Schema Therapy Research Articles

Mediating effects of child schema mode in the relationship between negative parent-child relationships in childhood and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in college students

This study was aimed to investigate the psychological mechanisms underlying non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. For this purpose, we hypothesized that dysfunctional child modes act as a psychological mechanism to influence the relationship between negative parent-child relationships in childhood and current cognitions (catastrophizing), emotions (emotional dysregulation and depression), and behaviors (non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors). A sample of 430 college students (male 97, female 333) with experience of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior was selected to test the multi-mediation effects of child schema mode (angry, impulsive), catastrophizing, emotional dysregulation, and depression on the relationship between negative parent-child relationships in childhood and non-suicidal self-injury. As a result of structural equation modeling analysis, it was found that negative parent-child relationships in childhood directly influenced child schema mode, catastrophizing, depression, and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. In addition, it was found that negative parent-child relationships in childhood were dually mediated by child schema mode and depression and child schema mode and emotional dysregulation. The present study highlights the mediating role of child schema modes as a psychological mechanism underlying the relationship between negative parent-child relationships in childhood and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Based on these findings, the usefulness and direction of schema therapy interventions in the field of non-suicidal self-injury counseling are discussed.

Exploring the Associations Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Interpersonal Attraction: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Lebanese Female University Students

Interpersonal functioning is impacted by various schemas; early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) can negatively impact interpersonal relationships in adults, yet no prior research has explored the link between EMSs and interpersonal attraction. To address this gap, we conducted a cross-sectional study among Lebanese female university students using an online questionnaire. We also controlled for common mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Our study, implemented across ten university campuses and with a sample of 662 cisgender and heterosexual female students, revealed significant associations between EMSs and different forms of interpersonal attraction. Specifically, punitiveness was found to increase the likelihood of high task attraction, while enmeshment was associated with higher social attraction. In contrast, none of the early maladaptive schemas were significantly associated with physical attraction. Our findings emphasize the critical role of EMSs in shaping women’s interpersonal attraction and highlight the potential utility of schema therapy in promoting healthy human interactions. This study fills an important gap in the literature and sheds light on a previously unexplored aspect of human behavior that has implications for promoting women’s well-being in diverse settings.

Emotional Schema Therapy for Adults Diagnosed with Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review

Emotional Schema Therapy for Adults Diagnosed with Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review

Feasibility, acceptability and outcomes of a contextual schema therapy-based mobile program for depressive symptoms in adults

BackgroundGiven the high prevalence of depression worldwide, there is a pressing need for increasing treatment accessibility and identifying treatment modalities that can sustainably address depression. The present study aims to test the feasibility, acceptability, outcomes and mechanisms of a brief online self-help program for depressive symptoms in adults (nCompass), based on Contextual Schema Therapy principles. Method102 participants scoring above 14 on the Beck Depression Inventory – Second Version were recruited online and randomly allocated to either the 15-day nCompass intervention or a self-administered online psychoeducation group. Participants filled in self-report measures of depression, schema coping and psychological flexibility at baseline, immediately following the intervention and at a two-week follow-up. Additionally, nCompass participants were administered an instrument measuring the acceptability of the program. ResultsThe nCompass intervention was overall feasible and acceptable, with most participants completing the intervention and assessing it as easy to use, satisfactory and useful. Furthermore, results indicate higher decreases in depression and schema coping in the nCompass group by follow-up, compared to the control group. Changes in depressive symptoms from pre-test to post-test and follow-up in the nCompass group were explained by changes in surrender coping. There were no significant differences in psychological flexibility between the groups at either post-test or follow-up. DiscussionOur results highlight the nCompass program as a promising option for treating depressive symptoms in the general population.

Evaluation of a Schema Therapy-Based Prevention Group Program for Children and Their Parents

Although Schema Therapy has emerged as an effective treatment for a large range of psychopathology, there is limited research on its effectiveness with children and adolescents, especially for preventive purposes, in individual or group settings and with the involvement of parents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of a newly developed group prevention program based on Schema Therapy (rationale, principles, and techniques) for children and their parents. It is a psychoeducational, developmentally-appropriate program addressing core emotional needs, early maladaptive schemas, schema modes, coping styles, and parent-child relationship with the aim of preventing the emergence of psychopathology in children. Participants were 90 Greek children (aged 9-13) who attended 16 weekly meetings and their parents who attended 10 biweekly meetings. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated with pre-and-postintervention assessment (i.e., pre-experimental design). Children’s early maladaptive schemas (self-reports) and strengths and difficulties (self- and parent-reports), as well as parents’ early maladaptive schemas (self-reports) were assessed. Results showed a significant decrease in most early maladaptive schemas of children and in many early maladaptive schemas of parents. A significant decrease was found in children’s emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems and total difficulties score and a significant increase in prosocial behavior. The supporting evidence for the effectiveness of the program and the necessity of evidence-based prevention programs based on Schema Therapy for children and parents are discussed.

Psychotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, poorly controlled anxiety and fears for various reasons. Thoughts are dominated by the themes of danger. Nonspecific symptoms include tension, restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability and dysautonomia. In the long run, the risk of depression and alcoholism is increased, comorbidity with affective, addictive and other disorders is often encountered. The article provides a brief overview of psychotherapy methods for this disorder. The cognitive behavioral psychotherapy appears to be most effective. One of the main goals of the therapy is training of realistic and objective thinking. Using self-observation, the patient becomes aware of his tendency to seek out and exaggerate threats. The problem-solving training can be used to improve social competence and coping skills. Various relaxation methods and other varieties of psychotherapy are applied. The schema therapy is an integrative approach including elements of different methods. Internet counseling can be used in isolation or as an adjunct to conventional psychotherapy. Anxiety disorders were diagnosed relatively rarely in Russia, and the number of psychotherapists was smaller than in other developed countries. Today, the situation is changing thanks to success of psychotherapy and development of individual rehabilitation regimes.

Dosage effects of psychodynamic and schema therapy in people with comorbid depression and personality disorder: four-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial: commentary, Mulder.

Dosage effects of psychodynamic and schema therapy in people with comorbid depression and personality disorder: four-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial: commentary, Mulder.

The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on the Coping Strategies and Psychological Hardiness of Mothers with Children Who Stutter

Background: Mothers play an important role in the process of treating children's stuttering. Enhancing mothers’ psychological state through coping strategies and psychological hardiness based on schema therapy can significantly affect the mother-child relationship during the therapeutic process. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on the coping strategies and psychological hardiness of mothers with stuttering children in Kermanshah. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. In this study, 30 mothers of stuttering children were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into two groups. Endler and Parker's coping strategies questionnaire and Kubasa's psychological hardiness questionnaire were used. Schema therapy, based on Young's schema therapy protocol, was used as the intervention in one group. Results: The average age in the schema therapy intervention group was 34.60 ± 6.28 years, and in the control group, it was 35.87 ± 6.38 years. The highest frequency of education level in both groups was at the diploma degree. Regarding family income (socioeconomic status), the average-level income was the most common in both groups. Statistical comparison of the pre- and post-test scores of task, emotion, and avoidance strategies, as well as the scores of commitment, challenge, and control components, showed statistically significant differences in the schema therapy group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: As the present findings showed, due to the significant role of mothers' interaction and reaction in managing the treatment process of stuttering children, schema therapy can be used to improve the coping strategies and psychological hardiness of mothers.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Hypnotherapy and Schema Therapy on Difficulty in Emotion Regulation in Substance-Dependent Individuals

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Hypnotherapy and Schema Therapy on Difficulty in Emotion Regulation in Substance-Dependent Individuals

Sociocultural Implications in the Development of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescents Belonging to Sexual and Gender Minorities.

Culture is a central theme across various theories and disciplines, influencing behavior and self-perception through interactions within social groups, families, and legal systems. This influence extends to the general population and particularly impacts sexual and gender minorities (SGMs), resulting in minority stress that contributes to mental health issues and the development of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs). Adolescents within these groups face typical developmental stressors-such as hormonal changes and societal pressures-compounded by prejudice, increasing their vulnerability to depression, anxiety, stress, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Despite these challenges, Schema Therapy (ST) lacks comprehensive studies on the sociocultural aspects influencing EMS acquisition in SGM adolescents. This theoretical review aims to fill this gap by exploring the impact of society and culture on EMS development within SGM adolescents. We recognize the broad spectrum of cultural influences and emphasize the importance of cultural sensitivity and diversity. This review specifically addresses how societal and cultural dynamics impact SGM individuals, acknowledging that while ethnic or other cultural factors are not the focus of this paper, they merit future research. This manuscript will discuss central topics and their impact on LGBTQIA+ youth, including (1) the background (definition of culture, lack of studies on ST focusing on culture, and studies on adverse psychological outcomes), (2) minority stress theory and prejudice against sexual and gender diversity (distal and proximal stressors and sociocultural aspects), (3) EMSs and unmet emotional needs, (4) ST affirmative strategies (working with schema modes, imagery rescripting, chair work, and photo techniques), and (5) final considerations (limitations and research agenda).

