Schematic Phases Research Articles

Integrating Urban Analytics into Postgraduate Urban Design Pedagogy: A Mixed-Methods Teaching Approach to Addressing Urban Liveability

As climate change, health, and social inequities call for more integrated planning approaches, data-driven urban analytics can support more socially sustainable urban design strategies. This article reports on an innovative pedagogical initiative, which introduced data-driven methods in academic teaching practices. Developed as a library of self-learning resources to complement existing study methods, the tools have been tested for their capacity to address social science issues, extracting insights from data on the underlying causes of urban problems. Our approach helped bridge the gap between research and schematic design phases and produced valuable learning outcomes related to liveability in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods.

Hip arthroplasty: Effective rehabilitation protocols

Purpose: To identify the effectiveness of protocols in the functional rehabilitation process in the postoperative treatment of the hip. Methods: This is a systematic review study, composed of 4 blind and independent evaluators divided into three schematic phases. For the construction of this manuscript, the Recommendation Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes was applied. The descriptors used were: "rehabilitation", "physical therapy", "arthroplasty" and "hip" using the Boolean operator “AND” between each of them in the indexing bases. Results: Initially, 136 studies were found in LILACS, MEDLINE, MEDCARIB, PAHO-IRIS and WHOLIS, 99 studies in MEDLINE and 08 articles in PEDro. After reading the abstracts, 13 studies were selected, which were carefully analyzed. Discussion: Among the thirteen selected articles, the main clinical effects observed in the evaluated protocols were: improved functionality, quality of life, reduced pain, increased muscle strength. Conclusion: The functional rehabilitation of postoperative hip arthroplasty was significant in protocols that adopted early physical therapy intervention. These protocols resulted in rapid improvement in functionality, reduction of pain and quality of life. These improvements were also seen in protocols applied at home.

Sustainability evaluation for early design (SEED) framework for energy use, embodied carbon, cost, and daylighting assessment

ABSTRACT Given climate change and rapid global development, buildings must meet increasingly stringent environmental performance goals. Although numerous building simulation software assess energy performance, few inform the early stages of design when critical decisions impacting energy use and carbon footprint are made. Underrepresented early design simulation software could potentially significantly improve the environmental performance of buildings. This paper presents the SEED Framework for multi-objective early design decision-making that utilizes EnergyPlus-based building energy, structural finite element analysis, and Radiance-based daylighting simulations. When furnished with basic inputs, the SEED Framework generates numerous design options ranked by energy use, embodied carbon, construction cost, and daylighting metrics. A case study of a hypothetical mid-sized office building modelled in the Boston, Washington D.C., and Phoenix, USA climates demonstrates how the framework can guide decisions throughout pre- and schematic design phases. This framework aims to assist architects in designing high performance buildings within project and budgetary constraints.

Advancing building engineering through structural and topology optimization

Traditional building design is often done in a (pseudo-) sequential manner: the architect defines the form, the structural engineer defines the material and member dimensions, and the mechanical engineer defines the openings, clearances, and additional spaces that ensure proper operation of the building. The design process should ideally be linear, where each discipline receives a complete design from the previous. In reality, however, upstream revisions are usually substantive: significant work in the schematic design and design development phases are due to resolving upstream issues. That said, within the conceptual design and initial phase, the process is mostly linear. This work presents a set of tools that move towards an integrated design optimization, where the building’s form and structure are optimized together and not as separate stages in the design. This approach often results in a higher impact/gain in efficiency, safety, cost-savings, and ultimately results in innovative designs. This industrial application manuscript provides specific details on the implementation and experience gained from the development of various topology optimization tools for use in building engineering. These are all accompanied by examples of their use in applied building projects or more general structural engineering problems. Part of the success of this effort is attributed to the environment in which these tools are implemented, which is friendly to architects. In contrast, commercial tools for this purpose tend to cater to engineers instead.

