Schematic Tool Research Articles

A Synthetic Framework to Match Concepts and Approaches When Managing Anthropogenic Threats

Anthropogenic threats impacting ecological targets should be mitigated and solved using fast and schematic tools useful in conservation strategies. Herein, we suggest a mixed and quick approach implementing coarse-grained (and expert-based) threat analysis with the fine-grained (and analytical) DPSIR (driving forces, pressure, status, impact, and response) framework of indicators, all included in a single causal chain. Both approaches are largely used in conservation but never combined. A simulated example of the application of the set of indicators (status, pressure, impact, and response) on dune ecosystems (and nested targets represented by halo-psammophilous plants) has been included. Due to its schematic format, values as targets, pressures as threats, and responses as conservation strategies have been unified in a single conceptual framework. This synthetic framework can also be used to communicate to academic students the complexities of socio-ecological systems on the conservation front lines using a simplified cause–effect chain.

A Court’s Right to Moderate Administrative Penalty in Selected Central European Countries

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent of a court’s authority to moderate[1] penalties imposed by administrative bodies in several Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, and Austria. The central goal is to investigate the legal frameworks within these nations and their relationship to Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.The methodology employed involves a comparative analysis of legal provisions in the aforementioned countries concerning judicial review of administrative penalties. The study scrutinizes the differences in the legal approaches taken by these nations, highlighting the diverse methods used to address the court’s role in moderating administrative penalties. The investigation is grounded in the concept of full jurisdiction, emphasising the right of individuals to have their cases thoroughly examined by a court, which also includes assessing the legality, merit, appropriateness, and proportionality of the penalties imposed.The findings reveal significant variations among the surveyed countries regarding the approach to judicial review of administrative penalties. These differences underscore the complex interplay between the executive and judiciary branches within legal systems, raising crucial concerns about principles such as legal certainty, proportionality, and the right to an effective remedy. The paper illuminates the varying degrees of court intervention in moderating administrative penalties across different legal contexts and makes a substantial academic contribution by shedding light on a relatively understudied aspect of administrative law within Central Europe. It provides valuable insights into how different legal systems address the delicate balance between executive power and judicial oversight, particularly in matters of administrative penalties.The study’s originality lies in its comparative approach, offering a nuanced understanding of the court’s role in moderating penalties and its implications for broader legal principles and human rights protection. Furthermore, the paper serves as a foundational resource for scholars and practitioners interested in exploring the origins and nuances of judicial moderation in administrative law, potentially inspiring further research and providing a schematic tool for navigating this complex legal terrain. [1] The article uses the term ‘moderate’ as a verb in situations where a court, as defined in Article 6 paragraph 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, is by law authorized to reduce the imposed administrative penalty at its discretion or to refrain entirely from imposing a penalty while reviewing an administrative decision. In such instances, we are not referring to court moderation wherein the court is the entity directly imposing the administrative penalty.

Development of a target quality profile for capsules containing a dry extract of salvia sclarea l. grown in tajikistan

Aim. To work out the concept of scientific research on the pharmaceutical development of capsules based on the substance of a dry extract of Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage) grown in Tajikistan by developing a target drug quality profile.
 Materials and methods. During the research, methods of a systematic approach, scientific analysis, comparison, analogy, and generalization of information on the pharmaceutical development of herbal medicines were used. Tabular and schematic tools for visual presentation of the data obtained were also applied.
 Results. The pharmacological studies of a dry extract of Salvia sclarea L. grown in Tajikistan using the “elevated plus maze” test indicate the prospects of its use as an active substance of a moderate anxiolytic action in the dose of 300 mg/kg. The results obtained served as the basis for developing a target quality profile for capsules containing a dry extract as the first stage of the pharmaceutical development, implementing the programmable quality concept “Quality by Design”. When developing the target quality profile for capsules, a set of complementary provisions, recommendations, and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine and the Eurasian Economic Union concerning the issues of technological, chemical, and microbiological requirements for the development of pharmaceutical products was analyzed.
 Conclusions. Thus, the development of a target quality profile for capsules containing a dry extract of Salvia sclarea L. will make it possible to rationally use material resources and implement the programmable quality concept.

