Schema Domains Research Articles

Investigation of the effect of psychological birthorder on perceived parental attitudes and early maladaptive schemas in adults

Aims: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of psychological birth order on perceived parental attitudes and early maladaptive schemas. Methods: In this study, the Psychological Birth Order Inventory, Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale-Child Form, and Young’s Schema Scale were used. The sample consisted of 189 women and 102 men. Relational and predictive analyses were conducted regarding birth order, psychological birth order, perceived parental attitudes, and schema domains. Results: There was a moderate positive relationship between the sibling rank of the women who participated in the study and the emotional deprivation schema area. For female participants, being the middle child was found to have a moderately positive relationship with emotional deprivation, dependence, pessimism, and defectiveness schemas. A weak positive relationship was found between being the middle child and emotional warmth maternal attitude, overprotective mother/father attitude, and rejecting father attitude scores. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a significant relationship between psychological birth.order and perceived parental attitudes as well as early maladaptive schemas.

Early maladaptive schemas in autogenous and reactive subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder

Aims The aim of this study is to identify early maladaptive schemas in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and to determine the use of these schemas in OCD autogenous and reactive subtypes. Methods The study population included 40 healthy volunteers, and 90 patients diagnosed with OCD. The Yale–Brown Obsession–Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS) was administered to the OCD group to determine the severity of the disorder, and the Y-BOCS Symptom Checklist was applied to determine the patients with autogenous (n = 37) and reactive (n = 53) subtypes of OCD. Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3) scales were applied to all participants. Results When autogenous and reactive subtype groups of OCD were compared with each other, the schema domains of disconnection (p = 0.004), high standards (p = 0.008), other-directedness (p < 0.001) and the schema dimensions of failure (p < 0.001), emotional deprivation (p < 0.001), defectiveness (p = 0.007), approval seeking (p = 0.007) and punishment (p = 0.001) were found to be more dominant in the autogenous group. Conclusions The findings of the study support that there are differences between autogenous and reactive subtypes of OCD in terms of dominant schemas. Therefore, its thought that the use of Schema Therapy methods in which schemas appropriate for subtypes are investigated in the treatment of OCD patients will contribute favorably to the treatment response.

Are early maladaptive schemas related to current driver behaviors? A study on previous toxic experiences and driving

IntroductionRealizing the importance of driver behaviors in the context of road traffic safety, researchers investigated the factors that relate to driver behaviors. One of the most examined factors predicting driver behaviors is personality. In addition to personality characteristics, early maladaptive schemas (EMS) play a critical role in the way the individual thinks, feels, acts, and relates to others, which leads them to display the maladaptive behaviors to recreate the harmful conditions experienced in childhood. EMS are found to be associated with behavioral problems such as illicit drug use, aggressive and illegal behaviors, heavy alcohol use, risky sexual behaviors, violence towards parents and partners. The current work aims to examine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and driver behaviors in traffic context after controlling the role of personality. MethodOf the 294 participants, 141 were males, 151 were females, and 2 did not specify sex. Age range was 18–67 (M = 27.2, SD = 10.5). Participants filled out an online survey battery including a demographic information form, the Basic Personality Traits Inventory, the Dirty Dozen, the Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form, and the Driver Behavior Questionnaire. ResultsAccording to the results of the correlation analysis, schema domains showed significant relationships with the driver behavior subscales for 17 out of 25 coefficients. Hierarchical regression analyses suggested that impaired autonomy was positively associated with errors and lapses, while it was negatively associated with positive behaviors. This relationship was found when demographic and personality variables were accounted for. ConclusionThe current study is the first to exclusively investigate the relationship between EMS and driver behaviors. Relationship between impaired autonomy on one hand and errors and lapses on the other point out to the role of affective and cognitive processes that play a role in driving.