Life-Cycle Assessment as a decision-support tool for early phases of urban planning: evaluating applicability through a comparative approach

While ambitious environmental objectives are being set for new constructions in Switzerland, the assessment of urban-scale projects and comparison of their performance to national targets are made possible by a growing number of life-cycle assessment (LCA) tools. However, previous research emphasizes the lack of existing tools to support the decision-making process at the early design stage, characterized by a low level of project details. This paper presents a comparison between three LCA tools. The first, stemming from a research and development project (SETUP), is an exploration tool relying on a database of urban-level scenarios and their environmental performance, able to convert district targets (e.g. 2000-Watt society objectives) into specific sub-targets at the building or component levels. The other two are online LCA tools currently available to practitioners (Sméo and Calculation tool for 2000-Watt-society-sites RH II ), that allow assessing the project and verifying its compliance with a given target. Each tool was applied to a low-carbon case study, the blueFactory district in Fribourg (Switzerland), in two hypothetical contexts corresponding to the schematic and detailed project development phases, characterized by different levels of details. When used for the assessment of a project at a more advanced development stage with a high resolution of detail, findings indicate that Smeo and RH II provide similar environmental performance results. However, in early planning stages, SETUP shows better abilities to support decision-making by providing ranges of results and highlighting uncertainties and the influence of design parameters that have not yet been fixed.

Bridging the gap between research and schematic design phases in teaching architectural graduation projects

The architectural design studio course is generally considered the backbone of any architectural curriculum and follows a particular method of problem solving, which makes it a distinctive course. Graduation projects in most of the architectural programs are divided into two main phases, namely, research and project phases. Students generate many findings from the research phase that are considered challenges. The research problem emerges when students finish writing the research thesis, and most face difficulty in translating the collected data into actions to engage the initial idea of the project. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the transitional stage between the research and schematic design phases, which is described in this study as the “predesign bridging phase.” The goal is to propose a practical strategy for bridging the gap between the research and schematic design phases to facilitate derivation of the design concept from different output variables to enable the creation of a suitable architectural morphological language. The study adopts two research methods. One is proposing a new pedagogical framework and applying it to the architectural graduation design studio at Prince Sultan University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The other is conducting a survey among students to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed framework in helping them bridge the gap between the research and schematic design phases. Descriptive and inferential statistics analysis methods are used to analyze the research data and study the correlation between the reflection of the new applied framework in the predesign bridging phase and the students' satisfaction toward the final projects’ product and performance in the final critique. This study ends with a conclusion on how the applied teaching strategies facilitate the project starting point and raises the importance of proposing and testing new assessment strategies that are suitable for each phase in the graduation design studio.

Rapid Simulation of Optimally Responsive Façade during Schematic Design Phases: Use of a New Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm

Operation of environmentally responsive building components requires rapid prediction of the optimal adaptation of geometric shapes and positions, and such responsive configuration needs to be identified during the design process as early as possible. However, building simulation practices to characterize optimized shapes of various geometric design candidates are limited by complex simulation procedures, slow optimization, and lack of site information. This study suggests a practical approach to the design of responsive building façades by integrating on-site sensors, building performance simulation (BPS), machine-learning, and 3D geometry modeling on a unified design interface. To this end, a novel and efficient hybrid optimization algorithm, tabu-based adaptive pattern search simulated annealing (T-APSSA), was developed and integrated with wireless sensor data communication (using nRF24L01 and ESP8266 WiFi modules) on a parametric visual programming language (VPL) interface Rhino Grasshopper (0.9.0076, McNeel, Seattle, USA). The effectiveness of T-APSSA for early-stage BPS and optimal design is compared with other metaheuristic algorithms, and the proposed framework is validated by experimental optimal envelope (window shading) designs for single (daylight) and multiple (daylight and energy) objectives. Test results demonstrate the improved efficiency of T-APSSA in calculations (two to four times faster than other algorithms). This T-APSSA-integrated sensor-enabled design optimization practice supports rapid BPS and digital prototyping of responsive building façade design.