“Den ensomme helt mod magtens og storpolitikkens skamfulde forsømmelser”: Den individuelle projektion af en nations kamp i FN-embedsmand Povl Bang-Jensens minde

The Hungarian political and social discourse of the last decades often makes use of a national myth based on Hungarian history that focuses on a constant struggle for survival. The myth is built around the concept of the heroic Hungarians, who from time to time fight against a political and / or military preponderance. A narrative characteristic for the countries of East-Central and Eastern Europe has been created, which in its distinction between itself and the other concentrates on self-defence and victimhood, but at the same time emphasizes the nation’s superiority over the others. The image of the nation characterized by the uninterrupted struggle for survival becomes a schematic but effective tool in the political discourse. It is not a new narrative, but the actualization of the well-known, that finds appropriate events and personalities to disseminate the existing, traditional self-image. The paper attempts to demonstrate how the Danish United Nations official Povl Bang-Jensen and the role he played in the international politics after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 has been used to convey this image. Based on memories, books and documentaries my goal is to discuss how individual recall of experienced events contributed to the (re)construction of Bang-Jensen’s personality. Furthermore, I try to shed light on how intertwining memories about a historical event, scientific research and history writing points to a changed perception of the scientific facts that are no longer considered objective and independent of human consciousness or actions. They describe a reality, which is influenced by consciousness and interpreted through textual formulations. The article argues that the subjective perspective constituted in the memories about Bang-Jensen creates an almost mythologized interpretation of the Danish diplomat as a symbol of freedom and morality, as well. The article was among others inspired by works of Maurice Halbwachs, Sabine Mollers, Annette Warrings and Bernard Eric Jensen on memory, historical awareness and the use of history.

Recent Advances in Transition Metal Phosphide Nanocatalysts for H2 Evolution and CO2 Reduction

Green hydrogen energy has captivated researchers and is regarded as a feasible option for future energy-related aspirations. The emerging awareness of renewable energy-driven hydrogen generation and carbon dioxide reduction calls for the use of unconventional schematic tools in the fabrication of nanocatalyst systems. Transition metal phosphides are state-of-art, cost-effective, noble-metal-free materials that have been comprehensively examined for sustainable energy-driven applications. Recent reports on these advanced functional materials have cemented their candidature as high-performance catalytic systems for hydrogen production and for carbon dioxide conversion into value-added chemical feedstock. Bimetallic NiCoP (238.2 mmol g−1 h−1) exhibits top-notch catalytic competence toward photocatalytic HER that reveals the energy-driven application of a pristine class of TMPs, whereas heterostructured Ni2P/CdS was found to be fit for photochemical CO2 reduction, as well as for HER. On the other hand, pristine Ni2P was recently ascertained as an efficient electrocatalytic system for HER and CO2RR applications. A wide array of physicochemical modulations, such as compositional and structural engineering, defect generation, and facet control, have been used for improving the catalytic efficiency of transition metal phosphide nanostructures. In this review, we succinctly discuss the proficiency of transition metal phosphides in green hydrogen production and carbon dioxide conversion via photochemical and electrochemical pathways. We detail the significance of their structural properties and brief the readers about the synthetic advancements without deviating from our goal of summarizing the recent achievements in energy-driven applications.