A new model for basic needs: comparison of the second order factorial structures of young schema questionnaire and its relationship with symptoms of psychopathology

This study investigates the structure of Young’s early maladaptive schemas, core emotional needs, and their associations with psychopathological symptoms. Early maladaptive schemas and psychopathological symptoms were assessed in three clinical samples from Turkey (N1 = 1312, N2 = 999, N3 = 999). First-order Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified 17 schemas, eight of which closely mirrored Young's original schemas. A second-order PCA revealed four schema domains: Impaired Autonomy, Disconnection, Impaired Limits, and Overvigilance. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were employed on distinct samples to compare the PCA model with alternative models, and the PCA model exhibited superior fit across various indices. The study reveals varying relationships between schemas and diverse psychopathological symptoms, providing nuanced insights for tailoring psychotherapeutic strategies and interventions. Symptoms related to interpersonal sensitivity had the strongest connections to schemas, and the factor representing vulnerability to harm and pessimism schemas had the most number of strong connections with psychopathological symptoms. While the study sheds light on the schemas in a Turkish context, future research is essential to validate these findings and explore the predictive aspects of schemas. In essence, this research contributes to understanding of schemas within the Turkish cultural context and its implications for clinical practice.

A Model of Core Emotional Needs and Toxic Experiences: Their Links with Schema Domains, Well-Being, and Ill-Being.

This study examined the second-order schema domains of Early Maladaptive and Adaptive Schemas based on recent trends and compared them with the five theoretical second-order schema domains commonly used in schema therapy. Using six international Eastern and Western community samples-Singapore (n = 628), Malaysia (n = 229), USA (n = 396), South Africa (n = 390), Nigeria (n = 364), India (n = 306)-confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four second-order domains of EMSs and EASs, which ran almost parallel with each other, were the most robust models calling into question the validity of the five domain model. Given the hypothesized links between schemas and needs, these four categories of EMSs and EASs represent four categories of toxic experiences and core emotional needs, respectively. These categories were supported empirically and are useful to parents as well as to clinicians as they approach child rearing and the treatment of clients in schema therapy from the vantage point of needs. These four categories of psychological core emotional needs, as well as toxic experiences, were found, as expected, to be linked with various measures of well-being and ill-being.

The association between addiction profile and early maladaptive schemas among individuals with opioid use disorder

ABSTRACT Background and objective Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a global problem and factors that play a role in its development and treatment outcomes need to be examined. We aimed to compare early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in individuals with OUD with a control group and to investigate the effects of these variables on the addiction profile. Methods Eighty-one participants with a diagnosis of OUD and 81 control participants were included in the study. The sociodemographic data form and Young Schema Inventory Short Form-3 were used as data collection tools for both groups. In addition, the Addiction Profile Index (API) was applied to the OUD group. Results A statistically significant difference was identified in 11 of the 14 schema domains. We found a statistically significant positive correlation in the API total scores of OUD patients with the areas of failure, social isolation/insecurity, and nesting/addiction schemas. Conclusions OUD patients were characterized with more prominent maladaptive schemas compared to the control group. When evaluating individuals with OUD, it would be beneficial to determine the dominant schema areas and consider them in designing treatment programs. In addition, new methods should be developed to examine the effects of schemas on complex events such as dependency.

Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Narcissism: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem

Narcissism and its components remain up-to-date in academic studies as a topic that has been and continues to be the focus of attention of researchers. The aim of this study is to examine the predictive effect of early maladaptive schemas on narcissism and the mediating role of self-esteem in this effect. A total of 426 university students, 229 female and 197 male, participated in the study. In addition to the demographic information form, the Narcissistic Admiration and Competition Scale, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory were used to collect data. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, Pearson Product of Moments Correlation analysis, mediation analysis in line with the procedures recommended by Preacher and Hayes, and Bootstrapping method were used to evaluate the mediation effect. According to the results of the research; Schema domains of impaired autonomy, unrelenting standards, disconnection, other-directedness, and impaired limits predict self-esteem. Schema domains of impaired autonomy, unrelenting standards, disconnection, impaired limits as well as self-esteem, predict narcissism, while the schema domains of other-directedness do not predict narcissism. Self-esteem acts as a mediator in the relationship between impaired autonomy, unrelenting standards, disconnection and impaired limits schema areas and narcissism.