Automated performance measurement for 3D building modeling decisions

Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) is instrumental in documenting design, enhancing customer experience, and improving product functionality in capital projects. However, high-quality building models do not happen by accident, but rather because of a managed process that involves several participants from different disciplines and backgrounds. Throughout this process, the different priorities of design modelers often result in conflicts that can negatively impact project outcomes. To prevent such unwanted outcomes from occurring, the modeling process needs to be effectively managed. This effective management requires an ability to closely monitor the modeling process and correctly measure the modelers' performance. Nevertheless, existing methods of performance monitoring in building design practices lack an objective measurement system to quantify modeling progress. The widespread utilization of BIM tools presents a unique opportunity to retrieve granular design process data and conduct accurate performance measurements. This research improves upon previous efforts by presenting a novel application programming interface (API)-enabled approach to (a) automatically collect detailed model development data directly from BIM software packages in real-time, and (b) efficiently calculate several modeling performance measures during schematic and design development phases of building projects. These indicators can be used to properly arrange modeling teams in the quest for high-quality building models. The specific objectives of this study to examine the feasibility of a proposed automated design performance measurement framework, and to identify optimal modeling team configurations using empirical performance information. A passive data recording approach allows for the real-time capture of comprehensive user interface (UI) interaction and model element modification events. The proposed framework is implemented as an Autodesk Revit plugin. Next, an experiment is conducted to capture data using the developed Revit plugin. Experiment participants' individual production rates are estimated to establish the validity of the proposed approach to identify the optimal design team configuration. The presented approach uses the earliest due date (EDD) sequencing rule in combination with the critical path method (CPM) to calculate the maximum lateness for different design team arrangements.

The Negotiating Process Of Ponorogo’s People Toward Prohibitions In Javanese Marriage Tradition

This article focuses on negotiating processes that are implemented by five Nadhliyyin-Muhammadiyah families in Ponorogo in seeking of solutions for traditional marriage prohibitions. The processes can be divided into three schematic phases. The first, pre-negotiation process, is based on both personal and collegial conviction between two parts, principles of willingness to seek some creative options, and principles to emphasize bridal candidate’s importances. The second, negotiation process consists some activities such as discussion and debate facing some prohibitions in Javanese marriage. The last process, post-negotiation, is the result of negotiation process that can be distinguished into two things: agreement or similar view that enable the marriage to continue and difference that divorce the spouse.

The Negotiating Process Of Ponorogo’s People Toward Prohibitions In Javanese Marriage Tradition

This article focuses on negotiating processes that are implemented by five Nadhliyyin-Muhammadiyah families in Ponorogo in seeking of solutions for traditional marriage prohibitions. The processes can be divided into three schematic phases. The first, pre-negotiation process, is based on both personal and collegial conviction between two parts, principles of willingness to seek some creative options, and principles to emphasize bridal candidate’s importances. The second, negotiation process consists some activities such as discussion and debate facing some prohibitions in Javanese marriage. The last process, post-negotiation, is the result of negotiation process that can be distinguished into two things: agreement or similar view that enable the marriage to continue and difference that divorce the spouse.

An integrated energy–emergy approach to building form optimization: Use of EnergyPlus, emergy analysis and Taguchi-regression method

This research presents a new methodology of environmental building design with an integrated energy–emergy (spelled with an “m”) approach to study building form optimization in the schematic phases. In architecture, selection of sustainability assessment methods critically affects design goals, favoring or restricting choices designers can make. A building subsumes matter and energy to support human lives, but current building performance indicators are still hard to equate technical sides and human dominant sides of various scales in a synthetic metric. Moreover, in order to achieve global sustainability in a building, as a part of the whole built environment, it is necessary to integrate energy and environmental impacts at the highest scope of analysis. Emergy analysis coupled with building energy simulation can be suggested as a holistic indicator for architectural design process. To test the proposed method, a pilot study with a mid-size office building evaluates the consequences of early design decisions such as basic geometry, aspect ratio, window-wall ratio, construction types, etc. The integrated energy–emergy approach to building form optimization consists of three modules namely, Building Energy Simulation (BES) module, Building EMergy Analysis (BEMA) module, and (iii) MetaModel Development (MMD) module. The BES module uses the EnergyPlus tool for whole building energy analysis, while the BEMA module employs analytical methods to estimate emergy quantities, and the MMD module employs the Taguchi method to develop a metamodel for faster and easier whole building emergy simulation. The metamodel developed using Taguchi-ANOVA method for building form optimization was validated with analytical test results to accelerate environmental design decision-making. This study demonstrates possibility of wider applications of emergy synthesis to building energy research and facilitates practical use of emergy simulation in the environmental design process.