A novel approach for design energy efficient inexact reverse carry select adders for IoT applications

Low cost, low form factor and highly energy efficient VLSI design is the key for the success of internet of things (IoT) paradigm. Approximate computing is one of the major techniques used to achieve high performance and energy efficiency in error resistant computationally intense applications. Low power VLSI design is one of the important factors in the designing of new IoT system or reconstructing the existed IoT system. An inexact reverse carry select adder (IRCSLA) with back carry propagation is presented in this work. Three different types of adder implementations were presented in IRCSLA. The method of back carry propagation is applied to the design of both 16-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) & 16-bit carry select adders. These adders were designed in CADENCE schematic tool and simulations were done in Analog Design Environment with 45 nm CMOS technology. The design parameters such as delay and power of the three IRCSLA designs were compared with the existed back carry propagate full adders. IRCSLA-III gives 34.84% reduction in power and 56.91% improvement in delay compared to conventional CSLA adder and also improves the energy at the rate of 86.77% and 71.92% compared to the conventional RCA and a CSLA adder respectively.

Ultra-low leakage static random access memory design

An ultra-low leakage static random-access memory (SRAM) cell structure with 8 transistors is proposed in this paper. Compared to the 6T SRAM and other existing 8T SRAM cells, leakage power of the proposed cell in hold mode reduced significantly. The stability parameters of the proposed cell are calculated using butterfly method and also N-curve method. Proposed SRAM achieves better write margin with slightly less read margin than 6T SRAM. Proposed technique consumes 790 PW of power in hold mode, which is very less compared to other existing techniques. Therefore, the proposed cell is appropriate for hold mode applications. The simulations are carried out by using Cadence (Virtuoso Schematic and layout editor) tools with GPDK45-nm technology.

Implementation of 2-bit Multiplier Circuit Using Pass Transistor Logic

Abstract: In this paper, we implemented 2-bit Multiplier Circuit using Pass Transistor Logic. Pass Transistor Logic is used for high speed technology and is easy to build the basic gate structures. The developed circuit is an extension of pass transistor logic Ex-or gate. The proposed Multiplier circuit is implemented in 2x2 bit multiplier to achieve high speed, low area and less power dissipation. VLSI schematic tool and the analysis is done by using the LT Spice simulator. This paper aims at an optimization of power area and voltages of multiplier to show the better performance. The design is implemented in 0.18um CMOS technology and its functional parameters are compared and the best result is incorporated. Simulation results have been performed on LT Spice tool simulator at 1.8v and 2v supply voltage and simulations are carried out indicate the functionality of the proposed multiplier circuit compared with conventional design to verify the effectiveness and it shows the circuit has low power dissipation at high speeds.

Accurate Estimation of Power Consumption for Binary Comparator System using Back Tracking

This paper presents a design of a binary comparator circuit using minimum fan-in logic gates (NAND-NOR) for achieving low power-delay-product (PDP). A 2-bit binary comparator circuit is re-designed to minimize fan-in of logic gates. Utilizing the concept of 2–bit comparator, a general gate-level architecture of a comparator system is proposed for higher input operands. A back-tracking model has been proposed in this work to estimate the worst-case performance in terms of delay and power or PDP for binary comparator circuits. It combines the advantages of the simulation-based method for power estimation and dynamic timing analysis (DTA) techniques for timing analysis. This work has also been extended for 20, 16, 14, 10, and 7-nm FINFET technology. The comparator circuits are simulated on Pyxis schematic tool by Mentor Graphics.

Formation of meta-subject components of ICT competence

The changes in education dictated by the 4th industrial revolution and the specifics of training future teachers in primary education associated with the multidimensionality of pedagogical activities give grounds for refining the structural and content model of ICT competence of future teachers in primary education. In the contemporary information society, establishing a holistic view of the unity of information processes is a prerequisite for educational process organization. The insufficient level of ICT competence in future teachers in primary education and the need to achieve meta-disciplinary results in education serve as a basis for the clarification and specification of the model of this concept. The authors propose an expansion of the invariant component composition of ICT competence with meta-subject components (the variable core of the competence): semiotic, technological, and integrative. Refining the structural and content model and identifying the methods and techniques that contribute to the formation of ICT competence in future teachers in primary education and allow reaching meta-subject results. One of the main instruments contributing to the formation of ICT competence is mathematical modeling based on the universal sign-symbol system and most suitable for designing computer models. The methodology based on the method of cross-curricular tasks allows achieving meta-subject results in the construction of the educational process of training future teachers in the field of primary education. Research demonstrates that enriching the educational process of future teachers in primary education with schematic, graphic, and geometric tools and the implementation of the method of cross-cutting tasks that serves as a leading means of teaching mathematics contribute to the emergence of a stable positive dynamic in the formation of information culture, particularly the meta-subject components of ICT competence of future teachers in the field of primary education.