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Depression in Caregivers of Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum and Bipolar Disorders.

Early maladaptive schemas represent unhelpful frameworks of cognitions, emotions and subsequent behavioural responses and can be associated with depressive symptoms. Caregivers of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) frequently report experiencing depressive symptoms. It is unclear whether depressive symptoms in caregivers are influenced by schemas. We aimed to compare activated schemas in caregivers of people with schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and bipolar disorder (BD) diagnoses and to determine whether they were differentially related to depressive symptoms. Caregivers completed validated measures of depression and schemas. Independent samples t-tests and multivariate generalised linear models were used to assess differences in schemas and depressive symptoms between caregiver groups. Interrelationships between schema domains and caregiver depressive symptoms were delineated using correlational analyses and forward stepwise regressions. One hundred eight caregivers participated in the study (SSD n = 68, BD n = 40). No differences in depressive symptom severity or activated schemas were observed between caregiver groups. All schemas were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and the Disconnection-Rejection schema domain explained the most variance in depressive symptoms in both caregiver groups. Schemas contribute to the severity of caregiver depression regardless of whether the person receiving care is diagnosed with SSD or BD. Schema therapeutic frameworks may be beneficial for use with caregivers to address schemas within the Disconnection-Rejection domain and alleviate depressive symptoms by reducing experiences of social isolation and alienation.

Unmet Needs, Minority Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Among Transgender Individuals: The Mediating Role of Schema Domains.

Exposure to gender-related minority stressors, the negative experiences and beliefs that stem from anti-trans stigma increases transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people's vulnerability to experiencing poor mental health outcomes. This study examined if the relationships between experiences of minority stress and mental health outcomes were mediated by early maladaptive schemas: mental representations shaping the way people view themselves, others and the world. Drawing from a schema therapy perspective, the study additionally examined if caregivers' failure to meet TGD people's core emotional needs was associated with mental health outcomes and if schemas similarly mediated these relationships. A total of 619 TGD adults completed an online survey about early maladaptive schemas, core emotional needs, gender-related minority stress and psychological distress and wellbeing. Causal mediation analyses indicated that caregivers who did not meet TGD people's core emotional needs and greater experiences of minority stress were associated with increased distress and lower wellbeing. These relationships were mediated by schema severity, particularly the disconnection and rejection and impaired autonomy domains. These findings provide empirical support for the schema therapy model's assumption that unmet core emotional needs are associated with schema formation. For TGD people, maladaptive beliefs about the self, others and world can form in response to manifestations of anti-trans stigma within the individual, their interpersonal relationships, community and broader society. Caregivers' failure to meet needs, plus experiences of minority stress throughout the individual's system, leads to greater distress and lower wellbeing; however, clinical interventions targeting schemas may improve outcomes for this at-risk group.

Predicting psychological need satisfaction and frustration from early maladaptive schemas and DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits

The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is closely connected with an individual’s well-being and mental health. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of persistent and pervasive negative cognitions about oneself and others (early maladaptive schemas) and pathological personality traits (DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits) with the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. To this aim, self-report measures of psychological need satisfaction (Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale), early maladaptive schemas (Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3), and pathological personality traits (Modified Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 – Brief Form Plus), were administered in a community sample (N = 322, Mage = 35.3 years, SDage = 12.5 years, 66% female). The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, and a machine-learning approach (XGBoost). The results showed strong negative relationships of early maladaptive schemas and pathological personality traits with the satisfaction and frustration of the needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence, especially the disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance schema domains and the pathological personality traits of negative affectivity and detachment. Early maladaptive schemas predicted the frustration of the psychological needs for relatedness and competence above pathological personality traits. The study findings add to the understanding of current psychological need satisfaction.

Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits from a Dimensional Diagnostic Approach

IntroductionIn DSM-5 Section III, the Alternative Model for Personality disorders (AMPD), a dimensional approach for conceptualization and diagnosing complex character problems was introduced. Based on recent findings, AMPD aligns well with the theory of Young’s Schema Therapy (ST). ST seems to offer a valuable clinical framework that complements the empirically based AMPD, which is not built upon a certain theory of psychopathology.ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to explore the association between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), DSM-5 pathological personality traits and certain psychological symptoms to gain a better understanding of their relationship and highlight the connection points between AMPD and the theory of ST.MethodsA total of 490 Hungarian participants, including 98 males, took part in the cross-sectional research, with an average age of 26.9 (SD = 9.34). All participants completed the short form of Young’s schema questionnaire (YSQ-S3), the brief form of PID-5 (PID-5 BF) and the revised version of the Derogatis Symptom Checklist (SCL-90 R).ResultsResults of a series of hierarchical regression analyses found that all five schema domains were able to predict psychological symptoms and DSM-5 pathological personality traits at a statistically significant level. Moreover, in accordance with our data, specific EMS patterns are associated with different psychological symptoms and pathological personality traits. Ultimately, we identified two EMSs, namely Negativity/Pessimism and Insufficient Self-control, which predicted all of our dependent variables.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the relationship between EMSs and DSM-5 pathological personality traits goes beyond the established fact that EMSs, like any other indicators of personality problems are associated with psychopathological symptoms and traits. This is supported by the fact that we could link specific EMS patterns to the pathological personality traits and psychological symptoms that we investigated. We believe that our results contribute to the clinical utility of AMPD, by assisting the creation of schema profiles tailored to personality pathologies, thereby facilitate the diagnostic process and the development of schema - focused interventions. Furthermore, it seems that the identified EMSs, Negativity/Pessimism and Insufficient Self-control play a special role in relation to pathological personality traits and psychological symptoms and should be considered with particular emphasis in terms of risk group classification and vulnerability.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Multidimensional assessment of personality disorders using different theoretical models: a comparison of the Young Schema Questionnaire, the SCID-5-AMPD structured diagnostic interview, and the PDS-ICD-11 self-report questionnaire

IntroductionThere has been a recent shift in the conceptualisation of personality disorders in diagnostic systems such as DSM-5 or ICD-11, from a categorical approach towards a dimensional approach reflecting severity in general or severity of dysfunction and related pathological traits. In addition, several psychotherapeutic approaches work with their own model of personality pathology, which similarly capture symptoms of personality disorders and their underlying processes in a more subtle way from multiple aspects, and along different constructs.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to investigate similarities and differences between conceptualisations of personality disorder and instruments used for evaluation based on the BNO-11 Personality Disorders Severity Questionnaire (PDS-ICD-11), Module I. of the Structured Diagnostic Interview for the DSM-5 Alternative Personality Model (SCID-5-AMPD) measuring level of personality function, and the Young Schema Questionnaire assessing early maladaptive schemas.MethodsHospitalized borderline patients were assessed using the Young Schema Questionnaire, the PDS-ICD-11, and Module I. of the SCID-5-AMPD assessing personality function level. Data are analysed using correlation and linear regression models.Results Only part of the results are shown. The PDS-ICD-11 Severity Index and Self-function Index showed significant (p&lt;0.05) and strong correlations with the Abandonment (r=0.98, r=0.94), Vulnerability to harm and illness (r=0. 92, r=0.98), Insufficient Self-Control (r=0.91, r=0.88) and Negativism/Pessimism (r=0.95, r=0.90) schemas. The mean score and all domains of the SCID-5-AMPD Module I (level of personality function) showed significant strong correlations with the Vulnerability to harm and illness schema (AMPD-Average r=0.87; AMPD-Identity r=0.86, AMPD-Objectivity r=0.81, AMPD-Empathy r=0. 77, AMPD-Intimacy r=0.80, p&lt;0.05); moreover, a strong significant correlation was found between the Abandonment schema and AMPD-Average (r=0.81, p&lt;0.05), AMPD-Identity (r=0.98, p&lt;0.05), and AMPD-Intimacy domains (r=0.77, p&lt;0.05).ConclusionsThe main indicators of measures that operationalise a dimensional approach to personality disorders show distinct patterns of strong overlap with some of the maladaptive schemas but cover only a part of the schema domains. For a careful diagnosis and psychotherapeutic plan, the combined use of these measures can provide in-depth and multifaceted information.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Using latent class analysis to identify different clinical profiles according to food addiction symptoms in obesity with and without binge eating disorder.