개방형 BIM기반의 건축인허가 적법성검토체계 구축을 위한 사전프로세스 적용 방안에 관한 연구

The quality control of BIM models and International Standardized process are getting more important, due to the increased BIM requirements in the construction industry recently. However the systematic process and system have been inadequate yet for using BIM technology. In case of regulatory checking environment, the criteria of building codes and design guides have been reviewed manually in schematic design phases of projects. In order to reduce unnecessary human resource, time and cost, the systematic quality check system is necessary by performing pre-checking and code checking the BIM models automatically. This paper suggests the automated regulatory code checking and pre-checking system based Open BIM for architectural design quality control. In addition, it analyses the possibility of implementation through the structuralization of building codes. The authors have developed the logical rules and component standards to applicate to code checking process. It is expected that this study will improve the architectural administration process through the automated pre-consideration of BIM models that required various regulatory criteria.

The Green Studio Handbook: Environmental Strategies for Schematic Design

In design studio projects we often see schemes with inspired, yet unvalidated, gestural sketches related to wishful green strategies. Yellow and blue magic arrows represent hypotheses about the behavior of daylight and/or air flow in and about buildings. This paper provides an overview of The Green Studio Handbook, recently published as a resource for designers seeking clear guidelines for integrating green design strategies into the conceptual and schematic phases of design. The book contains a discussion of the integration of green strategies and how building form, orientation, and spatial layout are critical to the proper performance of certain green strategies; 40 green design strategies in six broad topic areas, each providing acatalog of information for common strategies that must be implemented at the schematic design phase; and nine case studies that show how various green strategies work together in a finished building. This paper provides excerpts of several design strategies and one case study and suggests a variety of ways that the book may be used.Keywords: green design, case studies, education, schematic design

Decision-making through performance simulation and code compliance from the early schematic phases of building design

This paper is about the merging of two software applications that allows building decision makers to consider code compliance and to use performance simulation tools from the early schematic phases of building design. By making the capabilities of a code compliance tool available at the early schematic phases of building design, the hope and expectation is that users will use this software to address the mandatory code compliance issues and thus have an opportunity to address other performance issues as well.

Application of information technologies in building design decisions

Research and development of a new sophisticated software environment to support building design decisions are presented. This new software, the Building Design Advisor (BDA), is intended as a research tool, teaching aid and, eventually, as a practical professional tool to facilitate both strategic and detailed decision-making throughout the design process from the early schematic phases of building design through to the detailed specification of building components and systems. BDA supports the integrated, concurrent use of multiple simulation tools and databases, while allowing output to support multicriterion judgement. BDA's ultimate aims are to address the data needs of whole building life cycle analysis: design, construction, commissioning, operation, performance and demolition. Cette communication présente les travaux de recherche et de développement portant sur un nouvel environnement logiciel sophistiqué destine a faciliter la prise de décisions en matieèe de concepts de construction. Ce nouveau ligiciel, dénommé Building Design Advisor (BDA), est à la fois un outil de recherche, une aide pèdagogique et, finalement, un outil professionnel pratique qui facilite le processus décisionnel stratégique et détaillé tout au long de la procédure de conception, dès la première phase d'esquisse de conception d'un bâtiment jusqu'à la spécification détaillée des composants et des systèmes de ce bâtiment. Le BDA est compatible avec l'utilisation intégrée et simultanée de multiples outils de simulation et de bases de données et ses résultats sont compatibles avec des jugements multi-critères. Les objectifs ultimes du BDA sont d'étudier les besoins en données du processus d'analyse du cycle de vie complet d'un bâtiment: conception, construction, mise en service, exploitation/performances et démolition.