PENERAPAN TEORI KEPUTUSAN DALAM MODEL PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN TERKAIT MASALAH EKONOMI PERTAHANAN

The shift in global paradigm and threat perspective has led to a wide variety of possible risks and uncertainties. This situation also occurs in the defense economy, so understanding the basic principles of risk and uncertainty is important, especially in a decision-making process. There are several elements and concepts that are usually used in all decision models. Almost all models, whether complex or simple, can be formulated using a standard structure and solved by using general evaluation procedures. For decisions involving a series of decisions and relating to various basic sequential conditions, the decision tree is an appropriate conceptual and schematic modeling tool. A decision tree is a schematic representation of a decision problem. A decision tree is a diagram made like a tree with branches and branches in a chronological order of events, with each having a choice and possibility of occurrence, as well as the results of each choice. The term decision tree is taken from the form of diagrams that have branches and twigs, just like a tree.

Antithrombotic therapy and digestive endoscopy: a difficult management.

Antithrombotic therapy (antiplatelet and anticoagulant) is frequently used in clinical practice for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients at risk, such as those with atrial fibrillation or pro-thrombotic conditions. On the other hand, endoscopic investigations on the upper digestive tract (gastroscopy, endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography) and lower (colonoscopy) are increasingly performed to prevent, diagnose and treat different diseases of digestive tract. Therefore, it is not uncommon for a patient to undergo endoscopic examination while taking antithrombotic therapy. The pharmacological management of these patients requires a careful balance between the haemorrhagic risk linked to the continuation of therapy and the hemorrhagic risk inherent to the endoscopic procedure, particularly when an operative procedure (polypectomy, sphincterotomy, etc.) is required. Beyond classical anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists, dicumarolici), the so-called "direct-acting anticoagulants" have been recently introduced, and management of these drugs in before an endoscopic examination is different. Since endoscopic procedures are largely scheduled as "open access" directly by general practitioner, she/he is clearly involved in the management of these patients. This review aims to report the recommendations of international guidelines on this field, and to provide some schematic tools for performing a correct management of patients on antithrombotic therapy before gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Nonphysical Behavior in Several Statistical Mechanically Based Equations of State

In this work, we utilize bifurcation diagrams to study the role of mathematical artifacts in deteriorating the physical behavior in statistical mechanically based equations of state of pure fluids. We study the impact of common empirical approximations usually employed to overcome some of the mathematical and physical challenges such as the parametrization of mean field models or pair correlations functions at contact. The proposed diagrams elucidate how the reduced molar volume bifurcates with the variation of temperature at constant pressure. We generate bifurcation diagrams for the modified van der Waals equation of state (EOS) of Poole et al, SAFT-VR Mie, Soft-SAFT, CK-SAFT, and the original SAFT EOSs for spherical and nonspherical molecules. We find that the bifurcation diagram can serve as a useful schematic tool to reveal the unphysical PVT behavior, demonstrate the existence of physical and spurious two-phase separation regions, and illustrate how the number of molar volume roots vary with temperatures. Our method shows that the presence of unphysical branches can cause spurious two-phase separation regions and create erroneous behavior in the stability limit of vapor–liquid equilibrium. We demonstrate that the existence of customary and spurious phase envelopes is accompanied by S-shaped behavior in the volume-temperature bifurcation diagrams. The study reveals that none of the SAFT models is free from producing unphysical behavior. While the SAFT-VR Mie EOS exhibits solid–liquid-like behavior for nonspherical molecules, the CK-SAFT EOS shows liquid–liquid demixing behavior for spherical and nonspherical compounds. For the soft-SAFT EOS, three different two-phase separation regions are observed in addition to the common vapor–liquid phase separation region.