Breaking the cycle: Exploring the relationship of metacognition beliefs, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and psychosocial performance among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

This research paper explores the intricate relationship between metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and psychosocial performance in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Understanding these dynamics can help mental health nurses identify and address each patient's needs more effectively. It can guide them in devising personalized care plans that not only manage the symptoms but also improve the underlying mechanism that exacerbates the psychotic symptoms and social functioning and the overall quality of life. Moreover, the findings of this research can contribute to developing training programs for mental health nurses, equipping them with the necessary skills and knowledge to provide optimal care. What the paper adds to existing knowledge? • This study provides empirical evidence of the significant positive correlation between OCS and metacognitive dimensions in individuals with schizophrenia. • It highlights the role of certain demographic factors, such as younger age and single marital status, in increasing the likelihood of elevated OCS. • It underscores the inverse relationship between higher metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs and lower levels of psychosocial functioning. • It identifies age and metacognitive scores as crucial predictors of psychosocial functioning across various domains. What are the implications for practice? • The findings suggest that therapeutic nursing interventions for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia should address metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs to improve overall functioning and well-being. • Clinicians, including psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses, should consider the patient's age, marital status, and metacognitive scores when assessing the risk of elevated OCS and devising treatment plans. • The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive psychiatric nursing assessment, including metacognitive dysfunction and OCS evaluation. What are the implications for future research? • Future research could explore the causal relationships between metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs, OCS, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. • Longitudinal studies could provide insights into the progression of these relationships over time and the impact of therapeutic interventions. • Further research could also investigate the effectiveness of specific therapeutic strategies such as Metacognitive Therapy (MCT), Schema Therapy (ST), Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET), and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) to address this population's metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs. BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health disorder that significantly impacts an individual's cognitive, emotional and social functioning. Recent research has highlighted the role of metacognitive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in the psychosocial performance of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Understanding these relationships could provide valuable insights for developing more effective nursing interventions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs, OCS and psychosocial performance among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 174 purposively selected participants diagnosed with schizophrenia. The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30, Young Adult Self-Report Scale for OCS and Specific Level of Functioning Scale were used to gather the necessary data. The study found a significant positive correlation between OCS and metacognitive dimensions. Age was a significant predictor with an Oddis Ratio of 2.471. The metacognitive dysfunction was a highly significant predictor in univariate and multivariate analyses, with Oddis Ratios of 1.087 and 1.106, respectively. The study also discovered that higher levels of metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs were associated with lower levels of psychosocial functioning. Age and the metacognitive dysfunction score were significant predictors of psychosocial functioning scores, accounting for 26.8% of the variance in these scores. The study reveals a compelling inverse relationship between higher metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs and lower levels of psychosocial functioning in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. It also identifies certain demographic factors, such as younger age, as significant contributors to elevated OCS. Importantly, metacognitive dysfunction emerged as a critical predictor of psychosocial functioning across various domains. These findings underscore the potential of incorporating metacognitive-focused interventions in the treatment plans for schizophrenia patients. By addressing these cognitive patterns, healthcare professionals can enhance overall functioning and well-being in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

From Theory to Therapy: A Review of Anti-Social Personality Disorder

Treatment of anti-social personality disorder in clinical practice is difficult because of the condition's complex etiology, enduring nature, and significant societal impact. This review summarizes evidence-based therapy approaches, comorbidities, and biopsychosocial variables related to ASPD, by indicating the state of the field. Twin studies and neuroimaging research arguing for structural brain anomalies provide clear evidence that genetic predispositions and neurobiological abnormalities play a role in ASPD. Psycho-social variables also participate in the development and characteristics of the condition, such as maltreatment in childhood and disturbed family relationships. Emerging therapeutic approaches such as Mentalization-Based Treatment, Psychodynamic Art Psychotherapy, Transference-Focused Psychotherapy, Schema Therapy, and Mindfulness-Based Interventions show promise, though their efficacy varies and requires further investigation.

Early maladaptive schemas in autogenous and reactive subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder

Aims The aim of this study is to identify early maladaptive schemas in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and to determine the use of these schemas in OCD autogenous and reactive subtypes. Methods The study population included 40 healthy volunteers, and 90 patients diagnosed with OCD. The Yale–Brown Obsession–Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS) was administered to the OCD group to determine the severity of the disorder, and the Y-BOCS Symptom Checklist was applied to determine the patients with autogenous (n = 37) and reactive (n = 53) subtypes of OCD. Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3) scales were applied to all participants. Results When autogenous and reactive subtype groups of OCD were compared with each other, the schema domains of disconnection (p = 0.004), high standards (p = 0.008), other-directedness (p < 0.001) and the schema dimensions of failure (p < 0.001), emotional deprivation (p < 0.001), defectiveness (p = 0.007), approval seeking (p = 0.007) and punishment (p = 0.001) were found to be more dominant in the autogenous group. Conclusions The findings of the study support that there are differences between autogenous and reactive subtypes of OCD in terms of dominant schemas. Therefore, its thought that the use of Schema Therapy methods in which schemas appropriate for subtypes are investigated in the treatment of OCD patients will contribute favorably to the treatment response.

The Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Compared to Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: In the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD), there is empirical support for both dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and schema therapy (ST); these treatments have never been compared directly. This study examines whether either of them is more effective than the other in treating patients with BPD. Methods: In this randomized, parallel-group, rater-blind clinical trial, outpatients aged between 18 and 65 years with a primary diagnosis of BPD were recruited in a tertiary outpatient treatment center (Lübeck, Germany). Participants were randomized to DBT or ST with one individual and one group session per week over 1.5 years. The primary outcome was the BPD symptom severity assessed with the mean score of the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index at 1-year naturalistic follow-up. Results: Between November 26, 2014, and December 14, 2018, we enrolled 164 patients (mean age = 33.7 [SD = 10.61] years). Of these, 81 (49.4%) were treated with ST and 83 (50.6%) with DBT, overall, 130 (79.3%) were female. Intention-to-treat analysis with generalized linear mixed models did not show a significant difference at 1-year naturalistic follow-up between DBT and ST for the BPDSI total score (mean difference 3.32 [95% CI: –0.58–7.22], p = 0.094, d = −24 [–0.69; 0.20]) with lower scores for DBT. Pre-to-follow-up effect sizes were large in both groups (DBT: d = 2.45 [1.88–3.02], ST: d = 1.78 [1.26–2.29]). Conclusion: Patients in both treatment groups showed substantial improvements indicating that even severely affected patients with BPD and various comorbid disorders can be treated successfully with DBT and ST. An additional non-inferiority trial is needed to show if both treatments are equally effective. The trial was retrospectively registered on the German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00011534 without protocol changes.

Schema Therapy and Islamic understanding of the inner world of man: conceptual parallels and ways for integration

This article is located at the intersection of Islamic Psychology, Islamic Theology, and Schema Therapy and provides a thorough investigation of the fundamental schema therapy concepts in an Islamic discourse. The paper presents a study of the basic concepts of Schema Therapy in Islamic discourse and, in particular, suggests the consideration of schemas as an analogue of the "imprints" enveloping the heart (qalb). Both the patterns and these imprints are formed in early childhood as a result of good or bad upbringing, and later, in adulthood, they develop – strengthen or weaken – as the spiritual consequences of good deeds or sins. It is proved that the development of positive schemas and the modification, weakening of negative schemas are like "polishing" or cleansing the heart to bring it into an ideal healthy state, or the so-called “qalb salim”. The notion of modes in schema therapy is examined in Islamic discourse by means of a thorough analysis of the three types (parts) of nafs, which is Russian for "soul" or "I" ("Self"). The concepts of al-nafs al-ammarah, al-nafs al-lawwamah and al-nafs al-mutma’innah as types (parts) of nafs are compared to some modes from the schema therapy model (child modes, parent modes (critics), Healthy Adult mode).The conceptualization of the relationship between the components of the nafs was substantiated by comprehending the processes of interaction between modes found within the theoretical model of schema therapy. This enabled the identification of the strategic practical tasks of both the individual spiritual process of tazkiyat al-nafs, which is Arabic for "purification of the soul," and spiritually oriented psychotherapy for Muslim clients: 1) to develop and strengthen al-nafs al-mutma'innah, providing it with knowledge and wisdom, primarily from Islamic sources, and aiming it at "leadership" among other parts of nafs in order to keep them within established boundaries and moderation, as well as to help the qalb (heart) to find peace; 2) to orient al-nafs al-lawwamah to fulfill its originally inherent functions (the requirement of abstinence from sinful behavior and performance of duties), to prevent its excessive activity and switch it from destructive criticism to constructive; 3) through reminders from an-nafs al-mutma'innah, as well as reasonable and moderate demands from an-nafs al-lawwamah to keep an-nafs al-ammarah within the boundaries established by Allah, in the "golden mean", within the framework of the Islamic principle of wasatiyyah (moderation). This should ultimately contribute to achieving a healthy heart, or qalb salim, and harmony of nafs with fitrah, that is known as the very essence of human nature.

Understanding the phenomenological experiences of schema therapy for those with an eating disorder.