Building Design Advisor: automated integration of multiple simulation tools

The Building Design Advisor (BDA) is a software environment that supports the integrated use of multiple analysis and visualization tools throughout the building design process, from the initial, conceptual and schematic phases to the detailed specification of building components and systems. Based on a comprehensive design theory, the BDA uses an object-oriented representation of the building and its context, and acts as a data manager and process controller to allow building designers to benefit from the capabilities of multiple tools. The BDA provides a graphical user interface that consists of two main elements: the Building Browser and the Decision Desktop. The Browser allows building designers to quickly navigate through the multitude of descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. Through the Browser the user can edit the values of input parameters and select any number of input and/or output parameters for display in the Decision Desktop. The Desktop allows building designers to compare multiple design alternatives with respect to multiple descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the tools linked to the BDA. The BDA is implemented as a Windows ®-based application for personal computers. Its initial version is linked to a Schematic Graphic Editor (SGE), which allows designers to quickly and easily specify the geometric characteristics of building components and systems. For every object created in the SGE, the BDA activates a Default Value Selector (DVS) mechanism that selects ‘smart’ default values from a Prototypes Database for all non-geometric parameters required as input to the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. In addition to the SGE that is an integral part of its user interface, the initial version of the BDA is linked to a daylight analysis tool, an energy analysis tool, and a multimedia, Web-based Case Studies Database (CSD). The next version of the BDA will be linked to additional analysis tools, such as the DOE-2 (thermal, energy and energy cost) and RADIANCE (day/lighting and rendering) computer programs. Plans for the future include the development of links to cost estimating and environmental impact modules, building rating systems, CAD software and electronic product catalogs.

Video Art: The Brazilian Adventure

Since the late 1960s, video has stood out as one of Brazil’s most important and lasting cultural phenomena. Three schematic phases are distinguishable in the short history of Brazilian video. In the 1970s it was explored exclusively by artists in search of new means and foundations for their creative ideas. In the 1980s independent video appeared, enlarging the range of creative video and bringing it to a wider public. In the 1990s a new wave of videomakers pursues more mature and individual work, while at the same time seeking to fortify previous achievements.

Computer simulation technique regarding distribution of early reflections for room acoustical design

The computer simulation technique is used to study the fundamental room shape of auditoriums, especially of concert halls, during the conceptual and schematic design phases in our acoustical design. The hardware of the computer simulation system consists of HP 9816 (CPU:68000, Memory: 1.25MB) and some output devices. The simulation software is based on the ray-tracing algorithm. In our computer simulation study of the room shape, the density, and the distribution of the early reflections on the audience area are observed. The omnidirectional and upper directional sound sources are assumed, and the early reflections after the arrival of the direct sound are calculated in following three time intervals, such as 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 ms, respectively. This method has the advantage of easy modification of the room shape and visual explanation of the sound behavior in an auditorium. Then it becomes a very useful tool of our acoustical design, particularly during early design phases. On the other hand, it has the disadvantage of difficulty of treating curved surfaces.

The optimal energy design of structures by using the numerical simulation of the thermal response— with emphasis on the passive collection of solar energy

The passive utilization of solar energy can best be achieved through the careful collaboration between the architect and the engineer who are responsible for the design of such structures. Substantial interaction in the early stages of design is crucial with the energy implications of tradeoffs assessed and re-assessed as the design progresses through the schematic and development phases where form, function and material utilization are being traded and juxtaposed. For these reasons, it is imperative that computational methods fit the task at hand, namely the ready assessment of the energy requirements of the building elements and their assemblies. The calculation program, to be useful for the architect-engineer teams, must be first and foremost a dynamic model of the structure's time-dependent behavior which accurately reflects the dynamic external influences such as insolation, air temperatures and psychrometric properties as well as the schedules of use in terms of internal loads and selected of casually resulting temperatures and humidity. It must be capable of dealing with interactions between several thermally interconnected spaces (room-room) and the moderating effects of air movement. The capability of impressing a wide variety of conditioning control strategies is also important. The paper describes the development of such a calculational program as part of the work of a team of architects, climatologists, and engineers who have been working on the task of incorporating and executing conserving designs in the medium size group residential structures. The responsiveness of the program to the needs of the users and the demonstration of its accuracy is illustrated by several computational examples of single and multiroom configurations. The effects of typical design choices and changes are illustrated by calculations for short time summer and winter extreme weather conditions and also for long time average weather behavior. Both modeled and actual weather data are used in these calculations.