Energy efficient low‐power full‐adder by 65 nm CMOS technology in ALU

SummaryThe arrangement of energy efficient low‐power full adder has vital role in VLSI systems. In this paper Energy Efficient Low‐power 9T full‐adder is proposed. Its functioning basis of Power Delay Product (PDP), Delay, power and area is distinguished in accordance with that current 1 bit full‐adder simulated by utilizing various Complementary MOS logic designs. Output provides an average minimization of 99.28% in power usage, 67.87% in area, 99.89% in delay, and 99.99% in Power‐Delay Product (PDP) distinguished to the traditional 28 Transistors CMOS logic. The ALU design has been implemented using 9T full adder. These logic gates are analysis at 65 nm technology of CMOS by utilizing Schematic Editor Tool.

Clarification of Governance Relevant to the Sustainable Management of Marine Species and Habitats within the United Kingdom: An Overview of Regional, National and International Authorities, Advisories, Legislation and Designation Types with Summary Schematic Tool

Marine management developments are occurring across the United Kingdom with the major aim to ensure economic growth and security of marine resources via the provision of legislative guidelines for sustainable management of activities within the marine environment. Many of these directives also provide guidance for maintaining ecologically valuable and/or endangered species and habitats that exist alongside, and may also support, marine activities/use. Marine governance is largely guided by several key directives laid out and implemented by governing authorities of Europe, the United Kingdom and those countries comprising the United Kingdom, and in line with several international conventions. The directives set out by each authority or convention may act discretely but more often tend to overlap, which can lead to confusion about the relevant marine conservation requirements and objectives that must be fulfilled for a given region, site or feature. Additionally, management objectives driven by the same legislation may oppose one another, adding further complexity to the matter. This article aims to provide an overview of governance that holds relevance to managing marine habitats and species, especially those deemed sensitive, ecologically valuable and/or endangered. A general overview and summary schematic tool of the marine governance, legislation and designations within each level of authority for the United Kingdom are provided. Additional consideration of the implications for legislation upon the United Kingdom leaving the EU is briefly discussed and a comparative case study of two marine habitats of high conservation value is provided to demonstrate how different sites/features may have considerably different management requirements.

Think Piece on Amanzi for Food: Working with Critical Realism to Inform a Situated Learning Framework for Climate Change Education

This study is developed as a think piece which deliberates the problem of transformative human agency in a curriculum setting. Using a critical realism perspective and schematic tools it examines the deliberative framing of an Amanzi for Food teaching garden as an education process for mediating the learning of rainwater harvesting. Working with Bhaskar’s Transformational Model of Social Activity and using expansions of his ‘four-planar social being’ schema and its resolution in his ‘social cube’ model, the study contemplates the framing for a curriculum for the mediation of co-engaged social learning in the contexts of practical work in an agricultural college curriculum setting. In this way the research process is developed as an under-labouring review of the emerging curriculum in search of theory to inform pedagogy for mediating situated processes of transformative social learning.