Schema therapy expands traditional cognitive-behavioral models, weakening early maladaptive schemas and schema modes while strengthening adaptive modes. This study investigated participant experiences of schema therapy for eating disorders, focusing on schema modes and the eating disorder voice, how these maintained disordered eating, and how therapy helped. Semistructured online video interviews with clients receiving schema therapy for eating disorders (N=10) were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four group experiential themes were developed: (1) adverse experiences, typically in childhood and adolescence, (2) interpersonal relationships, especially with primary caregivers and the benefits of a good therapeutic relationship, (3) self-awareness of schema modes and the eating disorder voice and their impact on participants' eating disorders, and (4) recovery using schema concepts, including finding one's inner child, better self-management, and ambivalence about recovering. Overall, schema therapy was perceived as beneficial, specifically regarding participants' awareness of their inner child, development of their eating disorder, and awareness of their eating disorder voice. Participants expressed a growing positive sense of agency, connecting with their inner child's needs and developing a connection to their healthy adult mode. They also felt that schema therapy had equipped them with the tools to strengthen their healthy adult mode, while simultaneously weakening their maladaptive modes.

STAT: schema therapy for addiction treatment, a proposal for the integrative treatment of addictive disorders.

The nature and origins of addictions and of their adjunctive behaviors, as well as their chronicity, call for treatments that conceptualize and treat them as the long-term and complex processes that they are. Addictions are often comorbid with personality problems and with trauma histories. Patients suffering from these disorders often show poor engagement with treatment and high rates of relapse, possibly because available treatments have yet to address the patient suffering from addiction in a more integrated or holistic manner. In particular, comprehensive treatment models for addictive disorders - like treatments for personality disorders or trauma - are likely to require the integration of behavioral, cognitive, and emotion-focused interventions within a facilitative therapeutic relationship. However, most current treatment models, including ones which are highly effective in stabilization or behavioral change, lack one or more components of treatment that could sustain longer term recovery, wellness, and health for a higher percentage of patients. In this article, I propose approaching addictions and their treatment from the perspective of schema therapy, an integrative, developmental model with a strong track record of positive outcomes in addressing personality disorder symptoms and long-standing trauma histories, commonly comorbid with addictive disorders. In advancing this proposal, I begin by providing some background tying together addictions, attachment, and personality, suggesting they be treated simultaneously to achieve improved outcomes. Then, after briefly reviewing the leading approaches to the treatment of addictions, I introduce the idea that schema therapy is well-situated - both theoretically and practically - to address many of the shortcomings of existing treatment options. In particular, I note how addictive and co-occurring colluding behaviors are deeply intertwined with both early and continued frustration of core developmental needs. I illustrate how the addictive cycle is perpetuated through the process of schema reinforcement and through the operation of schema modes. I then demonstrate how these key terms (i.e., needs, schemas, and modes) inform the patient's assessment and case formulation, guiding treatment interventions from a strong therapeutic relationship that focuses on integrating recovery behavior change, healing dysfunctional schemas and modes, and preventing relapse.

Судебная схема-терапия: теоретические основания подхода

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The article discusses the theoretical model of schema therapy and provides an overview of research on its adaptation for individuals with convictions and those who have committed criminal acts under the influence of a mental illness. The main focus of this article is on research into the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of approaches. Based on the findings of foreign studies, forensic schema therapy has been shown to be effective. Current research directions are proposed, and the possibilities and limitations of the approach are discussed when applied to a sample of Russian-speaking convicts and psychiatric patients. The analysis suggests that forensic schema therapy may be a promising adaptation of the classic theoretical model of schema therapy for individuals who have committed criminal acts under the influence of a mental illness and have been involuntarily hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital. Based on a meta-analysis of the available data, forensic schema therapy has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of criminal recidivism in these populations. The presented review of research in the field of forensic schema therapy in Russian is published for the first time.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Health Anxiety and Psychological Flexibility in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Health Anxiety and Psychological Flexibility in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

One-Year Follow-Up: Schema Therapy for Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder and Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorder.

This article describes the 1-year follow-up of a study into the effectiveness of Schema Therapy (ST) for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). In the original study, 20 of these patients participated in a multiple baseline case series design study. The results of the original study were promising (a significant decrease of BPD and AUD symptoms). The present study is aimed at examining the longer term benefits of ST for BPD and comorbid AUD. One year after the cessation of the investigational therapy, 17 of the original participants agreed to participate in this follow-up study. T- or Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed to compare 1-year follow-up to start of therapy (baseline). The results suggest that the main therapeutic improvements were generally preserved at 1-year follow-up. These findings add to the idea that integrated ST for BPD and comorbid AUD might be effective, also in the long term. A randomized clinical trial is indicated to substantiate this idea.