class of three-particle W states, we show how to establish a non-symmetric channel to realize a quantum dense code scheme, each quantum pair can carry log2 18 bits of classical message by employing different kinds of unitary transformation in three-dimensional Hilbert space, which can improve the transmission efficiency of classical message. Based on this quantum dense code, we propose a novel quantum secure direct communication scheme. The security of the scheme is also discussed in detail, and the error rate for eavesdropper is 50 %.

Continuous Variable Quantum Secure Direct Communication in Non-Markovian Channel

Quantum communication protocols more and more have been more extended to the domain of continuous variable (CV) systems. Furthermore, because of the loss of coherence or decoherence in a quantum system, we proposed a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with two-mode CV systems in non-Markovian (NM) channel, and also analyze its security.

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol Based On Decoherence-Free States

In this paper, we propose a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on six-qubit decoherence-free (DF) states, which can protect communication against collective decoherence noise. With the combination of DF states and error-correcting code (ECC), it achieves a fault tolerant quantum secure direct communication to prevent collective decoherence noise, limited photon loss and other noise.

High-efficiency quantum steganography based on the tensor product of Bell states

In this paper, we first propose a hidden rule among the secure message, the initial tensor product of two Bell states and the final tensor product when respectively applying local unitary transformations to the first particle of the two initial Bell states, and then present a high-efficiency quantum steganography protocol under the control of the hidden rule. In the proposed quantum steganography scheme, a hidden channel is established to transfer a secret message within any quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme that is based on 2-level quantum states and unitary transformations. The secret message hiding/unhiding process is linked with the QSDC process only by unitary transformations. To accurately describe the capacity of a steganography scheme, a quantitative measure, named embedding efficiency, is introduced in this paper. The performance analysis shows that the proposed steganography scheme achieves a high efficiency as well as a good imperceptibility. Moreover, it is shown that this scheme can resist all serious attacks including the intercept-resend attack, measurement-resend attack, auxiliary particle attack and even the Denial of Service attack. To improve the efficiency of the proposed scheme, the hidden rule is extended based on the tensor product of multiple Bell states.

Secure Direct Communication with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger State in Driven Cavity QED

We present a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme via Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state in driven cavity QED. The user can receive different secret messages, and the communication attendant Alice encodes the secret message directly onto a particle which then can be faithfully teleported to Bob using the shared Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. Our scheme is insensitive to the cavity decay. The necessary time for the scheme is much shorter than the Rydberg-atom, therefore atom decays do not need to be considered. The protocol is simple and realizable with present technology. The security of the present scheme is also discussed,and the scheme is secure.