Comparison of RFIC PA Die and Laminate Co-Simulation Methods

Package (such as LGA, MCM etc.) with main circuits on Die(s) situated on a substrate and with OMN in the substrate laminate is one of the most popular design styles for RFIC PAs in recent times. In practical design, the overall circuit of the RFIC PA is often designed using ADS Schematic simulation tool. The main circuit is then layout for Die design, and the OMN circuit is layout for laminate design. As the actual parasitics associated with the real RF circuits with high packing dense have significant effects on the RFIC performance, the traditional closed-form circuit models may be no longer valid, and co-simulations of the Die circuit or Die layout EM model and the laminate layout EM model are often considered in order to improve simulation accuracy. There are some generally considered co-simulation methods in practical design, such as Die circuit + Laminate Momentum, Die circuit +Laminate HFSS, Die layout Momentum +Laminate Momentum, Die layout Momentum +Laminate HFSS, Die layout +Laminate ADS Nested Technology, etc. Design engineers might be confused about which co-simulation methods should take for RFIC PA design and development. This paper reviews, compares and discusses the above co-simulation methods in the aspects of algorithms of the simulators, co-simulation modeling method, complexity to build model, run time, and the difference between simulation and measurement results by giving an example of a self-developed RFIC PA operating at 2GHz. It endeavors to draw helpful conclusions for simulation experiences in practical RFIC PA design, and a co-simulation method with Die layout Momentum EM model +Laminate HFSS EM model is recommended based on the software versions used in this work.

Extended behavioural device modelling and circuit simulation with Qucs-S

ABSTRACTCurrent trends in circuit simulation suggest a growing interest in open source software that allows access to more than one simulation engine while simultaneously supporting schematic drawing tools, behavioural Verilog-A and XSPICE component modelling, and output data post-processing. This article introduces a number of new features recently implemented in the ‘Quite universal circuit simulator – SPICE variant’ (Qucs-S), including structure and fundamental schematic capture algorithms, at the same time highlighting their use in behavioural semiconductor device modelling. Particular importance is placed on the interaction between Qucs-S schematics, equation-defined devices, SPICE B behavioural sources and hardware description language (HDL) scripts. The multi-simulator version of Qucs is a freely available tool that offers extended modelling and simulation features compared to those provided by legacy circuit simulators. The performance of a number of Qucs-S modelling extensions are demonstrated with a GaN HEMT compact device model and data obtained from tests using the Qucs-S/Ngspice/Xyce ©/SPICE OPUS multi-engine circuit simulator.

Pulsed Latches Methodology to Attain Reduced Power and Area Based On Shift Register

The power consumption and area reduction are the key challenges in the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuit design. Power consumption and Area reduction plays a major role in sequential circuit design. Shift register is the main building block in the VLSI circuits. The shift register is composed of clock inter connection network and timing elements such as flip-Flops and latches. The shift registers are design using edge triggered flip flops but the use of latches for shift register design also optimizes the area. This project introduces a low power and area efficient shift register using pulsed latch and pulse generation circuit. If the Flip-Flop is replaced with the pulsed latch the area and power consumption can be reduced to 50% in the shift register. For this design a non overlap clock pulses are used. This solves the timing problem between pulsed latches through the use of multiple non-overlap delayed pulsed clock signals instead of the conventional single pulsed clock signal. To minimize power consumption various non overlap delayed pulsed clock signal design is proposed for data synchronization in an exceedingly multi bit shift register. The proposed system is designed by using a popular Schematic and layout capture tool with 90nm technology.

Prestige and Status in the Migration Process: The Case of Social Differentiation in a Romanian ‘Community’ in Spain

This paper explores status relations in a Romanian migrant ‘community’ in Spain, developing a model of social differentiation within the ‘community’ based on ethnographic material. On a theoretical level, the paper builds on the distinction between ‘class’ and ‘status’, emphasising the latter's significance for migration research. Empirically, it aims to complement the study of status in the localities of origin, with a focus on status in the ‘communities’ at the destination. The paper suggests the existence of a developmental line in differentiation practices, from the most basic strategies of economic status improvement through the complex mechanisms of ‘prestige’ status recovery to the first occupational advancements with an associated status relevant in the receiving society, shaped by internal factors and external structural forces. Based on this, the paper proposes the model of social differentiation as a schematic tool that could become helpful in examining other phenomena related to migrant communities, especially their ‘adaptation possibilities’.