Existing research suggests that food addiction (FA) is associated with binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity, but the clinical significance of this relationship remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the different clinical profiles of FA symptoms among patients who have obesity with/without BED using latent class analysis (LCA). 307 patients (n = 152 obesity and BED, n = 155 obesity without BED) completed a battery of self-report measures investigating eating psychopathology, depression, emotional dysregulation, alexithymia, schema domains, and FA. LCA and ANOVAs were conducted to identify profiles according to FA symptoms and examine differences between classes. LCA identified five meaningful classes labeled as the "non-addicted" (40.4%), the "attempters" (20.2%), the "interpersonal problems" (7.2%), the "high-functioning addicted" (19.5%) and the "fully addicted" (12.7%) classes. Patients with BED and obesity appeared overrepresented in the "high-functioning addicted" and "fully addicted" classes; conversely, patients with obesity without BED were most frequently included in the "non-addicted" class. The most significant differences between the "high-functioning addicted" and "fully addicted" classes versus the "non-addicted" class regarded heightened severity of eating and general psychopathology. The results bring to light distinct clinical profiles based on FA symptoms. Notably, the "high-functioning addicted" class is particularly intriguing as its members demonstrate physical symptoms of FA (i.e., tolerance and withdrawal) and psychological ones (i.e., craving and consequences) but are not as functionally impaired as the "fully addicted" class. Identifying different profiles according to FA symptoms holds potential value in providing tailored and timely interventions.

A bibliometric analysis of the quantitative schema therapy literature.

The evidence base for schema therapy has evolved significantly since it was first developed by Jeffrey Young in the 1990s. The aim of this bibliometric analysis was to summarize the trends and characteristics of the quantitative literature on schema therapy. PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL Complete databases were last searched on 1 June 2023 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement to identify peer-reviewed journal articles written in English that reported on original quantitative research on schema therapy or schema therapy constructs. NVivo was used to complete a descriptive analysis of the bibliographic, sample and study characteristics, and a coding framework was applied to capture the aspect of the schema therapy model that was the focus of each study, as well as the study context (e.g., the population or outcomes under investigation). SciVal was used to complete citations and authorship analyses. VOSviewer was used to examine co-authorship networks. A total of 704 quantitative studies on schema therapy were published by 483 unique first authors between 1994 and mid-2023. Studies predominantly used correlational designs with small samples (Mdn N = 153) of mostly females aged 18 years or older. The articles tended to focus on early maladaptive schemas, rather than schema domains or schema modes. Schema therapy and its concepts were most frequently studied in the context of depression and personality disorders. SciVal analyses indicated that, on average, articles were cited 27 times, with a Field Weighted Citation Impact of 1.02. Schema therapy research output appears to have slowed in recent years and several critical research gaps were evident. Areas of high priority for future research include schema modes and coping responses, and the use of developmental and longitudinal designs to evaluate several key causal assumptions in the theory underpinning schema therapy.

Early maladaptive schema, attachment style, and parenting style in a clinical population with personality disorder and normal individuals: a discriminant analysis model

IntroductionResearchers have shown various variables’ role in forming personality disorders (PD). This study aimed to assess the role of early maladaptive schema (EMS), attachment style (AS), and parenting style (PS) in discriminating between personality disorders and normal individuals.MethodsIn this study, 78 personality disorder patients and 360 healthy volunteers aged 18–84 were selected using convenience sampling. They completed the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSI). Data were analyzed using discriminant analysis with IBM SPSS 25.ResultsThe results showed higher mean scores in all early maladaptive schema domains, insecure attachment styles, and authoritarian parenting in the personality disorder group than in the normal group. Also, discriminant analyses revealed that the function was statistically significant and could distinguish between the two groups and a compound of essential variables, disconnection, impaired autonomy, and secure attachment, respectively, discriminating two groups. Given that all components were able to distinguish between the two groups.ConclusionTherefore, intervention based on these factors early in life may help reduce the characteristics of personality disorders. Also, considering the role of these factors, treatment protocols can be prepared.

Early maladaptive schemas in female patients with migraine and tension-type headache

Chronic headache is a serious clinical problem in women which psychological factors play major role and requires an approach with bio-psycho-social integrity. Psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety disorder and major depression are frequent. Young described Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) as maladaptive and dysfunctional patterns that appear due to unpleasant situations occurred between patient and people who were important to him. EMS affect perception, emotions, thoughts and behaviors that makes a basis for many disorders. EMS are found to be related with depression, anxiety and somatization within recent literature. In literature, chronic pain and migraine’s relationship with EMS were studied before in a few separate articles. However, there is a lack of data that compares the relationship between EMS and clearly distinguished headache types: migraine (MH) and tension-type headache (TTH) especially in female patients who are more prone to somatic complaints/findings. Our study directly compared three groups, migraine and tension type headache and healthy controls. 150 female patients with chronic headache were enrolled for study in consecutive fashion. Exclusion criteria were as follows: age < 18 or > 60 years, male gender, existence of comorbidity affecting central nervous system, headache due to drug/substance abuse, previous diagnosis of migraine with aura, previous diagnosis of psychotic disease, mental retardation, cognitive disorders, being in delirium state. Patients were grouped into two categories according to type of headache and a third control group. All patients were evaluated with Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and their scores were noted and categorized in related schema domains. Sociodemographic data were comparable among groups. However, there were significant differences in terms of previous psychiatric diagnosis and psychiatric drug usage. When we compared YSQ scores, groups differed in many schema categories. MH group showed significantly higher scores in dependency/incompetency, unrelenting standards and punitiveness schemas when compared to remaining two groups. TTH group had significantly more points in emotional deprivation, vulnerability to harm or illness schemas among all groups. On the other hand, control group had significantly higher scores in insufficient self-discipline and entitlement/grandiosity schemas when compared to both MH and TTH groups. Presence of EMS in female patients with headache significantly differed from control group. Types of EMS were also significantly different between patients with MH and TTH among this whole headache group. We suggest that a comprehensive psychotherapeutic approach that targets to improve coping methods for distinct EMS in distinct headache types would provide critical aid to general treatment of headaches especially in resistant cases.

Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, COVID-19 Anxiety, and Death Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant concerns and public panic. Due to the ambiguous and deadly nature of this virus, it triggers anxiety related to COVID-19 and a fear of death. On the other hand, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) can impact anxiety. Objectives: The current research aimed to determine the relationship between EMSs, COVID-19 anxiety, and death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS) students in Iran. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 ZAUMS students selected through a purposive and convenience sampling technique from May 2022 to December 2022. The data were collected using the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale, the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). The data were analyzed in SPSS 22 using various statistical methods, including frequency analysis, mean calculation, standard deviation calculation, descriptive indices, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The disconnection and rejection schema predicted COVID-19 anxiety without a moderator or with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient as a moderator (B = 0.10, t = 2.69, P &lt; 0.05, R2 = 0.09). Impaired autonomy and performance could predict death anxiety with the moderating role of a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient (B = 0.31 t = 2.14, P &lt; 0.05), history of contracting COVID-19 (B = 0.24; t = 2.12, P &lt; 0.05), discipline, and study period or without any moderator. Over-vigilance could predict death anxiety with the moderating role of discipline or without a moderator (B = 0.41, t = 2.93, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Disconnection and rejection with or without a moderator predict COVID-19 anxiety. Over-vigilance, impaired autonomy, and performance schema domain predict death anxiety. Effective moderators in predicting variables are contact with a COVID-19 patient, history of contracting COVID-19, discipline, and study period.

Early maladaptive schemas and the risk of nonsuicidal self-injury in college students: A retrospective study.

Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) may be closely related to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The present study aimed to discuss the relationship between EMS and a personal history of NSSI. This was a retrospective study. A total of 1339 Chinese college students between 16 and 29 years old were asked to complete a questionnaire survey regarding their personal history of NSSI and EMSs. 116 college students reported a history of NSSI (NSSI group), who differed significantly in terms of all EMS-related scores than non-NSSI group(n = 1223). Logistic regression analysis showed that the scores in the disconnection/rejection schema domain exhibited by subjects who were the only child in their family could help differentiate between college students with or without NSSI. The emotional deprivation schema was significantly associated with the lifetime frequency of NSSI behaviors; the vulnerability to harm or illness schema was significantly associated with the internal emotion regulation function and pain associated with NSSI; and the enmeshment/underdeveloped self schema was significantly associated with the addictive features of NSSI. The self-sacrifice schema was significantly associated with the external emotion regulation function of NSSI; the enmeshment/underdeveloped self schema was positively related with the sensation-seeking function of NSSI; and the abandonment/instability schema was negatively related the sensation-seeking function of NSSI. The disconnection/rejection schema domain was highly related with NSSI behaviors. EMS is significantly associated with the history, functions, addictive features, and severity of NSSI. Every EMS is worthy of further investigation and discussion with patients in the context of NSSI behaviors during clinical therapy.

The Mediating Role of Schema Domains and Emotion Regulation in the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Borderline Personality

Bu çalışmada, algılanan ebeveynlik biçimleri ve sınırda kişilik örüntüsü arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şema alanları ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, koşullu/başarı odaklı ebeveynlik biçimindeki (anne ve baba) artışın kopukluk ve yüksek standartlar şema alanları ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla kişilerin sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca anneye ilişkin algılanan sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik biçimindeki artışın hem doğrudan hem de kopukluk şema alanı aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı; babaya ilişkin algılanan sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik biçimi için ise buna ek olarak duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün de aracı rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Anneye ilişkin algılanan aşırı koruyucu/evhamlı ebeveynlik biçiminin yüksek standartlar şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeyi üzerinde yordayıcı bir rolü bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bunun yanında babaya ilişkin algılanan değişime kapalı/duyguları bastıran ebeveynlik biçiminin hem doğrudan hem de kopukluk şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeyi üzerinde yordayıcı bir rolü bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Son olarak babaya ilişkin algılanan aşırı izin veren/sınırsız ebeveynlik biçimindeki artışın kopukluk şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı görülmüştür. Sınırda kişilik belirtilerinin etiyolojisinde özellikle fiziksel ve cinsel istismarın üzerinde durulmasına rağmen bu çalışmada erken dönem yaşantılar çeşitli ebeveynlik tutumları aracılığıyla daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısıyla ele alınarak sınırda kişilik belirtilerinin gelişmesinde etkili olan temel duygusal ihtiyaçların önemi vurgulanmıştır.

The alternative model of personality disorders or early maladaptive schemas? Usefulness for understanding borderline features in a non-clinical adult sample

Introduction and objective: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD) is currently under empirical verification for its usefulness and diagnostic accuracy. At the same time, numerous studies based on Young’s concept of maladaptive schemas are underway. The aim of the research was to compare the possibilities of explaining the severity of borderline features using both models. Materials and methods: The results obtained from 565 healthy adults, with women accounting for slightly more than 52%, aged 18–81 years (M = 37 years) were analysed. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders – Personality Questionnaire (items for borderline personality disorder) (SCID-II, BPD part), Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form (YSQ-S3) and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Brief Form were used. Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that schemas account for about 39%, and personality traits for 53% of borderline trait variability, and their combined use increases this percentage to 55%. Structural modelling, in turn, indicated that only three schema domains are relevant for explaining borderline traits, but only indirectly. The direct effect schemas have on the personality dimensions from the AMPD model (only Impaired Autonomy has a significant direct effect on borderline). Contrary to the assumptions of the AMPD model, Negative Affectivity holds the slightest importance for the severity of borderline, while the greatest effect strength characterises Psychoticism. Conclusions: The dimensions of an alternative personality model have a direct relationship with BPD traits. The schemas explain personality traits (AMPD) but not the severity of the disorder itself.